4UM-640型振动式马铃薯挖掘机的设计与试验

为适应甘肃省马铃薯种植地块小、坡地多的现状,提高马铃薯机械化收获水平,通过对各关键作业部件进行理论分析与设计选型,研制出了一种携有偏心摇臂结构振动挖掘装置,挖掘深度可调节且与手扶拖拉机相配套的4UM-640型振动式马铃薯挖掘机。田间试验表明：该挖掘机收获作业时掘薯、输运顺畅,减阻碎土、土薯分离效果明显,伤薯率为3.6%,损失率为4.1%,明薯率为97.1%,达到了马铃薯机械化收获的相关技术要求。     

一种小型马铃薯捡拾机的研制与试验

目前国内应用较为普遍的马铃薯挖掘机将薯块挖掘条铺后需人工捡拾,工作效率低、劳动强度大。针对以上问题,设计了一种与30 k W拖拉机配套的小型马铃薯捡拾机。该机主要由捡拾装置、薯土分离装置、薯块升运装置、薯块收集装置等几部分组成,制作了样机并进行了田间试验。试验表明:该机薯土分离彻底,机组纯工作小时生产率为0.35~0.38 hm~2·h~(-1),平均伤薯率为4.4%,漏薯率为2.1%,含杂率为6.3%。     

振动式阶梯铲状马铃薯挖掘机作业性能试验

为获得振动式阶梯铲状马铃薯挖掘机最佳作业参数,依据振动减阻收获机理,通过改变影响振动式阶梯铲状马铃薯挖掘机收获作业性能指标的4个主要作业参数：整机前进速度、挖掘深度、挖掘铲长度、曲柄偏心距,以挖掘机损失率、明薯率及伤薯率为评价指标进行马铃薯挖掘性能试验。结合正交试验研究,应用综合评分法得出了振动式阶梯铲状马铃薯挖掘机作业时各参数的最优组合,即：整机前进速度为0.55 m·s^-1、挖掘深度为210 mm 、挖掘铲长度205 mm、曲柄偏心距为6 mm。按照该最优组合作业参数进行试验验证,结果表明,该马铃薯挖掘机明薯率为97.6%、伤薯为3.9%、损失率为3.5%,符合马铃薯收获机质量评价技术规范要求。     

丘陵山地藜麦联合收割机设计与试验

我国藜麦多种植于高海拔、丘陵山区，种植地块小、坡度大、道路狭窄，为降低普通稻麦联合收割机收割藜麦损失大、含杂高、喂入不畅等问题，本研究针对藜麦种植农艺和茎秆特性设计了一种丘陵山地藜麦联合收割机。该机采用小行距扩口链齿喂入装置，配合下割刀、纹杆与杆齿组合式纵轴流脱粒滚筒、组合式分离凹板、双层往复式振动筛等装置，实现藜麦顺畅喂入、脱粒与分离、清选作业，对关键部件进行设计仿真，并进行田间试验。仿真结果表明：藜麦分禾喂入过程分禾角度较小，不会产生茎秆折损。试验结果表明：藜麦籽粒含水率14%、茎秆含水率为26%时，脱净率96.83%、含杂率4.30%、破损率0.15%、割台损失率1.54%、夹带损失率0.92%、清选损失率0.52%、总损失率2.98%。作业期间整机运行平稳，满足藜麦机械化收获要求与作业指标，可以作为丘陵山地藜麦联合收割机使用。本文可为藜麦联合收割机设计与试验提供一定参考。     

小区育种纵轴流脱粒分离装置试验研究

为获得小区育种纵轴流脱粒分离装置最佳作业参数,依据小区育种收获机理,通过改变影响纵轴流锥型滚筒脱粒分离装置作业性能指标的4个主要作业参数:物料喂入量、滚筒转速、脱粒间隙、吸杂风机转速,以装置罩壳内部籽粒残留率、脱粒总损失率、分离含杂率及脱粒破碎率为评价指标进行装置作业性能试验。结合正交试验研究,应用综合评分法得出了装置作业时各参数的最优组合,即:喂入量为0.3 kg/s、滚筒转速为1 600 r/min、脱粒间隙为8mm、吸杂风机转速为1 100 r/min。按照该最优组合作业参数进行试验,试验结果表明,装置脱粒总损失率为0.45%、分离含杂率为16.16%、罩壳内部籽粒残留率为0.04%、脱粒破碎率为0.46%,符合小区育种收获要求。     

