利用小麦内生细菌防治小麦全蚀病的初步研究

植物内生细菌是指能定殖在健康植物组织内,并与植物建立了和谐关系的一类细菌。内生细菌对植物的益生作用主要表现为促进植物生长、抑制植物病原物、增加植物的抗逆性和他感作用等几个方面。小麦全蚀病（wheat take-all）作为一种世界毁灭性病害,目前,由于缺乏抗病品种和有效的化学防治药剂,所以利用微生物之间的拮抗作用来控制小麦全蚀病危害具有广阔的应用前景。本研究通过从小麦里分离出内生细菌,从中筛选出对小麦全蚀病菌具有拮抗作用的菌株,在研究其拮抗机制和定殖作用基础上,对其防治小麦全蚀病的作用进行了初步研究。     

番茄内生细菌的分离及拮抗菌株的筛选

生物防治以其安全、高效及无污染等特点已经成为植物病害防治的重要途径。植物内生细菌在植物体内具有稳定的生存空间、不易受外界环境的影响等特点,近年来受到广泛关注[1]。番茄灰霉病和叶霉病是番茄重要病害,多年来一直依赖化学药剂防治。据报道,这两种病害的生防菌株主要是从土壤中分离的,与植物内生细菌相比,这些“外来”微生物在与植物根际土壤中大量习居微生物的竞争中难以占居优势,田间防治效果大多不明显甚至无效。作者从健康番茄植株体内分离内生细菌,筛选出对灰霉病菌和叶霉病菌有拮抗作用的菌株,以期探索新的生物防治途径。1材料…     

我国生防微生物代谢产物研发应用进展与展望

微生物代谢产物农药（microbial metabolite pesticide,简称MMP）是以微生物发酵产生的代谢产物为活性成分,用于防治病虫草鼠等有害生物或促进植物生长发育的生物农药。MMP主要包括农用抗生素、微生物源植物免疫诱抗剂和微生物源植物生长调节剂,是我国应用面积最广的生物农药。部分微生物代谢产物农药兼具预防与治疗效果,是未来绿色农药研发的一个重要方向。本文总结了我国研发和应用的主要代谢产物农药种类、特点和最新研究进展,分析了我国代谢产物农药研发过程中存在的问题和挑战,为新型代谢产物农药的研发与应用提供参考。     

土壤侵蚀对土壤理化性质及土壤微生物的影响

通过对黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀环境下4种典型坡面上坡顶、坡肩、坡背、坡脚和坡趾5个不同地形部位¹³⁷Cs的含量、土壤理化性质及土壤微生物指标的测定和分析。结果表明:用来表征土壤侵蚀程度的¹³⁷Cs含量与土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤容重、电导率、土壤微生物功能多样性及细菌菌群之间均存在显著的回归关系,土壤有机碳、全氮及土壤容重随着¹³⁷Cs含量的增加呈增加趋势,土壤电导率、土壤微生物功能多样性呈下降趋势,而土壤细菌呈先下降后增加的趋势。土壤侵蚀过程能够直接影响土壤养分在坡面上的空间分布及土壤结构,通过影响土壤性质,改变土壤微生物群落的生长环境和营养物质的含量,从而影响土壤微生物的生长。     

威百亩熏蒸后土壤微生物群落重建及功能恢复

本研究旨在科学评价威百亩熏蒸对土壤微生物生态系统的影响,为环境友好型消毒剂的选择提供理论线索。本研究以实验室威百亩熏蒸的土壤为材料,通过高通量测序技术,研究威百亩熏蒸对土壤细菌群落的影响及熏蒸后土壤微生物群落重建及功能修复的机制。结果表明：高通量测序总共测得1 062 241个高质量序列,共比对出5 882个细菌分类单元(OTUs)。熏蒸处理后不同阶段土壤细菌群落结构在门水平上较为类似,但是在种水平差异显著。威百亩熏蒸处理对微生物群落结构和功能造成很大影响,使得细菌群落α多样性、群落构建的驱动因素、共发生网络关系以及碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、能量代谢等代谢活性在熏蒸处理后的初、中期阶段表现出上升或者下降的趋势,并在处理后的中后期迅速恢复并趋于平稳。以上结果表明,威百亩处理对细菌群落造成强烈的“生态扰动”,导致细菌群落表现出“抑制-激活-恢复”的阶段性特征。微生物群落的稳定性与群落的抵抗力和恢复力密切相关。本研究为科学评价威百亩土壤消毒对土壤微生态系统的影响提供理论支撑,为环境友好型消毒剂的选择提供线索。     

