温度对禾谷缢管蚜发育和繁殖的影响

以分蘖至拔节期的小麦为材料,用直接最优法 C=sum from i=1 to n (T_1D_1~2)-(?)sum from i=1 to n (N_1T_1))/sum from i=1 to n (D_1~2-n(?)~2)) 估算和用王如松等提出的模型(低温部分) V_(T)=K·[1-exp(-(T-T_L)/δr)]/{1 exp[-r(T-T_o)]} 模拟,探讨了禾谷缢管蚜各龄若蚜和整个世代发育速率与温度的关系,表明用王如松等提出的模型模拟的结果更好。平均相对生长速率(MRGR)计算的结果指出,不同温度及同一温度条件下不同虫龄(态)之间的MRGR值是不同的。最后组建了禾谷缢管蚜在不同温度条件下的特定龄期生命表。     

作物病虫测报经济效益量化方法初探——京郊秋白菜播期决策中病害信息服务之经济价值的分析

病虫测报是为生产部门服务的,后者在有无病虫信息服务条件下所作出的生产方案预期的产量或产值之差额正是病虫信息服务的经济价值所在。基于这一点,本文提出以 Bayes 决策方法作为计量病虫信息服务经济价值的工具,并导出了相应的计算通式:V=sum ∑ from j=1 to n P(b_i) sum m_(ax) from k=1 to m sum ∑ from i=1 to n P(a_i/b_i)x_(ik)-sum m_(ax) from k=1 to m sum ∑ from i=1 to n P(a_i)x_(ik)以京郊秋白菜播期决策中病害信息服务为例对其经济价值进行尝试性分析的结果表明:本文所推荐的思路及通式是可行可信的。     

基于Sentinel-2A遥感数据对吉林白城市土壤含盐量的反演

基于Sentinel-2A遥感数据,结合白城市表层土壤采样的全盐含量化验值,利用统计与拟合分析的方法,建立土壤盐渍化遥感监测模型,对研究区表层土壤含盐量进行反演分析。结果表明:①研究区土壤的反射率与含盐量呈正相关,相关系数在Sentinel-2A第5波段(中心波长为0. 705μm)达到最大值,为r=0. 902,利用第5波段反射率建立的土壤含盐量反演模型TSC=50. 776R_5-8. 262,模型的决定系数R~2=0. 813,检验样本的均方根误差RMSE=0. 814 g·kg~(-1);②将反射率进行指数、幂、S曲线等数学变换后,可以显著提高拟合精度,其中,第8波段反射率的幂函数变换后,建立土壤含盐量的单波段反演模型TSC=77. 51x~(2. 346)精度最好,模型的决定系数R~2=0. 888;③利用多元逐步回归分析的方法建立土壤含盐量的多波段反演模型TSC=-13. 810+38. 973R5-14. 122e~(R_5)+23. 896R_8~(2. 248)+1. 743ln(R_9),模型的决定系数为R~2=0. 924,检验样本的均方根误差为RMSE=0. 736 g·kg~(-1)。     

模拟植物病害流行时间动态的通用模型——Richards函数

 本文介绍了Richards生长函数及其在植物病害流行时间动态模拟中的应用。该函数的微分形式为(dx)/(dt)=rx((1/x)1-m-1)/(1-m),式中r为病害发展的速率,x表t日期的病情值率(0 < x < 1),m为流行曲线的形状参数。当m=0,m→1,m=2和m→∞时,从理论上证明Richards函数成为单分子、Compertz、Logistic和指数函数模型。以水稻纹枯病和马铃薯晚疫病的田间进展曲线进行摸拟分析发现,当m取值适当时还可获得较Gompertz或Logistic更逼真的Richards病害曲线拟合模型,而适当m取值的Richards模型比小分子模型对玉米粗缩病的拟合性也更好。因此认为,Richards函数是植病流行时间动态的通用模型。     