4U-1400型马铃薯联合收获机的设计

针对国内马铃薯收获依靠人工或小型挖掘机效率低、劳动强度大等问题,设计了4U-1400型马铃薯联合收获机。收获机主要由挖掘装置、土薯分离装置、茎秆分离装置、垂直提升装置、装袋装置、传动系统、机架以及行走装置等部分组成,结构紧凑。通过运动学分析和试验,确定了各装置的关键参数。运用Solidworks软件绘制虚拟样机,进行模型验证,各零部件之间不存在干涉现象。该机可一次性完成2行马铃薯的挖掘、土薯分离、薯秧、杂草和残膜分离、垂直提升以及装袋等工序,克服了马铃薯收获机装袋技术难题,提高了生产效率。     

全膜双垄沟中耕除草培土机的设计与试验

针对我国西北地区全膜双垄沟播栽培模式下,膜边接缝处杂草茂盛,沟底无松土,不易保墒蓄水,且人工除草培土劳动强度大、工作效率低等问题,设计了一种全膜双垄沟中耕除草培土机。该机由电动机提供动力,双犁壁式除草培土铲的铲翼可调,能够满足中耕时不同垄行宽度及不同培土高度的农艺要求,可一次完成松碎土壤、除草、培土等作业工序。田间试验结果表明:垄沟间除草率为97%,伤苗率为1.5%,碎土率为78%,最大覆土厚度为113 mm,各项作业指标均达设计要求,除草培土效果良好。     

4LZY-7型全喂入油菜联合收获机的设计与试验

为解决西北地区油菜机械化收获中存在损失率高、作业效率低等问题，设计并试制了一种可一次性完成收割、脱粒、分离、清选、入仓等一体化作业的4LZY-7型全喂入油菜联合收获机。结合现有稻麦联合收获机，并针对油菜的生物特性及其收获时的农艺要求，对样机核心部件的作业机理进行了分析，并对样机关键部件进行了设计，确定了割台系统、脱粒系统和清选系统的工作参数。田间试验结果表明，当作业速度在0.8~1.2 m·s^-1之间，拨禾轮线速度在1.4~1.8 m·s^-1之间，即速比取1.5~2.25时割台损失率为2.35%；脱粒滚筒的圆周速度在15~20 m·s^-1之间，脱粒间隙为20 mm时，滚筒的脱净率大于96.9%；风机出口处风速为4.07 m·s^-1，筛面倾斜角度为16±2°时，筛出物菜籽含量为0.11%，粮仓含杂率为2.83%。即整机损失率最高为3.95%，粮仓含杂率最高为2.83%，机械破碎率最高为0.2%。各项试验指标均符合国家和行业标准要求，试验结果满足设计和实际作业要求。     

甩刀式马铃薯杀秧机的设计与试验

针对马铃薯收获机在收获时薯秧缠绕,影响机械化作业的问题,设计了甩刀式马铃薯杀秧机。对关键部件甩刀的形状、数量、排列和运动进行了理论分析,确定了其结构及主要参数,对样机进行了田间试验。以甩刀的转速、机具前进速度及刀片类型为因素,以茎秧漏打率和功耗为试验指标进行了正交试验,田间试验表明,甩刀式马铃薯杀秧机的最佳工作参数为：甩刀转速1 700 r·min^-1、甩刀刀片类型Y型、机具前进速度3.8 km·h^-1 。该机工作性能稳定,茎秧漏打率为1%,达到了技术规范设计要求和生产农艺要求。     

盐碱胁迫对菊芋渗透调节及抗氧化酶系统的影响

为揭示植物在盐碱胁迫下的生理响应，选择菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus）为研究对象，设置营养土组（CK）、轻度盐碱土组（LS）和中度盐碱土组（MS）3个不同处理，研究不同盐碱胁迫强度下菊芋有机渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸）、丙二醛（MDA）含量以及抗氧化酶系统活性[超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物歧化酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）]等生理指标的变化。研究结果表明：（1）不同盐碱胁迫强度下菊芋叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白等有机渗透调节物质含量均出现增加。（2）各组间MDA含量无显著差异，随着盐碱胁迫强度的增加，菊芋叶片SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化酶系统活性指标均表现出上升趋势。与同期CK组相比，盐碱胁迫150 d,LS和MS组SOD活性分别显著增加22.13%和26.49%,LS和MS组CAT活性较CK组分别显著增加81.66%和92.38%(P<0.05),MS组POD活性在测定期间均显著高于同期CK组。上述研究结果表明在盐碱胁迫下，菊芋通过增加体内渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸）含量和激活抗氧化酶系统（SOD、CAT、POD）...     