土壤微生物在生物结皮形成中的作用及生态学意义

在荒漠地区的固定、半固定沙地和流动沙地上,微生物、藻类植物及地衣、苔藓植物能参与并形成生物结皮,其在干旱和半干旱荒漠地区具有重要生态意义。其中土壤微生物因其极强的适应性和生存能力,在生物结皮形成各阶段都起着积极的作用。土壤微生物的生长和活性与土壤酶活性的变化具有良好的相关性,它的组成、分布和数量因沙丘类型和沙土层深度的不同而有所变化,也受到季节和植被的影响。土壤微生物的生理代谢活动及数量变化可以改变沙土表面理化性质,在土壤结皮的形成、植物营养的转化过程中发挥积极作用,为植物生长创造了良好的条件。     

基于宏基因组测序解析长刺蒺藜草入侵对根际土壤氮循环的影响

为揭示外来入侵植物长刺蒺藜草 Cenchrus longispinus对氮素高效利用的微生态机制,利用宏基因组测序技术分析长刺蒺藜草、狗尾草 Setaria viridis、披碱草 Elymus dahuricus三种杂草根际土壤及对照中参与氮循环的微生物类群及功能基因差异。结果显示,长刺蒺藜草入侵显著增加了根际土壤中全氮和硝态氮含量,显著降低了土壤水溶性氮含量;长刺蒺藜草根际土壤中链霉菌属Streptomyces、红色杆菌属 Rubrobacter、硝化螺旋菌属 Nitrospira及类诺卡氏菌属 Nocardioides微生物丰度与其他3个处理之间差异显著,并与根际土壤中硝态氮含量显著相关;长刺蒺藜草根际土壤中微生物的氮代谢功能基因nasB和nifK丰度与对照之间差异显著,且与根际土壤中硝态氮含量显著相关。推测长刺蒺藜草入侵通过增加根际土壤中链霉菌属、红色杆菌属和类诺卡氏菌属微生物丰度影响根际土壤的氮代谢过程,通过减少 nasA基因丰度降低硝酸盐同化速率,其根际土壤有少量nifK固氮基因,表明其有一定的固氮能力。     

植物内生木霉菌研究进展

内生菌在植物体内广泛存在，内生木霉菌是常见的植物内生真菌，一些内生木霉菌能够通过拮抗、重寄生、产生次生代谢产物、诱导植物系统抗性等方式促进植物生长、提高植物的抗逆性和抗病性，是重要的生防微生物资源，受到广泛关注。本文综述了近年来内生木霉菌的种类、分布、功能、生防作用机理，以及内生木霉菌与宿主植物互作的分子机制等方面的最新研究进展，为促进内生木霉菌作为生防因子的研究和利用提供参考。     

