芸香科及樟科8种植物提取物对荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵驱避作用

测试了芸香科及樟科8种植物的乙醇提取物对荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵驱避作用,发现四季橘和沙田柚提取物对该虫产卵具有较高的驱避作用,选择性驱避率分别为84.26%、53.90%,非选择驱避率分别为90.14%、60.83%;而九里香提取物则对荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵具有一定的引诱作用。对四季橘提取物用不同的溶剂初步分离后发现,氯仿层和乙酸乙酯层萃取物对该虫的驱避作用最高,分别为84.67%、86.63%,即其活性成分主要分布在氯仿层和乙酸乙酯层萃取物中。     

荔枝蒂蛀虫室内饲养技术的研究

室内试验结果表明,利用荔枝种仁作为食物成功饲养荔枝蒂蛀虫至完成一世代。荔枝蒂蛀虫在荔枝、龙眼鲜果表皮产卵量较高,10 d产卵数分别为88.33和179.33粒/处理。蒂蛀虫卵散产在特制收卵卡的凹陷处且呈规则排列。选荔枝种仁作为其食物,并注入清水保持种仁的湿度,荔枝蒂蛀虫在角度90～150°折纸内化蛹,化蛹率和羽化率分别为33.67%和94.06%。     

25种热带植物乙醇提取物对比哈小爪螨驱避作用

在室内进行了25种热带植物乙醇提取物对比哈小爪螨驱避性测定,试验结果表明:测试的热带植物乙醇提取物大部分对比哈小爪螨成螨及其产卵有明显的驱避作用,24 h后有20种对比哈小爪螨成螨的驱避率高达80%以上,其中山芝麻驱避效果最好,驱避率高达97.78%;有23种对比哈小爪螨产卵的驱避率达80%以上,其中山橙、翻白叶树、山芝麻、洋金花4种提取物对比哈小爪螨的产卵驱避率达到100%。     

滇杨挥发物成分对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响

为了筛选非寄主植物滇杨的挥发物中驱避马铃薯块茎蛾产卵的活性成分,在室内利用选择性产卵试验方法分别测定了8种挥发物:丁香酚、苯甲酸、苯甲醇、苯乙醇、2-羟基苯甲醛、β-紫罗兰酮、水杨酸甲酯、苯甲醛不同浓度(0.75~12mg/L)的溶液对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响。结果表明:水杨酸甲酯在6~12mg/L浓度范围内对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵有极显著的引诱效果。丁香酚在3~12mg/L浓度范围内对产卵有驱避效果,12mg/L时的产卵驱避率为62.1%。苯甲酸在1.5~12mg/L浓度范围内对产卵有驱避效果,但各浓度下的产卵驱避率不存在显著差异。12mg/L的苯甲醇和苯乙醇的产卵驱避率分别为12.1%和20.2%。6mg/L和12mg/L的2-羟基苯甲醛的产卵驱避率分别为44.1%和33.2%。β-紫罗兰酮在1.5mg/L浓度时产卵驱避率为30.9%。12mg/L的苯甲醛产卵驱避率为38.5%。本文测试的8种挥发物中有7种在不同浓度范围内表现出显著的产卵驱避效果。     

鸡粪沼液“新壮态”对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防控效果

为明确鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防控效果,于室内测定了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵和不同龄期幼虫的毒力,研究了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食的驱避效果,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,"新壮态"0倍稀释液对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵有杀灭作用,死亡率达54.76%;对2~4龄幼虫均无直接毒杀作用;对雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食均有明显的驱避活性,对雌成虫产卵驱避率为74.75%,处理5 min后对幼虫的选择性和非选择性驱避率分别为78.62%和45.60%。田间药效试验表明,鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊有一定的控制作用,并明显增加韭菜产量。     

非嗜食植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱产卵的驱避作用

应用干扰作用控制指数IIPC(interference index of population control),评价47种非嗜食植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱(Nila parvata lugens)的产卵驱避效果。结果表明,处理后48h,大多数供试植物提取物(浓度均为10.0g/L)对褐飞虱均有较强的产卵驱避作用。其中山姜(Alpinia japonica)、长叶马兜铃(Aristolochia championii)、华南毛蕨(Cyclosorus parasiticus)等8种乙醇提取物处理的稻株上未见产卵;飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)、蒜(Alliumsativum)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)等9种植物的乙醇提取物的IIPC小于0.100;薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)、马缨丹(Lantana camara)、蓖麻(Ricinus communis)等13种植物的乙醇提取物的效果达80%以上。随着作用时间的延长,产卵驱避持续效果逐渐减弱,持续驱避作用时间为3d。此外,随着提取物使用剂量的提高,产卵驱避作用增强,具有产卵驱避作用的浓度为10.0g/L以上。     

桉叶提取物对小菜蛾的产卵驱避活性研究

研究了6种桉叶乙醇提取物和乙醇提取物的不同萃取部分对小菜蛾的产卵驱避活性。结果表明：在选择性试验中巨尾桉和柠檬桉的乙醇提取物对小菜蛾具有较强的驱避作用,驱避效果在60％以上,干扰控制指数均低于0．25;非选择性试验中巨尾桉乙醇提取物对小菜蛾具有较强的驱避作用,驱避效果达80．33％,干扰控制指数低于0．2。用4种不同的...     

瓜实蝇产卵驱避剂筛选及田间药效试验

为探究使用产卵驱避剂防治苦瓜上瓜实蝇的可行性,本研究于室内测定了13种杀虫剂对瓜实蝇的产卵驱避作用,并对印楝素进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,13种杀虫剂对瓜实蝇均具有产卵驱避作用,其中印楝素的驱避效果最好,以有效成分12.5mg/L的剂量喷雾处理苦瓜果实24h后,产卵驱避率达100%;进一步试验表明,印楝素对瓜实蝇的产卵驱避作用具有较长的持效期,以9.375g/ha的剂量喷雾处理苦瓜果实后,至第5天时仍有80%以上的产卵驱避率;田间试验表明,印楝素对苦瓜果实具有较好的防护效果,以9.375g/ha的剂量喷雾3次后,保果率为93.33%。因此,印楝素可作为防治苦瓜瓜实蝇的药剂。     

荔枝蒂蛀虫的摇树惊蛾系统监测研究

荔枝蒂蛀虫(Conopom orpha sinensis Bradley)是鳞翅目细蛾科害虫,为害荔枝和龙眼。可在花穗、果实、新梢和嫩叶上产卵为害。大发生年常造成大量落果和虫果,严重影响产量和品质。近年,北流市荔枝蒂蛀虫为害呈持续偏重、局部大发生态势,年造成落果产量损失约30%,虫果率20%,给北流市荔枝生产带来了严重威胁。为弄清楚荔枝蒂蛀虫在北流市的周年发生情况,为实施药剂防治提供理论依据,2004年我们用摇树惊蛾调查方法,对荔枝蒂蛀虫进行了周年系统监测。1方法与步骤1)设监测圃定监测株。以当地北流镇九代村果园为监测圃。监测圃面积约5郾33hm2,与监…     

庚醛与桉叶油醇组合对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响

马铃薯块茎蛾(Phthorimaea operculella)是世界上为害马铃薯最严重的害虫之一,本研究利用桉叶油醇与庚醛驱避-引诱组合对其产卵行为进行调控,以探究最佳驱避-引诱组合规律及影响因素。在室内条件(27±1℃,L∥D=14h∥10h,RH:50%~70%)测定了桉叶油醇与庚醛单组分及两种组分驱避-引诱组合对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响。桉叶油醇在6~12mg/L浓度范围内对马铃薯块茎蛾表现为产卵引诱作用,在18~30mg/L浓度范围内则表现为产卵驱避作用;庚醛在6~30mg/L浓度范围内对马铃薯块茎蛾表现为产卵驱避效果。将对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵行为引诱效果较好的桉叶油醇(3,6,12 mg/L)与驱避效果较好的庚醛(12,18,24mg/L)进行引诱-驱避组合,12mg/L庚醛与3mg/L桉叶油醇push-pull组合效果最好,push-pull效应达36.6%。对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵行为调控最佳的驱避-引诱组合为最低驱避浓度(12mg/L庚醛)与最低引诱(3mg/L桉叶油醇)浓度组合。产卵选择指数和push-pull效应与交配率、单雌产卵量不具有相关性,但是浓度变化可以导致交配率和单雌产卵量的变化。     

4种植物精油对瓜实蝇毒杀及驱避作用

瓜实蝇 Bactrocera cucurbitae (Copullett)是我国瓜类蔬菜的重要入侵害虫, 为筛选出对瓜实蝇具有毒杀及驱避作用的植物精油, 室内测定了4种植物精油在不同浓度下对瓜实蝇的毒杀及产卵驱避效果, 并进行了田间验证。结果表明:4种植物精油对瓜实蝇成虫的毒杀效果随精油浓度升高而升高, 浓度为7 mg/mL和10 mg/mL的肉桂精油对瓜实蝇的毒杀效果极显著高于其他精油, 处理后24 h瓜实蝇校正死亡率分别为75.9%和100%;雌虫对冬青精油的嗅觉反应率为93.3%, 显著高于紫苏精油和山苍子精油。不同植物精油对雌虫产卵的驱避效果不同，当植物精油浓度为10 mg/mL时, 冬青精油对雌虫的产卵驱避率为69.04%, 显著高于其他精油。田间试验结果显示:不同植物精油对瓜实蝇成虫具有一定防控效果, 但处理间差异不显著, 可能是由于田间环境复杂、植物精油理化性质存在差异等因素导致。     

Plant oils as oviposition deterrents against winterform females of pear psylla, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cacopsylla pyri</Emphasis> (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

Oviposition deterrents have potential to prevent arthropod pest infestations making the crop habitat less or no favorable for pests to lay eggs and even to settle. In this study, seed oils of maize, safflower, rapeseed and castor oil plant were evaluated in the field between years of 2015 and 2016 for their oviposition deterrent activity against winterform females of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), the most important insect pest of pears in Turkey. All the oils were used at three different concentrations, 1, 1.5 and 2 L/100 L water including 0.01% Tween-20 for a good mixture and applied at the dormant period (just before the first eggs were deposited by overwintered females). Only one application was made each year. Oviposition deterrency was evaluated by counts of eggs deposited by overwintered females of the pest on treated dormant shoots during the sampling times 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application. The results showed that significant reductions in total numbers of eggs laid by winterform females were observed in all the oil-treated plots compared with the controls sprayed with tap water including Tween-20 (0.01%). Safflower and castor oils exhibited 100% oviposition deterrent activity at all the concentrations during the 3 weeks period in both years. Even after 4 weeks, the deterrency of these oils was higher than 70%. In the control plots, the first eggs were deposited by overwintered females within 3 days after application in both years. These findings suggest that these oils are promising oviposition deterrents against winterform females of C. pyri.     

3种热带植物次生物质对小菜蛾的干扰作用

嗅觉反应表明,3种热带植物挥发油对小菜蛾成虫有很好的驱避作用,且随着挥发油量的增加而增强,菠萝蜜Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.和腰果Anacar-dium occidentale Linn.的2种挥发油对成虫的驱避作用明显优于含羞草Mimosapudica Linn.挥发油.在产卵驱避和拒食作用试验中,3种热带植物挥发油对小菜蛾表现出一定的产卵驱避作用和拒食作用,且随着施用浓度的增加而增强,随着时间的延长而减弱.菠萝蜜挥发油的产卵驱避作用及拒食效果优于腰果和含羞草的2种挥发油.3种热带植物的乙醇提取物对小菜蛾的产卵驱避作用和拒食作用随着施用浓度的增大均呈明显增强趋势.当浓度为0.025g DW/mL时,含羞草、菠萝蜜、腰果的3种乙醇提取物对小菜蛾成虫产卵驱避率分别为89.58%、73.68%、72.46%,拒食率分别为69.46%、76.38%、72.54%.3种乙醇提取物对小菜蛾成虫的产卵驱避作用随时间的延长而逐渐减弱,腰果提取物产卵驱避持续效果最好.     

植物保护剂保卫德对黄曲条跳甲种群的控制作用

通过室内外试验评价了植物保护剂保卫德(BIOACT-T35)对黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(F.)种群的控制作用。结果表明,其控制作用主要表现在对成虫的显著忌避和拒食作用。10.00 ml/L的忌避作用为91.42％,选择性和非选择性拒食率分别为93.54％和85.79％,种群趋势指数(I值)由对照的3.8680降为0.3676,干扰作用控制指数(IIPC)为0.0950。采用状态空间分析法的模拟结果表明,其控制作用表现在种群发展初期对成虫的忌避作用。     

艾蒿提取物及其不同柱层析馏分对甜菜夜蛾产卵行为的影响

利用Syntech触角电位仪,测定了甜菜夜蛾雌成虫对艾蒿提取物和4种溶剂(苯、乙酸乙酯、丙酮和乙醇)柱层析馏分的触角反应;利用涂纸法,测定了艾蒿提取物和4种馏分对甜菜夜蛾产卵的忌避特性和抑制特性。结果表明:甜菜夜蛾雌成虫对相同浓度(10 mg/mL)提取物和馏分的触角反应存在很大差异,对丙酮馏分的反应最强烈,电位值为9.632±1.054 mV,其次为乙酸乙酯和苯馏分,以乙醇馏分的反应最弱。提取物和不同馏分对甜菜夜蛾的产卵忌避作用存在很大差异,丙酮馏分、乙酸乙酯馏分和提取物都具有一定的忌避作用,而且随浓度上升而增强,其中以丙酮馏分的忌避作用最强,10 mg/mL的忌避率达到49.0%。不同浓度处理时,都以丙酮馏分和乙酸乙酯馏分的产卵抑制作用最强,且随浓度上升而增强,10 mg/mL的抑制率分别达到72.16%和68.95%;较高浓度(5 mg/mL和10 mg/mL)时,提取物、苯馏分和乙醇馏分也具有一定的产卵抑制作用。     

Bioactivity of essential oils from leaves and bark of Laurelia sempervirens and Drimys winteri against Acyrthosiphon pisum

BACKGROUND: The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), is a cosmopolitan pest that attacks a wide range of legume crops and vectors important plant virus diseases. In this project, essential oils from the leaf (L) and bark (B) of Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pavón) Tul. (L) and Drimys winteri JR Forster & G Forster (D) were extracted, and their deterrent and insecticidal activities were tested under laboratory conditions. RESULTS: By use of GC‐MS, safrole was found as the main constituent in LL and LB oils, while the main constituents were more diverse in DL and DB oils. In the deterrent bioassays with A. pisum under choice conditions, the four oils were active, with LL being the most active, followed by LB, DB and DL. The respective deterrence indices were 1.0, 0.89, 0.87 and 0.46 when aphids were exposed for 24 h to 4 µL mL^?1. Although there was no aphid mortality when oils were sprayed on faba bean leaves before aphid infestation, there was 58 and 42% mortality when settled aphids were directly sprayed with 4.0 µL mL^?1 of LL and LB respectively; DB and DL oils caused ≤18% mortality. In a third series, the essential oils of LL and LB caused 100% mortality when applied at a dose of 64 µL L^?1 air by fumigation to faba bean plants infested with A. pisum; at the same dose, DB and DL oils caused 68 and 63% mortality respectively. When fumigation was limited to 2 h, the respective LC₅₀ values for LL and LB oils were 10.6–14.3 µL L^?1 air and 9.8–13.2 µL L^?1 air. CONCLUSION: Because of their high deterrent and insecticidal activities, the essential oils from leaf and bark of L. sempervirens may be explored as potential natural aphicides. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Seed coat texture,host species and time of application affect the efficacy of essential oils applied for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in stored pulses

The effects of the texture of seed coats of three pulse cultivars, of which two, TVu12349 (wrinkled cowpea) and Borno brown (rough cowpea) belonged to Vigna unguiculata, and one, Bunmonu (smooth bambara groundnut) belonged to Vigna subterranea, as well as pre-and post-oviposition application on the efficacy of the essential oils of clove (Syzgium aromaticum), West African black pepper (WABP) (Piper guineense) and ginger (Zingiber officinale), against oviposition and development of Callosobruchus maculatus, were investigated under prevailing storage conditions (32-35°C and 40-50% RH) and 24 h darkness in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Seed coat texture influenced the bioactivity of the essential oils, especially clove oil, against oviposition and the proportion of C. maculatus adults that emerged significantly more than host species: the mean numbers of eggs laid on the smooth-seeded Bunmonu, the rough-seeded Borno brown and the wrinkled TVu12349 were 16.9, 16.7 and 24.2%, respectively; adult emergence was 31.1% in the wrinkled TVu12349, 45.3% in the rough-seeded Borno brownand 10.2% in the smooth-seeded Bunmonu. The smooth-seeded Bunmonu reduced oviposition in seeds treated with clove oil by 91.4% and 98.4% relative to the mean number of eggs laid in the rough-seeded and the wrinkled Tvu12349, respectively; comparable figures of oviposition reduction by Bunmonu in untreated seeds were 4.8 and 15.9% relative to the mean number of eggs laid in Borno brown and Tvu12349, respectively. Both pre-and post-oviposition application of the essential oils significantly suppressed oviposition and/or adult emergence. In the pre-oviposition application, treatment of bambaranut seeds with clove, WABP and ginger oils at the rate of 1 mg/5 g seed reduced the mean number of eggs laid by C. maculatus by 70.7, 98.7 and 86.2%, respectively, relative to the number of eggs laid in untreated seeds. Post-oviposition treatments were, however, more effective on average, than pre-oviposition treatments in reducing the proportion of C. maculatus adults that emerged. In the post-oviposition application, no adult C. maculatus emerged in bambaranut seeds treated with clove oil at the rate of 0.5 or 1 mg/5 g seed.     

Ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activities of the flavonoid pectolinaringenin from Clerodendrum phlomidis against Earias vittella

Fractions derived from Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. F. and isolated compounds from chloroform extract were evaluated against Earias vittella Fab. for their ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activities. There were 12 fractions obtained with silica gel column chromatographic techniques using different solvent systems. Among the fractions, fraction 5 recorded maximum ovicidal activity of 68.49% and oviposition deterrent activity of 100% at 1000 ppm concentration followed by 500 ppm concentration. The active fraction was further purified using HPLC. The purified fraction was subjected to UV, ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR, IR and EI-Mass spectroscopy and their spectral data confirmed the compound pectolinaringenin which belongs to the flavonoids. The compound pectolinaringenin was screened for its ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activities. It showed maximum ovicidal activity of 64.29% and oviposition deterrent activity of 100% at 100 ppm concentration against E. vittella. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of fractions and isolated compounds from C. phlomidis evaluated against E. vittella for their ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activities. The results from the present investigation clearly suggest that the active fraction or the isolated compound could be used to develop a novel pesticidal formulation to control economically important agricultural pests.     

非寄主植物提取物对橘小实蝇的产卵拒避作用

选取4种非寄主植物柠檬桉Eucalyptus citriodora、樟树Cinnamomum camphora、白千层Melaleuca leucadendron、夹竹桃Nerium indicum,初步研究了这4种植物叶子提取物对橘小实蝇Bactroceradorsalis的产卵拒避作用。以无水乙醇作溶剂,供试4种植物中的白千层提取物对橘小实蝇具有较强的产卵拒避作用。检测了橘小实蝇对4种植物的乙醇提取物的触角电位值,发现各生物测定值与雌虫触角电位值呈显著相关性,表明其中的挥发性组分是橘小实蝇对植物提取物产生拒避反应的重要原因之一。用无水乙醇、乙醚、石油醚、二氯甲烷作溶剂,分别提取白千层叶,仅乙醇提取物有显著拒避作用;用这4种溶剂分别提取樟树叶,则无水乙醇、乙醚、石油醚作溶剂的提取物都有较好效果。     

6种植物乙醇提取物对桔小实蝇成虫的毒杀和产卵驱避作用的初步研究

为筛选出对桔小实蝇成虫有效毒杀和产卵驱避的植物乙醇提取物,采用超声提取法制备了紫茎泽兰、臭椿、菖蒲、青蒿、臭牡丹、樟树等6种植物提取物,并测定提取物对桔小实蝇成虫的毒杀和产卵驱避活性。结果表明:紫茎泽兰、青蒿、臭椿和菖蒲的乙醇提取物均对桔小实蝇成虫有较强的毒杀作用,当浓度为100 mg/mL时,校正死亡率均为100%。臭牡丹和樟树的乙醇提取物对桔小实蝇成虫表现出较弱的毒杀性。6种植物乙醇提取物随着浓度的增加,对桔小实蝇成虫的毒杀作用表现增强。产卵驱避活性测定试验中,6种植物提取物均对桔小实蝇有一定的产卵驱避活性,且随着提取物的浓度增大,产卵驱避率增高。当浓度为100 mg/mL时,紫茎泽兰和臭椿的乙醇提取物的效果较好,产卵驱避率分别为84.35%和81.46%,其次是菖蒲的提取物,产卵驱避率为65.15%,青蒿、臭牡丹和樟树的提取物也表现出一定的产卵驱避效果,产卵驱避率分别为52.71%、59.22%和51.02%。