Inoculation with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerotium rolfsii</Emphasis>, cause of stem rot in Jerusalem artichoke,under field conditions

Stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is an important problem of Jerusalem artichoke, and breeding of Jerusalem artichoke for resistance to stem rot requires effective screening methods. The objective of this study was to compare methods for inoculating Jerusalem artichoke with S. rolfsii under field conditions. A 4 × 2 × 3 factorial in a randomized complete block with four replications was used in two environments characterized by different rates of fertilizer application (recommended rate and low rate) in the rainy season. The factors included four Jerusalem artichoke varieties (HEL280, HEL278, HEL256 and JA49), two levels of wounding (wounded and not wounded) and three methods of inoculation. The inoculation methods consisted of: 1) non-inoculated natural infection; 2) attaching one colonized sorghum seed at the crown of plants (single sorghum seed method); and 3) spreading 30 g m^?2 of colonized sorghum seeds (broadcast inoculation method). Jerusalem artichoke varieties and inoculation methods were significantly different for disease incidence, whereas the difference between wounded and non wounded treatments was not significant. Significant interactions were found between the variety and wounding method, the variety and inoculation method, wounding method and inoculation method, and inoculation method and environments. Natural infection resulted in the lowest disease incidence (32.2 %), whereas the single sorghum seed and the broadcast inoculation methods had a high disease incidence (79.0 % and 77.3 % respectively) and were not signnificantly different from each other. Broadcast inoculation did not allow differentiation of Jerusalem artichoke varieties for disease incidence, whereas single seed inoculation could better identify the differences among Jerusalem artichoke varieties.     

Association of seedling and adult plant resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerotium rolfsii</Emphasis> in Jerusalem artichoke (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus tuberosus</Emphasis> L<Emphasis Type="Italic">.</Emphasis>) under field conditions

Stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is an important problem for Jerusalem artichoke production. Host plant resistance is the most promising method to control disease. If resistant genotypes can be identified in seedlings and this resistance is closely related to resistance at maturity, the evaluation of disease resistance in adult plants could be curtailed or omitted, increasing the speed and efficiency of screening. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between resistance to S. rolfsii in Jerusalem artichoke in seedling and in adult stages under field conditions. Field experiments were set up in different soil fertility environments in the rainy season during July to October 2014. In each environment, 10 varieties of Jerusalem artichoke with differences in resistance to S. rolfsii were planted and inoculated either 15 or 45 days after transplanting. Higher disease incidence was observed on adult plant stage, but disease severity was similar for both plant stages. The correlations between seedling and adult responses were positive and significant for disease incidence, area under disease progress curve and severity index. Screening for resistance to S. rolfsii in Jerusalem artichoke can be carried out on seedlings, thus improving the efficiency of selection.     

不同灌水量和栽培方式对土壤养分及菊芋产量和品质的影响

于2021—2022年开展大田裂区试验,以灌水量为主区,3个灌水量分别为3 750 m³·hm^-2（W1）、4 500 m³·hm^-2（W2）、5 250 m³·hm^-2（W3）,栽培方式为副区,2种方式分别为垄作（B1）、平作（B2）,探索不同灌水量和栽培方式对河西荒漠化地区菊芋产量、品质和土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,随着灌水量的增大,0~20 cm土层土壤全氮、碱解氮、总磷、有效磷含量呈下降趋势,而速效钾含量先上升后下降,其中W2B1处理表现最佳;W2B1处理菊芋株高、茎粗、单株块茎数、单株块茎质量和产量均高于其他处理,增幅分别为1.94%~19.79%、2.71%~28.87%、8.22%~31.68%、12.22%~57.81%和12.31%~58.01%。W1B1处理菊芋块茎总糖、还原糖、可溶性糖和菊糖含量均高于其他处理,增幅分别为7.25%~18.19%、1.35%~6.19%、4.20%~39.67%和7.58%~19.10%。菊糖含量表现为W1B1>W2B1>W2B2>W1B2>W3B2>W3B1,灌水量增大不利于菊糖在块茎中积累;相同灌水定额下,垄作方式比平作更有利于块茎菊糖积累。通过主成分分析综合评价不同处理对菊芋产量和品质以及土壤养分含量的影响发现,灌水量4 500 m³·hm^-2配合垄作方式效果最佳,灌水量5 250 m³·hm^-2配合平作方式效果最差。     

滨海盐渍区利用异源海水养殖废水灌溉耐盐能源植物（菊芋）研究

通过田间微区试验,研究了异源养殖废水农业利用对耐盐能源植物(菊芋)栽培体系土壤性状、植物生长及产量的影响,同时利用Watersuit直观模型对系统作了安全性评估.结果表明:异源养殖废水灌溉土壤有明显积盐趋势,尤其是高盐度的对虾养殖废水,土壤盐分高达2.69 g/kg;而钠吸附比(SAR)海参养殖废水最高,其值为7.4 (mmol/L)1/2;异源养殖废水灌溉菊芋茎叶生长受到抑制,但能明显促进根系生长;与淡水灌溉相比,除对虾养殖废水块茎产量受到影响外,其他两个养殖水处理块茎产量均无明显差异;以菊芋块茎产量作为基准,其耐盐临界值为24.65 dS/m.安全评价结果表明,适宜盐度养殖废水补充灌溉菊芋,可保证土壤安全和取得较高块茎产量.     

Screening for Sclerotinia resistance in Helianthus tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke) varieties, lines and somaclones, in the field and in vitro

Yields in large-scale 'continuous' cultivation of H. tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) can be greatly reduced by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , which causes a basal stem and tuber rot. In 34 varieties/lines of H. tuberosus from European, Russian and Canadian breeding programmes, responses to the pathogen varied from field resistance to 34% stem rot, cultivars Nahodka and Columbia showing c. 25% stem rot after three seasons of cultivation on the same site. Attempts to develop an in-vitro selection for S. sclerotiorum resistance based on culture of H. tuberosus nodes on media precolonized with Sclerotina were unsuccessful. There was a strong positive correlation between capacity of nodes to grow in vitro on calcium-free medium and field resistance. Somaclones of'Nahodka' selected on the latter basis showed no field infection when grown on land that was heavily contaminated with the pathogen, and they were resistant to artificial inoculation with the pathogen.     

Incidence of Verticillium wilt of artichoke in eastern Spain and role of inoculum sources on crop infection

Surveys of 94 artichoke fields throughout the artichoke production areas of Comunidad Valenciana (eastern Spain) were conducted from 1999 to 2002 to determine the incidence and distribution of Verticillium wilt.Verticillium dahliae was isolated from 80.9% of the sampled fields, and detected in all artichoke-growing areas, with a mean disease incidence of 53.8% infected plants. The disease was found to cause severe damage to cv. ‘Blanca de Tudela’, which is the most important artichoke cultivar grown in Spain, and was also observed on the seed-propagated cv. ‘Imperial Star’. In field trials to study the role of infected planting material and soil inoculum on infection of artichoke plants during the cropping season,V. dahliae was transmitted from infected stumps to the plants, confirming that the use of infected stumps could have greatly contributed to the dissemination of the pathogen. Inoculum density ofV. dahliae in soil had an effect on crop infection, in that a higher number of microsclerotia per gram of soil resulted in a higher percentage of infected plants. In addition, yield of cv. Blanca de Tudela was significantly affected byV. dahliae infection, showing that a higher percentage of infection corresponded with lower yield. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 21, 2005.     

基于CFD-DEM的胡麻风筛式清选装置仿真分析与试验

为阐明胡麻脱粒物料在振动筛上实际的筛分效果,采用CFD-DEM耦合方法,对胡麻脱粒物料在胡麻联合收获机风筛式清选装置中的清选效果进行研究,探究鱼鳞筛开口角度、气流速度、清选筛振动频率以及清选筛振幅对清选效果的影响,并通过统计胡麻籽粒含杂率和清选损失率来衡量不同工作参数下分离清选装置的工作性能。仿真试验结果表明：鱼鳞筛开口角度最优为30°,鱼鳞筛透筛率为79.77%,茎秆透筛率为65.52%,籽粒透筛率为90.01%;振动筛振动幅度最优为15 mm,胡麻籽粒损失率为3.6%,籽粒含杂率为3.4%;振动筛振动频率最优为6 Hz,清选损失率为3.5%,籽粒含杂率为3.4%;风机风速最优为5.5 m·s^-1,籽粒含杂率为3.2%,清选损失率为3.0%。结合优化工作参数进行大田作业性能验证试验,通过对机收后的收集物料测定试验指标可知,总清选损失率为3.58%,籽粒含杂率为3.16%,大田试验结果与仿真模拟结果基本一致。机收后的胡麻籽粒外形完整,破损现象较少,含杂率与总损失率均达到相关试验标准要求,表明优化后的参数满足胡麻联合收获标准要求。     

菊芋叶片提取物对棉铃虫生长发育的影响

首次尝试用石油醚、乙醚、乙酸乙酯和水等4种溶剂对菊芋叶片进行平行提取,以棉铃虫(Heliothis armigeraHübner)为供试昆虫,应用饲喂称重法测定菊芋叶片不同溶剂提取物对其生长发育的影响。结果表明:菊芋叶片水提取物处理的棉铃虫幼虫体重与对照相比差异不显著;各有机溶剂提取物处理的幼虫体重均显著比对照低;从第3天至第7天,各有机溶剂提取物处理的幼虫体重之间差异显著;各有机溶剂处理的校正死亡率差异显著,但以乙酸乙酯提取物死亡率为最高,达45.83%;各有机溶剂处理的幼虫期比对照延长了3～5 d,化蛹率最低仅为36.67%;各处理蛹重也显著小于对照。