节水灌溉条件下饲料稻不同施氮水平碳代谢关键酶活性及产量表现

节水条件下,采用田间小区试验研究"氮中量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量分另4为190,90,100kg/hm2)、"氮高量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O为210,90,100 kg/hm2)、"氮低量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O为170,90,100kg/hm2)对饲料稻威优198蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SUS)、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPase)活性、光合特性以及产量的影响.结果表明,氮中量施肥法处理水稻旗叶和粒籽中的SPS、SUS、ADPase活性较高;旗叶净光合作用速率较快;叶和籽粒中蔗糖含量较高,蔗糖转化成淀粉的能力较强.氪中量施肥法处理能显著增加水稻的有效德和籽粒产量,有效穗分别比氮高量栽培法和氪低量施肥法提高了7.70%和10.32%,籽粒产量分别比氮高量栽培法和氮低量施肥法提高了12.02%和8.47%.     

宁夏中部雨养农田宁亚10号胡麻高产优质栽培模型研究

应用五因素二次通用旋转组合设计方法,探讨以盐池为代表的宁中地区在干旱雨养立地条件下宁亚10号胡麻高产优质栽培模型。5个可控栽培因子分别为播量、施农肥量、施氮量、施磷量、抗旱剂,效应因子为胡麻籽粒产量、产量性状以及品质性状。通过模拟选优,胡麻产量高于1 200 kg/hm2、籽粒含油率大于37%、亚油酸含量大于12%的优化栽培方案为:播量46.05~50.85 kg/hm2,施农肥量21.50~24.96 t/hm2,施氮量(纯氮)84.45~91.95kg/hm2,施磷量(P2O5)55.65~62.70 kg/hm2,喷施抗旱剂2~3次。     

宁南山区旱地平衡施肥专题试验初报

2001～2003年连续3a在西吉县吉强镇酸刺村科技扶贫示范区旱地上,采用三因素四水平14处理最优回归设计,对西吉县4种主栽农作物小麦、豌豆、地膜玉米、马铃薯进行了平衡施肥专题试验研究。结果表明在降雨量350～400mm的半干旱地区,上述4种农作物的最优施肥组合分别为施纯N120kg/hm2、P2O590kg/hm2、K2O30kg/hm2;N45kg/hm2、P2O5180kg/hm2、K2O40kg/hm2;N270kg/hm2、P2O5120kg/hm2、K2O60kg/hm2;N225kg/hm2、P2O572kg/hm2、K2O80kg/hm2。     

天水旱作农业区膜侧小麦不同施肥水平增产效应分析

通过不同施肥条件对膜侧小麦水分利用、农艺性状、增产效应、经济效益等方面分析,研究干旱地区膜侧小麦的施肥问题。结果表明:施肥可以提高水分利用率1.1~3.1 kg/(mm.hm2),促进小麦生长发育;不同施肥水平对小麦的增产效应不同:低肥、中肥、高肥3种施肥水平分别比不施肥的对照增产731.5 kg/hm2,1461.0kg/hm2和1 648.5 kg/hm2,增产率分别为25.5%、50.9%和57.4%;经济效益以中肥水平(折合施纯N118.1kg/hm2,P2O594.5 kg/hm2和K2O 60.0 kg/hm2)最高,产值可达2 045.4元/hm2,产投比为2.7∶1。因此,在低、中、高3个施肥水平中,中等施肥最为有效、合理,有利于增产增收。     

甘肃中部半干旱雨养生态区甜荞麦施肥优化数学模型研究

采用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了甜荞麦产量、纯收益与N、P、K施用量之间的关系,建立了以产量和纯收益为目标的函数模型,解析了各因子对产量和纯收益的主效应及互作效应,通过寻优计算,提出产量高于3 000 kg/hm2的优化施肥方案为施氮量152.5~180.8 kg/hm2,施磷量139.1~172.0 kg/hm2,施钾量91.6~133.4kg/hm2;纯收益大于2 250元/hm2的优化施肥方案为施氮量156.5~191.5 kg/hm2,施磷量76.3~148.7 kg/hm2,施钾量2.9~20.2 kg/hm2。     