保水剂与微生物菌剂对土壤水分、养分的影响北大核心CSCD

保水剂与其他肥料混施,可以在不同程度上改善土壤的水分和养分条件,促进植物生长。通过将聚丙烯酸钾盐型保水剂与微生物菌剂混合对油松、紫花苜蓿进行盆栽试验,通过对低、中、高（油松：10、20、30 g·株^-1;紫花苜蓿：20、30、40 g·m^-2）保水剂和低、中、高（油松：5、10、20 g·株^-1;紫花苜蓿：15、30、45 g·m^-2）微生物菌剂混施,分析土壤水分和土壤中速效氮、磷、钾含量变化,及其对土壤水分、养分和植物生长的影响。结果表明：不同处理不同程度地提高了土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量以及土壤含水量。高浓度保水剂和高浓度微生物菌剂混施对一年生油松土壤速效氮促进最显著,低浓度保水剂和中浓度微生物菌剂混施对土壤速效磷、速效钾促进最显著,分别较对照组提高12%、35%和36%;紫花苜蓿高浓度保水剂和高浓度微生物菌剂混施对土壤速效氮、速效磷促进最显著,低浓度保水剂和中浓度微生物菌剂混施对土壤速效钾促进最显著,分别较对照组提高35%、27%和40%。中浓度保水剂和中浓度菌剂混施处理下土壤保水效果最优,而对油松和紫花苜蓿生长的影响达到最佳的分别为低浓度保水剂与低浓度菌剂混施和低浓度保水剂与中浓度菌剂混施。     

长刺蒺藜草根际土壤解磷细菌群落的多样性分析

为揭示外来入侵植物长刺蒺藜草 Cenchrus longispinus能够在贫瘠沙性土壤中快速生长、定殖的入侵机制,利用传统功能微生物筛选培养法、 16S rDNA高通量测序技术及细菌基因组重复序列PCR（genome repetitive sequence PCR, rep-PCR）基因指纹图谱技术分析其根际土壤中解磷细菌的丰富度及多样性,并与本地伴生植物冰草Agropyron cristatum和狗尾草Setaria viridis根际土壤中的解磷细菌群落进行比较。结果显示,长刺蒺藜草根际土壤中解磷细菌的数量分别达到8.61×10⁴ CFU/g和7.34×10⁴ CFU/g,显著高于其余土壤样品。相较于空白对照土壤,长刺蒺藜草根际土壤中的解有机磷细菌数量增加最多,增加了87.0%,冰草和狗尾草根际土壤中的解有机磷细菌数量则分别增加了28.3%和15.2%;而长刺蒺藜草、冰草和狗尾草根际土壤中的解无机磷细菌数量分别增加了36.7%、 89.8%和24.5%。聚类分析结果表明,不同根际土壤中解磷细菌之间没有共有的优势聚类群。长刺蒺藜草根际土壤中2种解磷细菌群落的物种均匀度指数显著高于空白对照土壤和冰草及狗尾草根际土壤,而物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著低于冰草及狗尾草根际土壤;其根际土壤中解无机磷细菌优势菌属经鉴定为金黄杆菌属 Chryseobacterium。表明长刺蒺藜草在贫瘠沙土中对磷素的高效利用可能是其快速入侵并定殖的机制之一。     

Review: Endophytic microbes and their potential applications in crop management

Endophytes are microbes (mostly bacteria and fungi) present asymptomatically in plants. Endophytic microbes are often functional in that they may carry nutrients from the soil into plants, modulate plant development, increase stress tolerance of plants, suppress virulence in pathogens, increase disease resistance in plants, and suppress development of competitor plant species. Endophytic microbes have been shown to: (i) obtain nutrients in soils and transfer nutrients to plants in the rhizophagy cycle and other nutrient‐transfer symbioses; (ii) increase plant growth and development; (iii) reduce oxidative stress of hosts; (iv) protect plants from disease; (v) deter feeding by herbivores; and (vi) suppress growth of competitor plant species. Because of the effective functions of endophytic microbes, we suggest that endophytic microbes may significantly reduce use of agrochemicals (fertilizers, fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides) in the cultivation of crop plants. The loss of endophytic microbes from crop plants during domestication and long‐term cultivation could be remedied by transfer of endophytes from wild relatives of crops to crop species. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels could reduce the efficiency of the rhizophagy cycle due to repression of reactive oxygen used to extract nutrients from microbes in roots. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Rhizobacteria facilitate physiological and biochemical drought tolerance of Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) Voss

