微生物菌肥对熏蒸剂处理后土壤微生态的影响研究进展

土壤熏蒸是防治土传病害的有效手段，但化学熏蒸剂在杀死病原微生物的同时也会对有益微生物群落的组成与活性造成影响。微生物菌肥不仅能够减少农作物的病虫害侵染，而且能够改善农产品的品质与产量。将土壤熏蒸剂与微生物菌肥配合使用将有利于连作土壤修复、土壤-植物微生态环境的改良与重塑。一方面，土壤熏蒸剂用于消灭前茬作物遗留下的土壤病原物，给土壤进行消毒处理；另一方面，施用微生物菌肥给“纯净”的土壤环境输入有益菌群，引导更利于植物生长的土壤微生态环境(土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构)形成。本文简述了土壤熏蒸剂、微生物菌肥以及微生物菌肥介入熏蒸后的土壤对土壤理化性质、土壤酶系及土壤微生物群落变化的研究进展，旨在系统解析微生物菌肥对经熏蒸剂处理后土壤微环境变化的影响，以期为解决连作障碍、防治土传病害、恢复植物根际功能提供相关理论与技术参考。     

土壤熏蒸剂棉隆联合太阳能消毒防治草莓土传病害效果及经济效益分析

太阳能消毒技术在世界范围内广泛使用, 由于其经常受到气候差异的影响导致效果不稳定, 通常与其他措施结合以加强防治效果。种植前采用土壤熏蒸是土传病害的有效预防策略, 本研究通过监测土壤温度、理化性质、土传病原菌、草莓植株长势、产量和分析经济效益, 评价了不同浓度的土壤熏蒸剂棉隆和太阳能消毒联合处理对草莓土传病害的防治效果及经济效益分析。种植前棉隆熏蒸和太阳能消毒处理不仅能很好地控制土传病害, 其对镰刀菌属、疫霉属的抑制率分别为64.41%~84.75%、51.59%~86.94%, 而且显著提高了草莓的产量, 增产率为79.9%~99.4%;联合处理的成本较单独太阳能消毒处理仅增加约3.29%~13.17%, 但净收入增长率高达49.77%~66.28%。因此, 在草莓土传病害管理中, 土壤熏蒸与太阳能消毒处理相结合, 可以降低作物感染土传病害的风险, 保证作物稳定高产。     

新型土壤熏蒸剂二甲基二硫研究进展

采用熏蒸剂进行土壤消毒可有效控制设施作物及高附加值作物的土传有害生物,其中熏蒸效果突出的熏蒸剂溴甲烷由于会破坏臭氧层而被禁用,导致土传有害生物熏蒸治理过程中缺乏高效稳定的熏蒸产品。二甲基二硫是一种新型熏蒸剂,对有害线虫具有高活性,可兼治部分土传病原菌及杂草。广谱、安全和高效等优点使其成为最有推广应用前景的溴甲烷替代药剂,或将改善国内杀线虫熏蒸剂缺乏的局面。该文系统综述了国内外关于二甲基二硫对土传有害生物的防控活性、作用机制和降解、散发逃逸、扩散分布及残留等环境行为,以及对土壤养分、微生物及非靶标生物等方面的影响,以期为二甲基二硫的开发及推广应用提供参考。     

氯化苦原液防治茄子黄萎病田间药效试验

瓜类枯萎病，茄子、番茄等黄萎病、枯萎病，姜瘟，各种蔬菜根结线虫病等多 种 土传病害，对蔬菜为害严重，一直是蔬菜优质高产的重要障碍，严重制约了菜农的经济效益 。对这些土传病害的防治尚缺乏安全、有效的药剂。本刊曾介绍的溴甲烷土壤重蒸剂，虽防 效好，但非长远发展使用的品种，且成本较高。本期刊出应用熏蒸剂氯化苦处理土壤防治蔬 菜土传病害的文章，介绍了应用大连染料化工有限公司生产的氯化苦处理土壤防治西瓜、甜 瓜枯萎病及姜瘟的方法和效果，供预防各种土传病害时参考。氯化苦是一种高毒熏蒸杀虫剂 ，其气体为三氯硝基甲烷，易挥发，但在蔬菜中无残毒，在充分散气后再定植，对蔬菜生长 无药害。日本等国早已应用于土壤熏蒸，防治蔬菜等作物的土传病害，并在生产中大面积推 广。大连染料化工有限公司近年还与辽宁、山东等省有关单位协作，做了氯化苦防治各种蔬 菜土传病害的试验、示范，都取得了较好的防治效果和经济效益。但应当指出：使用氯化苦 熏蒸土壤防治各种蔬菜的土传病害，必须使用专用的施药器具，严格按施药要求操作，才能 达到安全、高效的目的。     