柴达木地区春麦高产优质栽培因子优化组合研究

采用三因素二次通用旋转组合设计,在柴达木地区以春小麦甘春20号为对象研究了播种量、施氮量、施磷量与籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量的相关关系。结果表明,该地区春小麦甘春20号的籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、籽粒蛋白质产量与播种量、施氮、磷量之间有极显著的相关关系。施氮量对籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、籽粒蛋白质产量影响最大,播种量次之、施磷量最小。该地区甘春20号小麦栽培因子最优组合为播种量404.5 kg/hm2、施氮量(纯氮)240 kg/hm2、施磷量(P2O5)195 kg/hm2。建议当地降低播种量,增加磷肥施用量。     

中苜2号苜蓿高产配方施肥的研究

为解决苜蓿规模化技术研发滞后于产业发展等关键性问题,采用测土配方施肥试验,结合理论优化模型和计算机模拟寻优技术,筛选出高产苜蓿的最佳土肥配比技术.结果表明:田间测产与4种模型筛选出,经济效益最佳施肥组合为:当P肥31.70kg/hm2(Ca(H2PO4)2·2H2O为159 kg/hm2)、K肥86.05kg/hm2(K2SO4为172 kg/hm2)、N肥73.08kg/hm2(CO(NH2)2为159 kg/hm2)时,产量为12348.66 kg/hm2,肥料投资较低(1171.8 元/hm2),与最高肥料投资相比低386.3元/hm2,产投比为21.08.     

黄土高原日光温室黄瓜合理施肥用量及优化施肥模式研究

采用氮(N)、磷(P)和有机肥三因素五水平最优设计,在陕北黄土高原进行了日光温室黄瓜N、P和有机肥用量及其肥效反应模式田间试验,求得日光温室黄瓜N、P和有机肥的肥效反应模式,并分析了N、P和有机肥对日光温室黄瓜产量的影响。研究表明:施用有机肥对日光温室黄瓜产量影响最大,N肥和P肥的影响相当;随着有机肥施肥量增加,黄瓜产量还在不断增加,N、P化肥在一定用量范围内有增产效果,用量继续增大时导致黄瓜产量降低。根据黄瓜N、P和有机肥的肥效反应模式,提出在黄瓜目标产量83000～88000kg/hm2之间的N、P和有机肥优化施肥方案:N肥用量809.2～1313.1kg/hm2,P肥用量(P2O5)583.1～978.6kg/hm2,有机肥用量64.0～151.3t/hm2;N∶P2O5为1∶0.72。     

施磷量对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米产量土壤速效磷和磷肥利用率影响

针对黄土高原半干旱区春玉米全膜双垄沟播栽培中施肥不科学和磷肥利用率低的问题,2011—2013年在甘肃省定西市安定区设置了三年定位试验,研究了P2O5投入量为0 kg·hm-2(CK)、120 kg·hm-2(P1)、240kg·hm-2(P2)和480 kg·hm-2(P3)对春玉米产量、土壤速效磷及磷肥利用效率的影响。结果表明:磷肥能显著增加玉米产量,但过量投入磷肥会使玉米减产,玉米产量整体表现为P1P2P3CK;在同一生育时期,随着施磷量的增加,土壤速效磷累积量呈增加趋势;随着种植年限延长,施磷处理土壤速效磷累积量增幅呈增大趋势,与2011年播前基础量相比,2013年收获后累积量增加53.6%~208.5%;磷肥利用率随施磷量的增加而降低,优化施磷量下,磷肥当季和累计利用率达到最大,为15.51%、13.91%。综合考虑玉米产量、磷肥利用率和生态环境安全,P2O5的投入量以120 kg·hm-2为宜。     

施磷量对膜下滴灌杂交棉氮磷钾养分吸收利用及产量的影响

通过南疆膜下滴灌田间小区试验,研究了施磷量分别为0(P0)、75(P1)、150(P2)2、25(P3)kg/hm2对膜下滴灌杂交棉氮、磷、钾素的吸收、利用及产量的影响,以明确该区合理施磷量。结果表明:施用磷肥可以显著提高杂交棉的生物产量、经济产量及杂交棉整株总吸氮、磷、钾量;在不同施磷量处理之间的籽棉产量、氮磷钾吸收、利用率均呈P2P3P1P0的趋势。在本实验条件下,综合考虑磷肥利用率、籽棉产量、氮磷钾吸收的因素,杂交棉的合理施磷量应控制在150 kg/hm2左右。     

施肥和绿肥翻压方式对旱地冬小麦生长及土壤水分利用的影响

通过田间试验研究渭北旱原不同施肥处理(不施肥;40 kg P2O5/hm2;豆科绿肥专用肥30 kg/hm2)对夏闲期豆科绿肥生长和后茬小麦生长的效果,探讨了夏季豆科绿肥翻压方式(提前翻压、提前覆盖,播前翻压和不种绿肥即夏季休闲)对后茬冬小麦产量及水分利用的影响。研究表明:与不施肥处理相比,豆科绿肥专用肥显著提高绿肥盛花期地上部生物量,但对根系生长没有明显作用;施用磷肥则更有利于绿肥根系生物量的提高;施用绿肥专用肥和磷肥处理的后茬小麦产量较高,特别是绿肥提前翻压时。绿肥提前翻压时冬小麦分蘖数较高、春季总茎数较高、单位面积穗数较高,产量显著高于绿肥提前覆盖、播前翻压和不种绿肥处理,水分生产效率显著高于不种绿肥处理。从绿肥翻压、小麦播前直至小麦拔节期,绿肥翻压方式的3个处理土壤0~200 cm剖面水分含量与休闲处理始终有明显差异。提前翻压处理与提前覆盖、播前翻压处理的差异主要在40 cm以上土层。     

Effect of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation on the composition of weed flora in a sandy soil

The development of integrated weed management strategies requires knowledge of mechanisms that influence compositional changes in weed flora. A 9-year study was initiated in 1988 at Delhi, Canada, on a loamy sand soil to evaluate the effect of tillage systems [conventional (CT) and no-till (NT)] and cover crops (only in NT) on weed density, species composition and associations, and crop yield in a winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)/bean/winter wheat rotation. Three bean types: soyabean ( Glycine max L. Merr.), white bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and kidney bean ( P . vulgaris L.) were included. The NT system included variations: rye ( Secale cereale L.) or maize ( Zea mays L.) cover crop, volunteer wheat disked after harvest and wheat stubble. Data were collected in 1994, 1995 and 1996. Tillage systems, cover crops and crop type had differential effects on weed densities, species composition and associations. Weed densities were not affected by tillage or cover crops in wheat but, in the beans, densities were greater in the CT than in the NT systems. Various associations of weed species with tillage system, cover crop and crop type were observed. Crop yields were not affected by tillage type or cover crop, except that soyabean yields were highest in plots with cover crops.     

供锌和添加碳酸钙对不同基因型小麦幼苗生长及锌磷吸收的影响

以Hoagland营养液为介质,在不同Zn与CaCO3用量下,将以下5种基因型冬小麦进行营养液混合培养,探讨小麦幼苗生长及Zn与P吸收的状况。根据生长量及缺Zn症状的严重程度,把S02-8、远丰998判定为缺Zn敏感型,而中育6号、小偃22及西杂1号为缺Zn非敏感型;适量供Zn比高量供Zn更有利于小麦生长;低量Ca-CO3可在一定程度上促进小麦幼苗生长而高量CaCO3会抑制生长,缺Zn敏感型的生长量显著低于非敏感型,且前者的根冠比小于后者。加入CaCO3后对小麦植株Zn、P吸收的影响较小,但地上部P/Zn随CaCO3添加量的增加而递减。根系与地上部含Zn量与吸收量均随供Zn量的增加而增加,而高量供Zn时Zn在根部大量累积,同时高Zn用量在一定程度上抑制小麦植株对P的吸收,P/Zn随Zn用量的增加而降低。与不供Zn相比,高量供Zn显著降低了小麦植株根系及地上部的P/Zn值,而低量供Zn时,地上部的P/Zn仅有轻微的降低。供试的5种基因型小麦的P含量均未超过P中毒临界值,因此小麦幼苗出现的缺Zn症状与P无关。相对于缺Zn非敏感型小麦,缺Zn敏感型更易于在根系中累积Zn,吸P量较低,且地上部P/Zn较高。     

西北黄土区主要作物茬口对土壤理化性质和冬油菜农艺性状的影响

为了探讨不同茬口对土壤肥力及后茬油菜产量的影响,以休闲田为对照,研究了西北黄土区冬油菜、马铃薯、玉米、冬小麦、春小麦、蚕豆等6种主要农作物茬口土壤耕作层肥力效应及其对后茬白菜型冬油菜产量和农艺性状的影响,结果表明：（1）不同作物茬口土壤养分含量总体表现为越冬作物>休闲田>春播作物,除固氮作物蚕豆茬口碱解氮含量较高外,冬油菜茬口土壤营养各项指标、土壤微生物种群结构及土壤物理性状均显著优于其它作物茬口,其有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别比休闲田增加32.6%、12.1%,5.9%、7.2%、11.6%、99.8%、44.2%,其次为蚕豆、冬小麦茬口和休闲田,玉米和春小麦茬口肥力状况较差;与休闲田相比,冬油菜、冬小麦和蚕豆茬口耕层（0~20 cm）土壤容重分别降低10.14%、5.80%和5.80%,而冬油菜茬口土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和田间持水量分别提高7.33%、4.12%和5.65%,马铃薯、玉米、春小麦茬口均有不同程度下降,冬小麦与蚕豆茬口无明显差异;（2）前茬对白菜型冬油菜农艺性状的影响主要表现在株高、根量、全株角果数、角果粒数及千粒重等指标,其中蚕豆茬口白菜型冬油菜比休闲田增产4.50%,冬小麦茬口与休闲田相当,而马铃薯、玉米、春小麦、冬油菜茬口分别较休闲田减产11.05%、15.04%、16.27%、21.14%。白菜型冬油菜的最佳前茬是豆类作物,休闲田和冬小麦茬口次之,但白菜型冬油菜连作可能会产生自毒作用或病害加重,从而造成显著减产。     

Improved management of Avena ludoviciana and Phalaris paradoxa with more densely sown wheat and less herbicide

Summary The effectiveness of crop competition for better weed control and reducing herbicide rates was determined for Avena ludoviciana and Phalaris paradoxa . Four experiments, previously broadcast with seeds of the two weeds in separate plots, were sown with three wheat densities, and emerged weeds were treated with four herbicide doses (0–100% of recommended rate). The measured crop and weed traits were first analysed across experiments for treatment effects. Grain yield and weed seed production data were then analysed using cubic smoothing splines to model the response surfaces. Although herbicide rate for both weeds and crop density for P. paradoxa had significant linear effects on yield, there was a significant non-linearity of the response surface. Similarly, herbicide rate and crop density had significant linear effects on weed seed production, and there was significant non-linearity of the response surface that differed for the weed species. Maximum crop yield and reduction in seed production of P. paradoxa was achieved with approximately 80 wheat plants m⁻² and weeds treated with 100% herbicide rate. For A. ludoviciana , this was 130 wheat plants m⁻² applied with 75% herbicide rate. Alternatively, these benefits were achieved by increasing crop density to 150 plants m⁻² applied with 50% herbicide rate. At high crop density, application of the 100% herbicide rate tended to reduce yield, particularly with the A. ludoviciana herbicide, and this impacted adversely on the suppression of weed seed production. Thus, more competitive wheat crops have the potential for improving weed control and reducing herbicide rates.     

Winter annual grassy weeds increase over‐winter mortality in autumn‐sown wheat

Over‐winter mortality, that is, winterkill, reduces cereal crop competitive ability and yield. While management and environmental variables are known to affect winterkill, the extent to which weeds contribute to increased winterkill is largely unknown. Winter annual weeds may increase winterkill through resource competition and by increasing incidence of and damage from plant pathogens that cause winterkill. We evaluated the impact of summer annual (Avena fatua) and winter annual (Bromus tectorum) weeds on the over‐winter survival rate of winter wheat over three winters, during which plots were covered with snow. Pink snow mould (Microdochium nivale), a winterkill pathogen known to infect B. tectorum and winter wheat, was common in wheat stands. In weed‐free treatments, mortality rates were initially near zero, but increased by nearly 45% in each subsequent winter, presumably due to an increase in snow mould disease in continuously cropped winter wheat. Whereas A. fatua infestation had no impact on crop survival rates, winter wheat survival in B. tectorum‐infested plots was 50% less than the weed‐free control in the second and third years of this study. Among B. tectorum‐infested plots, winter wheat over‐winter survival declined with increasing weed seed produced in the previous summer. Overall, this study demonstrated that winter annual weed infestations can reduce crop stand densities below replanting thresholds by reducing fall‐sown cereal winter survival. The effects of winter annual weeds on winter wheat may be meditated by increased proliferation of snow mould disease.     

Application method of nitrogen fertilizer affects weed growth and competition with winter wheat

The management of crop fertilization may be an important component of integrated weed management systems. A field study was conducted to determine the effect of various application methods of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on weed growth and winter wheat yield in a zero-tillage production system. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 50 kg ha⁻¹ at the time of planting winter wheat over four consecutive years to determine the annual and cumulative effects. The nitrogen treatments consisted of granular ammonium nitrate applied broadcast on the soil surface, banded 10 cm deep between every crop row, banded 10 cm deep between every second crop row, and point-injected liquid ammonium nitrate placed between every second crop row at 20 cm intervals and 10 cm depth. An unfertilized control was also included. Density, shoot N concentration and the biomass of weeds was often lower with subsurface banded or point-injected N than with broadcast N. The winter wheat density was similar with all N fertilizer application methods but wheat shoot N concentration and yield were consistently higher with banded or point-injected N compared with broadcast N. In several instances, the surface broadcast N did not increase the weed-infested wheat yield above that of the unfertilized control, indicating that it was the least preferred N application method. Depending on the weed species, the weed seedbank at the conclusion of the 4 year study was reduced by 29–62% with point-injected N compared with broadcast N. Information gained from this study will be used to develop more integrated weed management programs for winter wheat.     

Weed populations in winter wheat as affected by crop sequence, intensity of tillage and time of herbicide application in a cool and humid climate

Summary There is a lack of information on the combined effects of preceding crop, reduced tillage (especially no-tillage) and the time of herbicide application on the development of weed populations and the efficiency of weed control in winter wheat in humid temperate climates. An experiment was conducted with a crop rotation (winter wheat – oilseed rape – winter wheat – maize) on a sandy loam and a loamy silt soil in the Swiss midlands to investigate the impact of different preceding crops and pre- and post-emergence control of weeds in conventional tillage (CT; mouldboard plough), minimum tillage (MT; chisel plough) and no-tillage (NT; no soil disturbance systems). When winter wheat was grown after maize and winter wheat was grown after oilseed rape, the ranking order of weed density in treatments without herbicide application was NT < MT < CT and CT < MT < NT respectively. Analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis showed that Epilobium spp., Sonchus arvensis , Myosotis arvensis and volunteer crops were more abundant in NT than in MT and CT. The efficiency of post-emergence weed control was generally better than that of pre-emergence weed control, regardless of tillage intensity.     

不同N、P、K配比对小麦、玉米光合生理及周年水分利用的影响

为探明不同N、P、K配比在等灌水量条件下对小麦、玉米光合生理特征及周年水分利用的机理,采用大田实验,研究了不同N、P、K配比对小麦、玉米光合生理、产量及水分利用等的影响。结果表明:在小麦、玉米关键生育期进行适量灌水并进行追肥,促进了小麦、玉米对水分和养分的吸收,实现水肥同步,改善其光合生理特征,促进节水增产。不同处理均显著提高了小麦和玉米的光合速率和叶片水分利用效率,且均以N3P2K2处理的光合速率和叶片水分利用效率最高(小麦分别为16.59μmol·m~(-2)·s-1和36.07μmol·mmol-1,玉米分别为29.26μmol·m~(-2)·s-1和27.1μmol·mmol-1)。同时,不同N、P、K配比均提高了小麦、玉米的成产要素。最终,以N2P2K2和N3P2K2处理的增产和节水效果最佳,其小麦、玉米单产和二者总产均高于其它处理,其小麦、玉米总产量分别较对照提高了30.3%和26.8%,周年水分利用效率分别较对照提高了30.5%和27.4%。而从经济的角度考虑,本文推荐的N、P、K配比为N2P2K2。     

氮肥类型对夏玉米及后作冬小麦产量与水、氮利用的影响

研究了华北平原夏玉米季施用不同类型氮肥对当季与后作冬小麦及周年产量与水、氮利用的影响,结果表明:(1)随施氮量增大,夏玉米产量、耗水量与水分利用效率(WUE)增大,氮肥利用率(NUE)降低。夏玉米WUE与NUE受到氮肥类型的影响,WUE以复合肥处理较大,NUE以包膜尿素和复合肥较高,且存在较明显的基因型差异,WUE以郑单958较大,NUE以农大108较大;(2)夏玉米季施氮使冬小麦氮生理效率降低,氮肥效率增大,并显著影响冬小麦产量和WUE,但因夏玉米季品种、氮肥类型与施氮量不同而表现有差异。夏玉米季氮肥后效明显,但氮肥类型间差异显著,一般以尿素处理及包膜尿素与复合肥高N处理较大;(3)夏玉米—冬小麦轮作制度下,两季总产量、总氮素累积量、总耗水量及水、氮利用效率明显受到夏玉米季氮肥类型与施氮量的影响,且受到夏玉米基因型的影响。