Growth-promoting bacteria (GPB) have shown promising effects on serving plants against environmental constraints such as drought. Nevertheless, simultaneous effects of different GPB have less been considered for arid land plants and under field conditions. We investigated the effects of single and combined application of GPB, including free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB), phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB), a combination of NFB, PSB, and KSB (NPK), and control, at three drought stress treatments. In order to better understand the interactions between drought and GPB, we measured the morphological, biochemical, and physiological plant traits. The target plant was salt tree (Halimodendron Halodendron (Pall.) Voss), a legume shrub native to arid lands of Central and West Asia. All biofertilizer treatments enhanced the growth, physiology, and biochemistry of salt tree seedlings, and there were significant differences among the treatments. KSB and PSB treatments increased photosynthetic pigments, but KSB treatment was more efficient in transpiration rate and stomatal regulation and increased the soluble carbohydrates. PSB treatment had the highest effect on root traits, such as taproot length, root volume, cumulative root length, and the ratio of root to shoot. NFB treatment enhanced root diameter and induced biomass translocation between root systems. However, only the application of mixed biofertilizer (i.e., NPK treatment) was the most significant treatment to improve all plant morphological and physiological characteristics of salt tree under drought stress. Therefore, our results provided improvement of some specific plant traits simultaneous with application of three biofertilizers to increase growth and establishment of salt tree seedlings in the degraded arid lands.     

Phytobiome metabolism: beneficial soil microbes steer crop plants' secondary metabolism

Crops are negatively affected by abiotic and biotic stresses, however, plant‐microbe cooperation allows prompt buffering of these environmental changes. Microorganisms exhibit an extensive metabolic capability to assist plants in reducing these burdens. Interestingly, beneficial microbes may also trigger, at the host side, a sequence of events from signal perception to metabolic responses leading to stress tolerance or protection against biotic threats. Although plants are well known for their vast chemical diversity, plant‐microbial interactions often stimulate the production of a rich and different repertoire of metabolites in plants. The targeted microbial‐plant interactions reprogramming plant metabolism represent potential means to foster various pest managements. However, the molecular mechanisms of microbial modulation of plant metabolic plasticity are still poorly understood. Here, we review an increasing amount of reports providing evidence for alterations to plant metabolism caused by beneficial microbial colonization. In addition, we highlight the vital importance of these metabolic reprograms for plants under stress erratic conditions. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Diversity of cultivable endophytic bacteria associated with halophytes in Xinjiang of China and their plant beneficial traits

Endophytic bacteria from halophytes have a wide range of application prospects in various fields, such as plant growth-promoting, biocontrol activity and stress resistance. The current study aimed to identify cultivable endophytic bacteria associated with halophytes grown in the salt-affected soil in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China and to evaluate their plant beneficial traits and enzyme-producing activity. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from Reaumuria soongorica (PalL Maxim.), Artemisia carvifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. Hort. Beng.), Peganum harmala L. and Suaeda dendroides (C. A. Mey. Moq.) by using the cultural-dependent method. Then we classified these bacteria based on the difference between their sequences of 16S rRNA (16S ribosomal RNA) gene. Results showed that the isolated bacteria from R. soongorica belonged to the genera Brucella, Bacillus and Variovorax. The bacteria from A. carvifolia belonged to the genera Micromonospora and Brucella. The bacteria from P. harmala belonged to the genera Paramesorhizobium, Bacillus and Peribacillus. The bacteria from S. dendroides belonged to the genus Bacillus. Notably, the genus Bacillus was detected in the three above plants, indicating that Bacillus is a common taxon of endophytic bacteria in halophytes. And, our results found that about 37.50% of the tested strains showed strong protease-producing activity, 6.25% of the tested strains showed strong cellulase-producing activity and 12.50% of the tested strains showed moderate lipase-producing activity. Besides, all isolated strains were positive for IAA (3-Indoleacetic acid) production, 31.25% of isolated strains exhibited a moderate phosphate solubilization activity and 50.00% of isolated strains exhibited a weak siderophore production activity. Our findings suggest that halophytes are valuable resources for identifying microbes with the ability to increase host plant growth and health in salt-affected soils.     