土壤熏蒸剂棉隆防治土传病害研究进展及未来发展趋势

棉隆对病原细菌、真菌、根结线虫及杂草均有较高防效,而且作为固体微颗粒剂具有使用简单、安全的特性,被广泛用于作物种植前熏蒸土壤以防治土传病虫害。施用过程中,土壤环境因素（包括土壤类型、土壤温湿度、土壤有机质及pH等）、施药方式、施药季节和施药剂量均会对棉隆的熏蒸效果产生显著影响,不正确的使用方式常会导致熏蒸效果不理想或产生药害问题。该文系统综述土壤熏蒸剂棉隆的使用概况（包括作用机制、适用作物、施用方式和施用效果等）、存在的问题及原因分析（包括施用深度、水分、温度对棉隆有效成分含量的影响及其熏蒸对土壤微生物群落结构的影响等）、解决对策（包括改善施药方式、优化土壤环境和活化熏蒸后土壤微生物等）以及未来发展趋势,以期为棉隆的高效应用提供借鉴。     

臭氧防治植物病害的研究进展

对臭氧在植物病害防治上的研究与应用进行了综述.包括臭氧用于营养液杀菌、土壤熏蒸和温室作物病害防治的效果,臭氧对植物生长、土壤化学性质和微生物群落结构的影响,以及臭氧用于植物病害防治的争议.     

土传病害防治技术进展及面临的挑战

近10年来, 随着人们对环境的关注, 绿色发展成为农业生产的主流。在土传病害的防治中, 要尽可能减少对环境和生态的影响, 同时保证取得更好的经济效益。因而, 一些环境友好的防治技术受到重视。农业防治技术如抗性品种利用和嫁接、阻截传播、深翻、轮作和无土栽培; 生物防治技术如生物熏蒸、厌氧消毒、生物防治制剂等; 物理防治技术如太阳能消毒、火焰消毒、微波消毒、电消毒、射频消毒也在不断地创新; 化学防治技术主要依赖土壤熏蒸剂, 一些新型的环境友好的熏蒸剂如异硫氰酸烯丙酯、二甲基二硫、乙二腈、乙蒜素等也在不断发展。熏蒸剂新剂型、新的施药机械也在不断创新。土壤熏蒸剂在防治土传病害时, 也会对土壤中的微生态造成不同程度的影响。此外, 我们也应该清醒地认识到任何技术都有两面性, 并正视不同防治技术中的不足。土传病害作为一类难以防治的病害, 也面临着巨大的挑战, 高传染性要求有高质量的种苗和高效的防治和阻隔技术, 土传病害的定量检测技术, 土壤中的病原菌数量与发病的关系、土壤微生态对发病的影响都是亟待研究和解决的问题。在防控土传病害时, 如何减少温室气体的排放、减少防治投入以及塑料薄膜的污染均为面临的环境和经济学挑战。     

98%棉隆微粒剂对生姜根结线虫和茎腐病防治效果评价

正生姜癞皮病(病原为南方根结线虫)、茎基腐病是生姜生产上重要的土传病害,近年来在湖北省武陵山区生姜产区呈逐年加重的趋势,严重影响了生姜的产量和品质。土壤处理是防治土传病害的有效途径,化学熏蒸是土壤处理的重要措施之一,也是目前生姜土传病害主要的防治方法~([1])。生产中常用氯化苦土壤熏蒸来防治生姜土传病害,但因氯化苦对施药器械和装备要求更高,推广存在困难,本试验选用98%棉隆微粒剂对生姜根结线虫和茎腐病进行田间药效试验,对     

我国土壤熏蒸消毒60年回顾

熏蒸剂棉隆和氯化苦于20世纪60年代在我国曾用于棉花黄萎病的防治,由于缺乏施药机械、相关施药标准和方法,加之与国外交流甚少,虽然发现熏蒸剂对土传病害有一定的效果,但一直未形成规模化应用。我国大量使用熏蒸剂进行土壤消毒处理始于20世纪90年代,随着溴甲烷的引进与广泛应用,溴甲烷的替代技术及产品研发,开启了我国土壤熏蒸消毒的新纪元。伴随着土壤消毒技术与理论的不断丰富,新型配套机械装备的成功研发,社会化服务模式的广泛运用,土壤熏蒸消毒在我国进入快速发展时期,大批专业化服务组织应运而生,为我国农作物病虫害的绿色防控、实施乡村振兴战略提供了强有力的技术支撑。该文从土壤熏蒸剂的种类、发展历史、基础理论的建立与阐明3方面综述了我国土壤熏蒸发展情况,并对我国土壤熏蒸消毒未来发展方向提出了展望。     

土壤厌氧消毒技术、作用机理及其防治效果的影响因素

土壤厌氧消毒(anaerobic soil disinfestation,ASD)技术作为一种环境友好的非化学土壤消毒技术能有效防治真菌、细菌、线虫和杂草等引起的土传病害。该技术已在多个国家广泛应用并被证实可显著增加作物产量。ASD技术基本流程为向土壤中添加适量有机碳源、补充足够水分和用塑料薄膜覆膜密闭2～15周。ASD技术对土传病害防控的作用机理为有机碳源分解产生的挥发性有机物对土传病原菌有抑制作用,土壤理化指标的改变(如pH降低、有机质增加等)能提升土壤质量,从而提高作物抗逆能力,土壤厌氧条件促进土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的改变,通过生物竞争和结构重建改善土壤微生态环境,降低土传病害发生风险。ASD技术对土传病害的防治效果也因有机碳源类别、土壤理化性质及覆盖薄膜的不同而存在差异。因此,优化ASD技术试验条件、深入探索ASD技术作用机理、挖掘更多有灭菌活性的挥发性物质或有益生防菌是未来ASD技术的研究重点。同时,ASD技术与其他土壤消毒技术结合使用,有助于提高其防治效果,扩大应用范围。     

Integration of soil, crop and weed management in low-external-input farming systems

Greater adoption and refinement of low-external-input (LEI) farming systems have been proposed as ways to ameliorate economic, environmental and health problems associated with conventional farming systems. Organic soil amendments and crop diversification are basic components of LEI systems. Weed scientists can improve the use of these practices for weed management by improving knowledge of four relevant ecological mechanisms. First, multispecies crop rotations, intercrops and cover crops may reduce opportunities for weed growth and regeneration through resource competition and niche disruption. Secondly, weed species appear to be more susceptible to phytotoxic effects of crop residues and other organic soil amendments than crop species, possibly because of differences in seed mass. Thirdly, delayed patterns of N availability in LEI systems may favour large-seeded crops over small-seeded weeds. Finally, additions of organic materials can change the incidence and severity of soil-borne diseases affecting weeds and crops. Our research on LEI sweetcorn and potato production systems in central and northern Maine (USA) suggests that these mechanisms can reduce weed density and growth while maintaining crop yields. Low-external-input farming systems will advance most quickly through the application of interdisciplinary research focused on these and other ecological mechanisms.     

土壤熏蒸剂研究进展

土壤熏蒸剂可有效防治土传病虫害,但效果最好的熏蒸剂溴甲烷由于破坏臭氧层,已被禁止用在农业上(必要用途豁免除外)。碘甲烷、氯化苦、异硫氰酸甲酯、1,3-二氯丙烯、二甲基二硫、硫酰氟、棉隆及威百亩是国际上已经登记使用的土壤熏蒸剂;甲酸乙酯、乙二腈、糠醛、丙烯醛是有希望开发为新的土壤熏蒸剂品种。国内已经商品化的土壤熏蒸剂品种有4种,分别为氯化苦、威百亩、棉隆和硫酰氟,二甲基二硫正在登记当中。本文系统综述了上述熏蒸剂在应用、环境行为等方面的研究进展,在未来一段时间内,氯化苦、棉隆及威百亩将会占据着国内土壤熏蒸剂的主要市场。二甲基二硫的登记也将会改善国内熏蒸剂品种匮乏的局面。     

Application of alternative fumigants through drip irrigation systems

ABSTRACT Strawberry fields in California (9,500 ha annually) are pre-plant fumigated with methyl bromide and chloropicrin to prevent serious soil pest and disease problems. Although soil fumigation with methyl bromide has ensured stability of strawberry production, its use is being discontinued because of its effect on stratospheric ozone. The likely short-term alternatives such as 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin, and metham sodium, although not ozone depleters, are potentially hazardous to the environment and humans if applied improperly. Water-soluble formulations of alternative fumigants can be applied through drip irrigation systems established to irrigate crops. In comparison to conventional shank methods of injection, application of soluble formulations through drip irrigation systems would be economical and environmentally friendly, reduce worker exposure, and allow for simultaneous or sequential application of a combination of fumigants. This paper discusses techniques developed to apply alternative fumigants through drip irrigation systems, and reviews ongoing studies to determine optimum application rates, soil conditions, plastic mulches, and amount of irrigation water used to apply these alternative fumigants.     

土壤熏蒸对土壤氮循环及其功能微生物的影响研究进展

土壤熏蒸凭借高效、广谱等优点已被广泛应用,但正因为其具有广谱性,熏蒸剂在杀死土壤中有害生物的同时,也影响着驱动土壤中各种元素循环、转化的非靶标微生物。土壤氮循环是连接大气、土壤和水体的重要枢纽,而与氮循环有关的关键过程主要由微生物所驱动,因此,土壤熏蒸势必会影响氮循环中的物质转化。已有研究表明,熏蒸剂可显著改变一些与土壤氮循环相关的功能基因及功能微生物的种类及丰度,其中一些熏蒸剂在进行熏蒸处理后,短期内均能提高土壤中氮的矿化速率,增加土壤中的氮素累积矿化量,而固氮、硝化和反硝化过程均受到抑制,可提高对氮素的利用率。本文就常用的几种熏蒸剂在进行土壤熏蒸后,对土壤中氮循环中的固氮、矿化、硝化和反硝化等反应中的各个关键过程和功能微生物产生的影响进行综述,可为研究土壤熏蒸的环境风险提供依据。     

Reduced severity and impact of Fusarium wilt on strawberry by manipulation of soil pH, soil organic amendments and crop rotation

Strawberry (Fragaria?×?ananassa) is one of the most important berry crops worldwide. Fusarium wilt poses a serious threat to commercial strawberry production worldwide and causes severe economic losses. Our previous surveys suggested that soil pH, soil amendment with organic matter and/or crop rotation could offer opportunities for improved management of strawberry disease. Studies were conducted for the first time to determine the effects of soil pH, soil amendments with manure compost and crop residue, and crop rotation on the severity and impact of Fusarium wilt on strawberry. At soil pH 6.7, plants showed the least severe disease and the lowest reductions in shoot and root dry weight (DW) of plants from disease, significantly lower than those of plants in acidic soil at pH 5.2 or 5.8. In soil amendment with manure compost at 5.0?%, plants showed the least severe disease and the lowest reductions in shoot and root DW of plants from disease, significantly lower than those of plants in the other three levels of manure compost. In soil amendment with crop residue at 2.5?% or 5.0?%, shoot and root disease of plants and reductions in shoot and root DW of plants from disease were significantly lower than those of plants in soil without crop residue or excessive crop residue amendment at 10.0?%. Plants in soil rotated with tomato not only showed the least severe disease but also showed the lowest reductions in shoot and root DW of plants from disease, significantly lower than those of plants in soil continuously planted with strawberry without rotation or rotated with capsicum. Soil pH, soil amendment with manure compost or crop residue, and crop rotation, all significantly reduced the severity and impact of Fusarium wilt on strawberry. There is great potential for manipulating soil pH, adding soil organic amendments and utilizing crop rotation, not only to successfully manage Fusarium wilt on strawberry, but to do so in a sustainable way without current reliance upon chemical fumigants.     

Biological approaches for control of root pathogens of strawberry

ABSTRACT Soil fumigation with methyl bromide plus chloropicrin is used as a preplant treatment to control a broad range of pathogens in high-value annual crop production systems. In California, fumigation is used on approximately 10,125 ha of strawberry production to control pathogens ranging from Verticillium dahliae to root pruning pathogens such as Pythium, Rhizoctonia, or Cylindrocarpon spp. In addition to pathogen control, fumigation also causes an enhanced growth response of the plant and reduces weed pressure. The development of successful, long-term cost effective biocontrol strategies most likely will require the development of an integrated systems approach that incorporates diverse aspects of the crop production system. Although application of single microbial inoculants may provide some level of control for specific production problems, it will be a challenge to provide the broad spectrum of activity needed in production fields.     

Effect of variety choice, resistant rootstocks and chitin soil amendments on soil-borne diseases in soil-based, protected tomato production systems

Soil-borne diseases are the most significant crop protection problem in soil-based, low-input and especially organic glasshouse production systems in Europe. While chemical soil disinfestation has been the control method of choice in conventional farming systems, soil steaming has been the main strategy for the control of soil-borne diseases in organic production. Both methods are extremely expensive and have been increasingly restricted for environmental reasons by governments, and integrated and organic farming standard-setting bodies. The use of disease-tolerant varieties, grafting onto resistant rootstocks and chitin soil amendments were evaluated as potential replacements for soil steaming in organic and other low-input tomato production systems. When only Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and/or Meloidogyne spp. were present in soil, grafting and/or chitin soil amendment were found to be as effective in reducing root disease and/or increasing yield as soil steaming, but the efficacy of both treatments was reduced when Verticillum albo-atrum was also present in soil. No additive effects of combining grafting and chitin soil amendments could be detected. A more widespread use of grafting and/or chitin soil amendments may therefore allow significant reductions in the use of steam and chemical soil disinfestation in glasshouse crops. It will also allow integrated and organic farming standard-setting bodies to impose further restrictions on the use of soil disinfestation treatments.