斜纹夜蛾性诱监测与灯诱监测效果比较及种群数量变化模型研究

为了比较斜纹夜蛾性诱监测与灯诱监测效果,揭示斜纹夜蛾种群数量长期运动规律和季节性消长规律,2006—2014年在临海城郊蔬菜基地应用性诱和灯诱方法对斜纹夜蛾进行逐日系统监测研究。结果表明,斜纹夜蛾时序性诱日量(YS)与灯诱日量(YL)呈极显著的线性关系。两者数学关系模型为YS=0.319 9YL+0.441 93(r=0.778 8**);年度种群数量(NS为年度性诱蛾量或NL为年度灯诱蛾量)运行轨迹与数值化年度(t)之间的数学关系模型为NS=12.019t2-340.62t+2517.2(r=0.837 9**;r0.05=0.602 1)或NL=7.905 8 t2-426.93t+4 488.7(r=0.820 9**;r0.05=0.602 1);季节性变化(MS为日性诱蛾量或ML为灯诱蛾量)动态与时序数值化日数(d)之间的数学关系模型为MS=-0.000 3d2+0.0641d-0.183(r=0.736 8**,r0.01=0.254 0)或ML=-0.000 8d2+0.158 2d+0.288 1,(r=0.776 9**,r0.01=0.254 0)。由此可知,应用性诱技术对斜纹夜蛾监测具有与灯诱监测同样的效果。2014年为探底之年,未来将进入新一轮运动周期发生为害。     

Abiotic contribution to total soil CO_2 flux across a broad range of land-cover types in a desert region

As an important component of ecosystem carbon(C) budgets, soil carbon dioxide(CO_2) flux is determined by a combination of a series of biotic and abiotic processes. Although there is evidence showing that the abiotic component can be important in total soil CO_2 flux(R_(total)), its relative importance has never been systematically assessed. In this study, after comparative measurements of CO_2 fluxes on sterilized and natural soils, the R_(total) was partitioned into biotic flux(R_(biotic)) and abiotic flux(R_(abiotic)) across a broad range of land-cover types(including eight sampling sites: cotton field, hops field, halophyte garden, alkaline land, reservoir edge, native saline desert, dune crest and interdune lowland) in Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. The relative contribution of R_(abiotic) to R_(total), as well as the temperature dependency and predominant factors for R_(total), R_(biotic) and R_(abiotic), were analyzed. Results showed that R_(abiotic) always contributed to R_(total) for all of the eight sampling sites, but the degree or magnitude of contribution varied greatly. Specifically, the ratio of R_(abiotic) to R_(total) was very low in cotton field and hops field and very high in alkaline land and dune crest. Statistically, the ratio of R_(abiotic) to R_(total) logarithmically increased with decreasing R_(biotic), suggesting that R_(abiotic) strongly affected R_(total) when R_(biotic) was low. This pattern confirms that soil CO_2 flux is predominated by biotic processes in most soils, but abiotic processes can also be dominant when biotic processes are weak. On a diurnal basis, R_(abiotic) cannot result in net gain or net loss of CO_2, but its effect on transient CO_2 flux was significant. Temperature dependency of R_(total) varied among the eight sampling sites and was determined by the predominant processes(abiotic or biotic) of CO_2 flux. Specifically, R_(biotic) was driven by soil temperature while R_(abiotic) was regulated by the change in soil temperature(ΔT). Namely, declining temperature(ΔT0) resulted in negative R_(abiotic)(i.e., CO_2 went into soil) while rising temperature(ΔT0) resulted in positive R_(abiotic)(i.e., CO_2 released from soil). Without recognition of R_(abiotic), R_(biotic) would be overestimated for the daytime and underestimated for the nighttime. Although R_(abiotic) may not change the sum or the net value of daily soil CO_2 exchange and may not directly constitute a C sink, it can significantly alter the transient apparent soil CO_2 flux, either in magnitude or in temperature dependency. Thus, recognizing the fact that abiotic component in R_(total) exists widely in soils has widespread consequences for the understanding of C cycling.     

大黑和暗黑蛴螬危害花生的防治指标研究

花生种苗期大黑蛴螬和花生生长期大黑、暗黑蛴螬的虫口密度(X)与减产率(Y)呈明显的直线正相关,其相关式苗期网池接虫为Y=0.7245 0.004X±3.3957(r=0.9520,n=39);同步模拟为Y=0.4452 0.0040X±1.3959(r=0.9661,n=28);接虫示范为Y=0.1360 0.0074X±1.5888(r=0.9800,n=4);生长期接大黑金龟甲卵为Y=1.2927 0.0042X±3.2704(r=0.8993,n=36);接暗黑金龟卵为Y=0.7308 0.0042X±2.1344(r=0.9568,n=32)。研究分析提出花生种苗期防治指标为三龄大黑蛴螬每平方米2头;生长期防治指标为每平方米大黑卵3粒,暗黑卵5粒。     

中国大陆地区基于太阳辐射经验值计算ET0的适用性研究

太阳辐射是利用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith(PM)公式计算参考作物需水量(ET_0)的必要参数。为了探究PM公式在辐射数据缺失的条件下,利用FAO推荐的公式及参数获得太阳辐射值(R_(s_c))替代观测值(R_(s_o))在中国大陆地区的适用性,本研究选用了中国大陆112个站点至少15 a的多年月平均观测数据,通过逐点计算分析了R_(s_c)和R_(s_o)的时空差异及二者分别输入PM公式获得的参考作物需水量ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)的时空差异。结果表明,R_(s_c)与R_(s_o)存在显著的时空差异性,二者相对差值范围为-2.86～4.41 MJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1),且在4—8月份差异较大;大致以"胡焕庸线"为界,线西北区域R_(s_c)与R_(s_o)的时空差异相对较小,且稳定,线东南区域的时空差异较大,且不稳定。但是,基于二者计算的ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)时空差异却不显著,平均只有0.06～0.26 mm·d~(-1)的误差;"胡焕庸线"西北地区的ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)绝对差值常年稳定在0.00～0.25 mm·d~(-1),"胡焕庸线"线东南地区则随季节而变化,夏季差异相对较大。在实际的应用中,西北地区全年和北方地区春、秋、冬三季以及长江、珠江流域所覆盖的南方地区在1、2、10、11、12月使用R_(s_c)替代R_(s_o)获得ET_0具有较好的适用性,北方地区的夏季、南方地区的3—9月份使用R_(s_c)计算ET_0则必须研究相应的方法对结果进行矫正,否则会有误差,且偏大。     

高粱属4种植物的核型及其与入侵性关系探讨

对高粱属(Sorghum)4种植物假高粱(S.halepense)、黑高粱(S.almlzm)、高粱(S.bicolor)和苏丹草(S.sudanense)的染色体数目和核型进行了研究.结果表明,假高粱的核型公式为2n=4x=40=28m+12sm,属2B型,核型不对称系数为59.92%;黑高粱的核型公式为2n=4x=40=32m+8 8m,属1B型,核型不对称系数为58.68%.苏丹草的核型公式为2n=2x=20=18m+2sm,属1A型,核型不对称系数为55.56%;高粱的核型公式为2n=2x=20=16m+4sm,属2A型,核型不对称系数为57.95%.与高粱和苏丹草两种作物相比,具有入侵性的假高粱和黑高粱为多倍体、核型不对称性程度更高.     

苜蓿籽蜂幼虫龄期的初步研究

通过测量苜蓿籽蜂幼虫头壳宽度的方法,对苜蓿籽蜂幼虫龄期划分进行了研究。结果得出苜蓿籽蜂幼虫共4龄,1龄～4龄幼虫的头壳宽度分别为(0.182±0.0093),(0.261±0.0093),(0.346±0.0098),(0.448±0.0109)mm。经统计分析得到其幼虫龄数(X)与头宽均值(Y)的关系式为Y=0.0883X+0.0885,r=0.9982。     

大豆灰斑病叶部病害普遍率与严重度关系初步探讨

 1992~1995年在田间接种条件下对大豆灰斑病叶部发病情况进行系统调查,获得86组感病品种(合丰22)和66组抗病品种(合丰25)普遍率与严重度间对应关系数据,在计算机上分析了两者的关系(I-S关系)。结果表明,感病品种和抗病品种叶部病害的I-S关系均可用直线方程描述,其直线回归方程分别为:#br#SS_感=-2.8029+0.5252IS±6.4364(SS、IS-感病品种严重度和普遍率)#br#SR_抗=-0.3843+0.6334IR±3.7679(SR、IR-抗病品种严重度和普遍率)#br#协方差分析结果表明,大豆品种的抗病性对大豆灰斑病叶部病害的I-S关系有一定影响。     

长江中下游梨黑星病前期发病程度预测及防治

长江中下游梨黑星病病菌多于病芽鳞片内越冬,从芽萌动至鳞片脱落是初侵染的主要时期。至5月中旬(前期)的病叶率与上年7月的降雨量呈极显著的正相关(r=0.9765,n=16),从而建立直线回归方程(?)=-3.575 0.0586X,以此方程依据7月的降雨量(X)预测次年前期的病叶率((?))。因此,花序露出期喷洒铲除剂和花期雨后(尤其流行年份)及花谢80％喷洒保护剂是控制前期发病与全年为害的关键。     

探照灯诱虫带对迁飞草地螟的空中阻截作用

针对2008年8月初草地螟1代成虫在北京市区的突然暴发,利用300台探照灯诱虫器在北京北郊建立两条阻截带,并辅以频振式杀虫灯形成立体式防控。安置探照灯诱虫器阻截带之前,延庆（阻截带前）、昌平（阻截带间）、朝阳（阻截带后）3个地区地面灯诱虫器日平均诱虫量差异不显著(F=1.317,n=87,p=0.273>0.05),日诱虫量呈极显著相关［R(延庆-昌平)=0.994（p<0.01）,R（延庆-朝阳）=0.995（p<0.01）,R（昌平-朝阳）=0.920（p<0.01）］;设置阻截带后日平均诱虫量差异呈极显著水平(F=8.486,n=231,p<0.01),昌平和朝阳日诱虫量呈极显著相关（R=0.904,p<0.01）,延庆和昌平呈显著相关（R(延庆-昌平)=0.475,p<0.05）,延庆和朝阳相关性不显著（R=0.287,p>0.05）。结果表明探照灯诱虫器可有效拦截空中迁飞的草地螟成虫。设置探照灯诱虫器阻截带这一应急措施不但确保了北京奥运会的顺利举办,而且也可作为一种新的植物保护技术在生产中加以应用。     

河南小麦白粉病逐年春季流行时间动态

1980－1997年对河南小麦白粉病春季流行的时间动态进行了系统分析。结果表明：（1）逐年春季流行程度波动较大,中度以上流行年份有9年,但流行程度之间没有明显的周期性。（2）逐年春季流行的时间动态有明显差异,特大流行年份白粉病发病特早,指数增长期和逻辑斯蒂期比其它年份长30d以上,表观侵染速率达0.16以上;大流行年和中度流行年份的始发期相同,表观侵染速率前者达0.16,后者只有0.12-0.14;轻度流行年始发期晚,指数增长期和逻辑斯蒂期短,表观侵染速率低,导致最终病情指数低。（3）小麦越冬返青期的降水量、雨日、水份积分指数、相对湿度对白粉病的始发期有显著影响,但白粉病的最终流行程度主要取决于小麦拔节孕穗期的水份积分指数、温雨系数、降水量、雨日和温度。     

水稻稻瘟病反应型和产孢量关系初探

 利用6个水稻品种:丽江新团黑谷、中作93、中华9号、新2号、京越、黎明和3个稻瘟病菌种北-1、中2-1、稻72和已知比例的混合小种(北-1:中2-1=1:1)共24个品种-小种组合,采取分小种接种方法,研究了水稻叶瘟病反应型(产孢面积)与产孢量之间的关系,组建了产孢面积-产孢量模型y=exp (1.46lnx-4.64),在此基础上估测了反应型权重值。     

Biological control of cucumber powdery mildew by Tilletiopsis minor

Samenvatting Onder optimale omstandigheden konT. minor de ontwikkeling van komkommermeeldauw (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) tegengaan.Spuiten met 2×10⁷ sporen ml^–17 dagen na inoculatie met komkommermeeldauw gaf een reductie van meeldauwontwikkeling van ongeveer 90%. Wanneer een tweede bespuiting met dezelfde concentratie sporen 3 dagen na de eerste werd toegepast bleven de planten vrij van meeldauw tot ze werden opgeruimd 3 weken later.Bij een R.L. lager dan 70% en een temperatuur boven 30 °C had geen van de behandelingen succes. T. minor bleek ongevoelig voor dimethirimol (Milcurb) bij een concentratie van 125 g ml^–1, terwijl er gemakkelijk een mutant kon worden verkregen, die resistent was tegen 100 g fenarimol ml^–1, bij gelijk blijvende groeikracht en pathogeniteit ten opzichte van komkommermeeldauw, waardoorT. minor ingepast kan worden in een schema voor geïntegreerde bestrijding.     

不同温度下的豌豆蚜实验种群生命表研究

在6种温度(12、15、18、21、24℃和27℃)和相对湿度为80%的条件下,研究了温度对豌豆蚜发育和增殖的影响。组建了生命表,并统计出种群内禀增长率、净增殖率、世代平均周期、种群加倍时间和周限增长率等种群动态参数。结果表明,在试验温度范围内,豌豆蚜的发育历期随温度升高而缩短。种群的内禀增长率在24℃条件下最大(rm=0.281 0),相应的种群净增殖率(R0)、周限增长率(λ)、平均世代周期(T)和种群加倍时间(t)分别为17.030 9、1.324 5、10.089 3 d和2.466 7 d。     

Phosphine resistance, respiration rate and fitness consequences in stored-product insects

Resistance to fumigants has been frequently reported in insect pests of stored products and is one of the obstacles in controlling these pests. The authors studied phosphine resistance and its physiological basis in adult insects of 12 populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Tenebrionidae), ten populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Bostrichidae) and eight populations of Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Silvanidae) from Brazil, and the possible existence of fitness costs associated with phosphine resistance in the absence of this fumigant. The bioassays for the detection of phosphine resistance followed the FAO standard method. The production of carbon dioxide and the instantaneous rate of population increase (r(i)) of each population of each species were correlated with their resistance ratios at the LC(50). The resistance ratio at LC(50) in T. castaneum ranged from 1.0- to 186.2-fold, in R. dominica from 2.0- to 71.0-fold and in O. surinamensis from 1.9- to 32.2-fold. Ten populations of T. castaneum, nine populations of R. dominica and seven populations of O. surinamensis were resistant to phosphine. In all three species there was significant association (P < 0.05) between respiration rate and phosphine resistance. The populations with lower carbon dioxide production showed a higher resistance ratio, suggesting that the lower respiration rate is the physiological basis of phosphine resistance by reducing the fumigant uptake in the resistant insects. Conversely, populations with higher r(i) showed lower resistance ratios, which could indicate a lower rate of reproduction of the resistant populations compared with susceptible populations. Thus, management strategies based on the interruption of phosphine fumigation may result in reestablishment of susceptibility, and shows good potential for more effective management of phosphine-resistant populations.     

丹皮酚衍生物——3-羟基-1-(2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯)-3-(2'-溴苯)-1-丙酮的合成及其抗菌活性

从牡丹根皮中提取丹皮酚,将丹皮酚精制后与2-溴苯甲醛在室温及碱催化下发生亲核加成反应,生成一种丹皮酚衍生物——3-羟基-1-(2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯)-3-(2'-溴苯)-1-丙酮,产率为78.6%,其结构用紫外光谱(UV)、红外光谱(IR)、质谱(MS)及核磁共振谱(NMR),结合元素分析等进行表征。单晶X-衍射(X-ray diffraction)测定结果表明:该晶体属单斜晶系;P2(1)/n空间群;晶胞参数:a=0.99380(15) nm,b=0.80617(12) nm,c=1.9251(3) nm,α=90.0(2)°,β=103.287(2)°,γ=90(2)°,V=1.5010(4) nm3,Dc=1.554 mg/cm3, μ=2.751 mm-1,F(000)=712,Z=4,R1=0.0290,ωR2=0.0660,R(int)=0.0322。该丹皮酚衍生物具有抗菌活性,对植物源真菌油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.36和0.48 g/L,对病源细菌福氏志贺菌Shigella flexneri 51065和金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus ATTCC25925的MIC分别为0.02和0.06 g/L。     

Physiological and biochemical appraisal for mulching and partial rhizosphere drying of cotton

Water is the main factor for the healthy life of plant. One of the main negative effects of climate change is the increasing scarcity of water that is lethal for plant. Globally, for water deficit regions(arid and semi-arid), drought is the main factor responsible for low production of agriculture, especially for cotton. Great efforts have been and are being made to find alternatives to water saving practices. This study aimed to examine the effects of partial rhizosphere drying(PRD, half of the root system irrigated at one event, and the other half irrigated in the next event, and so on) with and/or without various mulching treatments on physiological and biochemical traits of cotton. To explore this objective, we laid out experiments in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan in 2016. Two factors included were four mulching treatments(M_0, no mulching; M_1, black plastic mulching; M_2, wheat straw mulching; and M_3, cotton sticks mulching) and two irrigation levels(I_0, control(full irrigation); and I_1, PRD). Fisher's analysis of variance among means of treatments was compared using least significant difference test at 5% probability level. Results revealed that the maximum plant height, leaf area, leaf gas exchange(photosynthetic rate and stomata conductance), chlorophyll, proline and total sugar contents, and enzyme activities were higher under M_2 than under other three mulching treatments. As for irrigation levels, higher values of plant height, photosynthesis and water related parameters(leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, leaf turgor potential, etc.) were recorded. Contents of total sugar and proline and activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly higher in PRD-treated plants than in control plants. It was concluded that combined application of PRD and mulching was more effective than the rest of the treatments used in the experiment. Similar study can be conducted in the field by applying irrigation water in alternate rows in semi-arid regions.