Endophytic bacteria associated with halophyte Seidlitzia rosmarinus Ehrenb. ex Boiss. from saline soil of Uzbekistan and their plant beneficial traits

Endophytic bacteria of halophytic plants play essential roles in salt stress tolerance. Therefore, an understanding of the true nature of plant-microbe interactions under extreme conditions is essential. The current study aimed to identify cultivable endophytic bacteria associated with the roots and shoots of Seidlitzia rosmarinus Ehrenb. ex Boiss. grown in the salt-affected soil in Uzbekistan and to evaluate their plant beneficial traits related to plant growth stimulation and stress tolerance. Bacteria were isolated from the roots and the shoots of S. rosmarinus using culture-dependent techniques and identified by the 16S rRNA gene. RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis was conducted to eliminate similar isolates. Results showed that the isolates from the roots of S. rosmarinus belonged to the genera Rothia, Kocuria, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Paenibacillus and Brevibacterium. The bacterial isolates from the shoots of S. rosmarinus belonged to the genera Staphylococcus, Rothia, Stenotrophomonas, Brevibacterium, Halomonas, Planococcus, Planomicrobium and Pseudomonas, which differed from those of the roots. Notably, Staphylococcus, Rothia and Brevibacterium were detected in both roots and shoots, indicating possible migration of some species from roots to shoots. The root-associated bacteria showed higher levels of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) synthesis compared with those isolated from the shoots, as well as the higher production of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase. Our findings suggest that halophytic plants are valuable sources for the selection of microbes with a potential to improve plant fitness under saline soils.     

荒漠化防治的另一途径——C4植物

荒漠化和沙尘暴不仅影响西北地区,同时也影响到相邻地区的国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善.虽然,我国政府历年来都十分重视西北地区的生态条件的改善和环境的建设,但我国沙尘暴的频次和强度在未来几年仍有增加之势.C4(碳四)植物具有高光饱和点、高光合速率和高光合生产效率的生理特性.比C3(碳三)植物耗水少,而光合效率高.对土壤的适应性广,具有较强的竞争力.它应是优先考虑的干旱区水土保持植物.从美国选育的C4纤维禾草可以看出,多年生的C4纤维禾草具有:①光合效率高,而水耗低;②多年生可节省每年播种所需的种、肥和耕作费用,节省生产成本;③强大的根系可使植物体内的氮元素储存起来,提高了土壤养分的利用率等特点.它是干旱区中一种既节水,又是水土保持最有成效的植物资源,对缓解西北地区的荒漠化问题将会发挥巨大的作用.我国温带地区的草本植物资源丰富,其中有不少的C4植物.建议开展C4草本植物和木本植物的选育、引种和推广研究,以在半荒漠地区营造一个环境良好、人与自然和谐的家园.     

Size- and leaf age-dependent effects on the photosynthetic and physiological responses of Artemisia ordosica to drought stress

Drought is one of the most significant natural disasters in the arid and semi-arid areas of China. Populations or plant organs often differ in their responses to drought and other adversities at different growth stages. At present, little is known about the size- and leaf age-dependent differences in the mechanisms of shrub-related drought resistance in the deserts of China. Here, we evaluated the photosynthetic and physiological responses of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. to drought stress using a field experiment in Mu Us Sandy Land, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China in 2018. Rainfall was manipulated by installing outdoor shelters, with four rainfall treatments applied to 12 plots (5 m×5 m). There were four rainfall levels, including a control and rainfall reductions of 30%, 50% and 70%, each with three replications. Taking individual crown size as the dividing basis, we measured the responses of A. ordosica photosynthetic and physiological responses to drought at different growth stages, i.e., large-sized (>0.5 m²) and small-sized (≤0.5 m²) plants. The leaves of A. ordosica were divided into old leaves and young leaves for separate measurement. Results showed that: (1) under drought stress, the transfer efficiency of light energy captured by antenna pigments to the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center decreased, and the heat dissipation capacity increased simultaneously. To resist the photosynthetic system damage caused by drought, A. ordosica enhanced its free radical scavenging capacity by activating its antioxidant enzyme system; and (2) growth stage and leaf age had effects on the reaction of the photosynthetic system to drought. Small A. ordosica plants could not withstand severe drought stress (70% rainfall reduction), whereas large A. ordosica individuals could absorb deep soil water to ensure their survival in severe drought stressed condition. Under 30% and 50% rainfall reduction conditions, young leaves had a greater ability to resist drought than old leaves, whereas the latter were more resistant to severe drought stress. The response of A. ordosica photosynthetic system reflected the trade-off at different growth stages and leaf ages of photosynthetic production under different degrees of drought. This study provides a more comprehensive and systematic perspective for understanding the drought resistance mechanisms of desert plants.     

