感染马铃薯Y病毒烟株对烟蚜取食行为及烟蚜茧蜂适应性的影响

为探明烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead对烟蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)取食感染马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)烟株的适应性,利用刺探电位图谱(EPG)技术记录了烟蚜在感病烟株与健康烟株上的取食行为,并测定了烟蚜茧蜂对取食2种烟株烟蚜的寄生率以及烟蚜茧蜂的羽化率、发育时间及性比等指标。结果表明,与健康烟株相比,烟蚜在感染PVY烟株上的第1次刺探取食持续时间显著延长,且口针遇到阻力的次数(F波)和总持续时间均显著减少。烟蚜在感病烟株木质部的吸食时间(G波)显著长于健康烟株。感病烟株上烟蚜在韧皮部阶段的分泌唾液时间(E1波)较在健康烟株上显著缩短,而被动吸食汁液时间(E2波)显著延长。烟蚜茧蜂寄生取食感染PVY烟株的烟蚜,虽然能成功完成其生活史,但适应性与寄生取食健康烟株烟蚜的蚜茧蜂存在差异。在感染PVY烟株上,烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的寄生率为33.67%,显著低于对照的64.67%;且僵蚜体重明显下降,羽化的成蜂个体较小;成蜂存活时间1.48 d也极显著短于对照组的2.25 d。表明烟蚜茧蜂对取食感染PVY烟株烟蚜的适应性较低,PVY可通过烟蚜为介体间接降低烟蚜茧蜂的适应力。     

邵武市烟田烟蚜及其天敌的发生情况调查

烟蚜[Myzus persicae(Sulzer)]又名桃蚜。该虫食性杂,除为害烟草外,还为害其他170多种作物。在烟田,烟蚜的发生数量大,为害时间长,以若、成蚜聚集在烟株的叶背和幼嫩的组织上,刺吸汁液,使叶片卷缩、变形,烟株生长缓慢。被害烟叶烘烤后缺乏光泽,难于回潮,且易破碎。烟蚜分泌的蜜露又常导致烟叶诱发煤烟病,影响烟叶的品质。此外,烟蚜还是多种病毒病的传播媒介。烟蚜的为害成为烟叶生产中最为严重的问题。十几年来,对烟蚜的防治一般都采用化学农药,不但未减少烟田烟蚜的数量,而且使烟蚜产生抗性而更不易被杀死。这样,人们才重新认识到天敌的重…     

黄淮烟区烟蚜的发生规律和防治技术研究

根据黄淮烟区烟田烟蚜种群数量的消长规律及不同时期影响其消长的主要因子,天敌因子在不同时期的控蚜作用,在农业措施的抑蚜、减蚜效果的基础上,制定出烟蚜综合防治策略及相应的系统控制蚜害的基本模式.     

江西省烟田主要害虫及其天敌种群动态

通过采用5点调查法,对江西省南昌市烟田主要害虫及其天敌种群数量进行调查并对其进行动态分析。结果显示：烟蚜在烟草整个生长期均有发生,其种群数量动态变化呈双峰曲线,第1个蚜量高峰期出现在6月初。第2个蚜量高峰期出现在6月末至7月初,且蚜量雨后显著降低,雨后高温则又明显增加。烟青虫和斑须蝽在5月初开始发生,其种群数量动态变化均呈单峰曲线。烟青虫虫量高峰期出现在5月末至6月初,斑须蝽虫量高峰期则在6月中旬。烟田内主要天敌有烟蚜茧蜂、蜘蛛类、瓢虫和草蛉。天敌与烟蚜、烟青虫具一定的虫量跟随关系,其中烟蚜茧蜂和草蛉分别在烟草生长前后期与烟蚜跟随关系明显,蜘蛛则在烟青虫发生后与其跟随关系较为明显。     

烟田应用粘虫色板的生态影响研究

通过在烟田悬挂粘虫色板进行田间诱集试验,评价4种不同颜色的粘虫色板(黄、蓝、绿、红)对靶标害虫的诱集效果及对天敌昆虫和其他非靶标昆虫的影响。结果表明,4种粘虫色板共诱到昆虫49种31 003头。其中,3种靶标害虫烟蚜(Myzus persicae Sulzer)、烟蓟马(Thrips tabaci Lindeman)和烟盲蝽(Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter)占诱集昆虫总量的54.0%,非靶标昆虫占30.8%,益虫占15.2%,益害比为1∶3.6。蓝色粘虫板对瓢虫和食蚜蝇的诱集作用最强,黄色粘虫板对寄生蜂和草蛉的诱集作用最强,绿色和红色粘虫板对天敌昆虫无明显诱集作用。黄色和蓝色粘虫板在烟田大量使用对寄生蜂和瓢虫等天敌昆虫和烟田昆虫多样性有一定影响,应适时适地选择性使用。     

黄瓜花叶病毒和马铃薯Y病毒混合侵染烟株对烟蚜取食行为的影响

为探究黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)、马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)混合侵染烟株对烟蚜取食行为的影响,利用刺探电位图谱(electrical penetration graph,EPG)技术记录了烟蚜在健康烟株与CMV、PVY混合侵染后不同发病级别烟株上的取食波形。结果显示:烟蚜在健康烟株上的刺探次数最少,在感病烟株上的C波总持续时间均显著长于健康烟株;第1次到达韧皮部前的刺探次数,健康植株上仅为4.00次,3级感病烟株上的为健康烟株上的2倍;在健康烟株上E2波总持续时间为120.65 min,极显著大于2级和3级感病烟株;刺探过程中,感病烟株上的pd波出现次数均高于健康烟株,且pd波II-1和II-3亚波的持续时间也显著高于健康烟株。研究表明,CMV、PVY混合侵染烟株可降低寄主对烟蚜的适合度,且能促进烟蚜对病毒的传播。     

郴州烟区害虫天敌资源的初步调查

通过2005、2006年对郴州烟区烟草害虫天敌资源的初步调查,共采获烟草害虫天敌约70种,其中已鉴定到种的有46种,包括寄生性天敌7种,捕食性天敌39种;在害虫发生盛期,烟蚜茧蜂的田间最高寄生率达40.3%,棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂寄生于烟青虫、棉铃虫的田间最高寄生率达75.0%,2006年黄花烟93-1上的烟青虫、棉铃虫被此蜂寄生的高达90.5%。     

山东烟区烟青虫和烟蚜及其天敌的发生动态

在山东烟区 ,烟蚜主要发生于 5月下旬至 6月上旬 ,烟青虫种群数量在 6月中旬至下旬较高。捕食性天敌主要有瓢虫、草蛉、食虫蝽、隐翅虫和蜘蛛 ,但是发生数量低、数量高峰明显滞后于害虫数量高峰。优势寄生性天敌有寄生于烟蚜的烟蚜茧蜂和寄生于烟青虫幼虫的棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂及中华卵索线虫。烟蚜茧蜂和烟蚜种群数量之间具有显著的相关 ,5月底到 6月中旬益害比大于或接近 1 ;齿唇姬蜂对烟青虫 1～ 3龄幼虫的寄生率 6月份为 74 0 % ,7月份为 4 9 8% ;中华卵索线虫仅发生于 7月中旬 ,对 3龄以上烟青虫幼虫的寄生率为 35 2 %。     

云南主要烟区烟蚜种群解毒酶活力比较

通过测定烟蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)的α-NA羧酸酯酶、β-NA羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力,比较了云南5个主要烟区田间烟蚜种群的4种酶的活力频率分布,结果表明,云南5个烟区的烟蚜田间种群的α-NA羧酸酯酶、β-NA羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的高活力个体均以楚雄和昆明种群较高,昭通种群和丽江种群较低。谷胱甘肽转移酶在5个烟区烟蚜种群间差异不大。     

瓢虫对烟蚜的控制效能及异色瓢虫与烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用

为了明确4种主要捕食性瓢虫对烟蚜的控制效能及其与优势寄生性天敌烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用,在室内条件下测定了七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫、六斑月瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫对烟蚜的捕食效能和异色瓢虫与烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用。结果表明,4种瓢虫捕食烟蚜后均能正常完成发育,发育历期分别为异色瓢虫(17.11 d)七星瓢虫(16.25 d)六斑月瓢虫(13.69 d)龟纹瓢虫(12.73 d),其中异色瓢虫的4龄幼虫期最长,达4.15 d,显著高于其他瓢虫;异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫、六斑月瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫完成生长发育对烟蚜的总捕食量分别为687.0、635.6、359.2和253.2头,各瓢虫间差异显著。在烟蚜茧蜂和异色瓢虫的共存系统中,增加异色瓢虫的数量,异色瓢虫和烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的个体控制数量均会降低;增加烟蚜茧蜂的数量,显著降低了种内的个体寄生量,但对异色瓢虫的控蚜作用无明显影响。该研究结果将为合理利用天敌昆虫组合控制烟蚜提供技术依据。     

具条实蝇研究综述

具条实蝇[Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)scutellata(Hendel)]是我国对外重要检疫害虫,地理分布广,危害程度重,使我国果蔬生产遭受了严重经济损失。文章综述了具条实蝇的形态特征、分类地位、寄主范围、地理分布、种群数量动态以及分子生物学等方面的研究进展,并提出未来研究展望。     

Comparative biology of Mallada desjardinsi (navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), predators of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphis gossypii (glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cotton in eastern Tanzania

The developmental biology of Mallada desjardinsi (Navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (Walker) on the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii was studied in the laboratory at 28–32°C. Total larva! periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua on H. armigera eggs were 14.4 and 14.8 days respectively. However, when reared on A. gossypii larval periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua were 14.9 and 13.5 days respectively. When reared on H. armigera 52.9% and 25% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsis and C. congrua sp. died before pupation. However, when reared on A. gossypii 82.6% and 46.9% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua died before pupation. Thus, H. armigera eggs and A. gossypii nymphs were both adequate but not optimal diets for chrysopid larval development. The number of prey consumed by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua increased with instar. Total larval consumption of H. armigera by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was determined to be 135.5 and 169.8 eggs respectively. However, total larval consumption of A. gossypii by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was found to be 189.0 and 171.8 nymphs respectively. Because of its longer larval period, and higher consumption of A. gossypii, M. desjardinsi would be better suited for use against A. gossypii than C. congrua. In contrast, C. congrua whose consumption of H. armigera was higher than that of M. desjardinsi although their larval periods were similar, would appear promising for control of H. armigera.     

丽潜蝇姬小蜂研究概述

本文对丽潜蝇姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa的学名沿革、分布、寄主、行为和生态特性及其控制作用与保护利用的研究现状作了概述。     

不同龄期的益蝽对粘虫的捕食功能反应

益蝽Picromerus lewisi Scott是一种重要的捕食性昆虫,为探究其控害潜能,在实验室条件下研究不同龄期的益蝽对粘虫的捕食能力。选择饥饿24 h的3、4、5龄益蝽若虫和成虫对不同密度的3龄粘虫进行捕食量测定试验,试验结果为3、4、5龄益蝽若虫和成虫的日平均捕食量分别为3.33、4.23、8.00和6.50头,每个龄期的捕食功能反应都符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程,其攻击率分别为1.036、0.742、1.445和1.422,处理猎物的时间分别为0.313、0.158、0.112和0.135 d;试验中发现益蝽偏食活猎物。结果表明利用益蝽进行生物防治时,选择5龄若虫,控害效果最好。     

Life tables of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different cultivated plants

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a cosmopolitan species that feeds on numerous cultivated plants and herbaceaus plants. Agrotis ipsilon causes significant economic losses in various agricultural products, especially in indisturial plants and vegetables in Turkey and worldwide. In this study, the effects on the biology and reproductive potential of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., Asteraceae), maize (Zea mays L., Poaceae), sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera Alef.,Amaranthaceae) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae) which are essential host plants of A. ipsilon were investigated under climatized conditions of 28?±?1 °C, 60%?±?10 r.h., and 16 h daily artificial light. The data obtained were analyzed by using an age-stage two-sex life table. Agrotis ipsilon had five larval stages fed on lettuce, whereas seven larval stages were fed on other host plants. Agrotis ipsilon showed the best development and reproduction on lettuce, followed by sugar beet. When A. ipsilon is reared on lettuce the intrinsic rate of increase (r?=?0.1237 d^?1), finite rate of increase (λ?=?1.1317 d^?1) and net reproductive rate (R₀?=?403.06 offspring/individual) were found higher and the mean generation times (T?=?48.51 d) is shorter than those in other host plants. According to these results, A. ipsilon can cause the most damage to lettuce among studied plants.

     

圆果大赤螨的初步研究

圆果大赤螨一生的发育经卵，前幼螨，幼螨，第一，二，三若螨和成螨７个阶段，在幼螨和各若螨的后期都有一个静息期。成螨能进行孤雌生殖，死后的遗腹卵也能孵化。该螨在广州地区年发生２－３代，盛发期分别在３－４月，１０－１１月和１２－１月。冬季继续发育，没有越冬现象，但在夏季旬平均气温超过２８℃时发育停止。该螨除捕食蚜虫，蚧壳虫和叶螨外，还捕食柑桔木虱和柑桔锈螨。对桔全爪螨，柑桔锈螨，柑桔木虱和绣线菊蚜等有害     

胡瓜新小绥螨对B型烟粉虱的控制能力

为明确胡瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudermans对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius的控害潜能，在（26±1）℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光周期16L：8D条件下，研究了各螨态胡瓜新小绥螨对不同发育阶段烟粉虱的捕食作用。结果表明，胡瓜新小绥螨幼螨期较短，不取食烟粉虱，其他不同螨态的胡瓜新小绥螨可捕食除4龄若虫和成虫以外的其他各虫态的烟粉虱，捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型；胡瓜新小绥螨雌成螨对烟粉虱卵的日捕食量最大（8.5粒/雌），对烟粉虱3龄若虫的日捕食量最小（2.1头/雌）；雌成螨对烟粉虱卵具有较高的瞬间攻击率（0.038）和寻找效应（0.025）。研究表明，胡瓜新小绥螨对烟粉虱卵及低龄若虫的捕食能力较强，是烟粉虱发生初期的有效天敌。     

Gyrodactylus bohemicus sp. n. (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) from Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) (Clupeiformes: Salmonidae) in Czechoslovakia.

Gyrodactylus bohemicus sp. n (Gyrodactylidae: Monogenea) is described from the fins, skin and gill filaments of Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) (Clupeiformes: Salmonidae) from a trout farm in Czechoslovakia. G. bohemicus sp. n. is most closely related to G. thymalli Zitnan, 1960 and G. magnus Konovalov, 1967 in the shape of the anchors, the ventral and the dorsal bar, but can be distinguished from both these species by the shape of the marginal hook proper.     

First record of Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae) from Israel

The presence of the Opuntia cochineal scale insect, Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae) is reported for the first time from Israel. It was collected off the Indian-fig prickly-pear, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (Cactaceae) in the Hula Valley of the Upper Galilee.     

The life cycle of Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) minutus (Nematoda: Cucullanidae)

Mature specimens of the nematode Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) minutus (Rudolphi, 1819) (Ascaridida, Cucullanidae, Seuratoidea) were obtained from the intestine of flounder Platichthys flesus (L.) caught in the Oresund, Denmark. Plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. and common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Kr?yer) also harbour this species. The eggs embryonate on the seabottom. Larvae about 440 microm long, and believed to be in their third stage, hatch from the eggs. These larvae are not directly infective to flounders or gobies. The polychaete Nereis diversicolor O.F. Muller acts as obligatory intermediate host. Experimental infections showed that larvae >600 microm long and provided with achitinous tooth survived in flounder and common goby. The third-stage larvae moult to fourth-stage larvae in the fish gut wall. Mature worms occur in the lumen of the anterior part of the intestine. All developmental stages may be transferred from one flounder to another; thus the flounder may acquire the parasite also by devouring infected gobies.