土传病害防治技术进展及面临的挑战

近10年来, 随着人们对环境的关注, 绿色发展成为农业生产的主流。在土传病害的防治中, 要尽可能减少对环境和生态的影响, 同时保证取得更好的经济效益。因而, 一些环境友好的防治技术受到重视。农业防治技术如抗性品种利用和嫁接、阻截传播、深翻、轮作和无土栽培; 生物防治技术如生物熏蒸、厌氧消毒、生物防治制剂等; 物理防治技术如太阳能消毒、火焰消毒、微波消毒、电消毒、射频消毒也在不断地创新; 化学防治技术主要依赖土壤熏蒸剂, 一些新型的环境友好的熏蒸剂如异硫氰酸烯丙酯、二甲基二硫、乙二腈、乙蒜素等也在不断发展。熏蒸剂新剂型、新的施药机械也在不断创新。土壤熏蒸剂在防治土传病害时, 也会对土壤中的微生态造成不同程度的影响。此外, 我们也应该清醒地认识到任何技术都有两面性, 并正视不同防治技术中的不足。土传病害作为一类难以防治的病害, 也面临着巨大的挑战, 高传染性要求有高质量的种苗和高效的防治和阻隔技术, 土传病害的定量检测技术, 土壤中的病原菌数量与发病的关系、土壤微生态对发病的影响都是亟待研究和解决的问题。在防控土传病害时, 如何减少温室气体的排放、减少防治投入以及塑料薄膜的污染均为面临的环境和经济学挑战。

Progresses and challenges in soil-borne disease prevention and control technology

In the past decade, green development with concerns about enviroment has become the mainstream of the agricultural production. In the prevention of soil borne-diseases, we should minimize the negative impact on the environment and the ecology, and bring economic benefits as well. Therefore, some environment-friendly prevention technologies have received attention. These include agricultural control technologies, such as planting resistant varieties and grafting, interception of transmission, deep plowing, rotation, and soilless cultivation; the biological pest control technologies, such as biofumigation, anaerobic soil disinfestation, biological control agents, etc.; and the physical control technologies, such as solarization, flaming disinfestation, microwave disinfestation, electric disinfestation, and radio frequency disinfestation, which have been undergone continuous innovation. Chemical control technology mainly depends on soil fumigants, and some new environment-friendly fumigants, such as allyl isothiocyanate, dimethyl disulfide, ethanedinitrile and ethylicin have been developed. New formulations of fumigants and new application machinery have been also undergone constant innovation. When soil fumigants are used to prevent soil-borne diseases, they also have varying degrees of impacts on the microecology of the soil. In addition, we should also be aware of the dual nature of any technologies and face the shortcomings of different prevention technologies. As difficult-to-control diseases, the soil-borne diseases also face enormous challenges. Their high infectivity calls for high-quality seedlings, the efficient prevention and separation techniques. The quantification of the pathogens in soil, as well as the knowledge about the relationship between the quantity of the pathogens in soil and disease incidence and the impact of soil microecology on the disease incidence are also problems that need urgent studies and solutions. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the input in the prevention and the pollution from plastic films are all environmental and economic challenges faced in the process of preventing soil-borne diseases.