植物病害生防芽孢杆菌抗菌机制与遗传改良研究

 芽孢杆菌是土壤和植物微生态的优势微生物种群,具有很强的抗逆能力和抗菌防病作用,许多性状优良的天然分离株已成功地应用于植物病害生物防治。芽孢杆菌抗菌防病机制包括竞争作用、拮抗作用和诱导植物抗病性。其中,核糖体合成的细菌素、几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶等抗菌蛋白以及次生代谢产生的抗生素与挥发性抗菌物质产生的拮抗作用是生防细菌最主要的抗菌机制。通过现代生物技术提高抗菌基因的表达水平和实现外源杀虫或抗菌基因的高效稳定共表达是增强生防芽孢杆菌抗菌活性和扩大防治对象的重要途径。基因组和蛋白组研究的迅猛发展必将极大地促进芽孢杆菌抗菌分子机制和抗菌基因工程研究的深入发展和广泛应用。     

羊草干物质积累及叶片气体交换对土壤水分的响应

采用盆栽方法模拟羊草干物质积累和叶片气体交换参数对 5个水分梯度的响应表明 :轻度、中度干旱与对照相比 ,羊草叶片的相对含水量 (RWC )有所升高 ;严重和极严重干旱使RWC显著降低。干旱降低植株生物量 ,后期的降低幅度远远大于前期 ,反映出羊草叶片水分状况对适度的土壤干旱具有良好的适应性 ,而过度干旱对羊草的生长造成威胁。鞘的分配随时间呈下降趋势 ,而根茎的趋势与鞘相反 ,表明鞘的暂储物质有可能向根茎转移。干旱促进早期根的分配和根冠比增加 ,后期降低 ,表明羊草在受到持续干旱后 ,通过增加根部的比重来提高抗旱性的能力逐渐降低。干旱降低了光合速率 ,增加了胞间CO2 浓度 ,但对水分利用率 (WUE )的影响随日进程而波动 ,在上午 10时干旱促进了WUE升高 ,其他时间无显著影响 ,表明光合参数对干旱的响应受日进程影响。     

Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to insects, mediated by an earthworm-produced organic soil amendment

BACKGROUND: Vermicompost is an organic soil amendment produced by earthworm digestion of organic waste. Studies show that plants grown in soil amended with vermicompost grow faster, are more productive and are less susceptible to a number of arthropod pests. In light of these studies, the present study was designed to determine the type of insect resistance (antixenosis or antibiosis) present in plants grown in vermicompost‐amended potting soil. Additionally, the potential role of microarthropods, entomopathogenic organisms and non‐pathogenic microbial flora found in vermicompost on insect resistance induction was investigated. RESULTS: Findings show that vermicompost from two different sources (Raleigh, North Carolina, and Portland, Oregon) were both effective in causing Arabidopsis plants to be resistant to the generalist herbivore Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). However, while the Raleigh (Ral) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as both non‐preference (antixenosis) and milder (lower weight and slower development) toxic effect (antibiosis) resistance, Oregon (OSC) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as acute antibiosis, resulting in lower weights and higher mortality rates. CONCLUSION: Vermicompost causes plants to have non‐preference (antixenosis) and toxic (antibiosis) effects on insects. This resistance affects insect development and survival on plants grown in vermicompost‐amended soil. Microarthropods and entomopathogens do not appear to have a role in the resistance, but it is likely that resistance is due to interactions between the microbial communities in vermicompost with plant roots, as is evident from vermicompost sterilization assays conducted in this study. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry