准噶尔盆地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

地表反照率变化影响地表辐射收支与能量平衡,从而对区域和全球气候产生影响。以准噶尔盆地为研究对象,利用MODIS卫星遥感数据产品MOD09A1反演地表短波反照率,结合气象数据和植被指数分析准噶尔盆地2001—2018年荒漠草地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:准噶尔盆地地表反照率空间分布地域差异明显,地表反照率年均值为0.303,整体呈东北高、西南低的特点;其年际变化速率呈减少趋势,平均每年为1.4×10^-4,减少面积约占总面积的52.8%;四季空间分布变化明显,春、夏、秋三季空间分布相似,冬季值最高(0.551),夏季最低(0.203)。准噶尔盆地东北缘的阿尔泰山地表反照率年内变化较为剧烈;生长季归一化植被指数(NDVI)值大小为:夏季>秋季>春季。准噶尔盆地整体地表反照率与NDVI呈负相关,大部分区域与平均气温呈负相关,与降水呈正相关,且相关性大小依次为气温>NDVI>降水。MODIS反演结果与地面实测值之间存在显著的相关性(R²=0.8908,P<0.01),均方根误差为0.014。为了解准噶尔盆地陆面特征,客观评价全球气候变化下干旱区陆面变化及其正负反馈响应机制提供一定的理论依据。     

自然侵染菜豆的花生矮化病毒研究

 对从北京郊区菜豆皱缩花叶病株上获得的一个病毒分离物进行了系统研究。根据该分离物的寄主范围、传播特性、病毒颗粒形态、血清学性质和理化特性等,确定为花生矮化病毒(Peanut Stunt Virus,PSV),并称为PSV菜豆分离物,即PSV Bean Isolate,简称PSV-B。这是国内从菜豆上分离PSV的首次报道。在测定的5科28种植物中,PSV-B侵染5科21种。PSV-B致死温度60~65℃,稀释限点10^-4~10^-5,存活期限6 d以上。PSV-B能被豆蚜(Aphis craccivora Koch)以非持久性方式传播。提纯病毒颗粒球形,直径30 nm。制备的PSV-B抗血清,采用琼脂双扩散法测定效价为1 128。在血清学关系上,P SV-B与已报道的中国PSV-Mi株系相近,与美国PSV-E株系差异明显。PSV-B外壳蛋白亚基分子量为25 000道尔顿;含有4个RNA片段。     

山东花生花叶病毒的研究

 从表现生长抑制和花叶病状的花生叶分离到一种花生花叶病毒(PMV),可通过汁液和桃蚜(Myzus Persicae)传播,它的寄主范围包括豆科和非豆科植物,和花生斑驳病毒不同。病毒的体外存活力4-5天,致死温度40°-50℃,稀释终点10^-3-14^-4;用氯仿澄清,聚乙二醇沉淀和差速离心可部分提纯。病毒颗粒长约725毫微米,沉降系数173S。在感病的心叶烟(Nicotiana glutinosa)叶细胞质中可见典型的风轮状内含体,表明PMV是马铃薯Y病毒组的一个成员。     

河北省赤豆花叶病毒分离物的鉴定

 从河北省赤豆实生苗上获得一个分离物,它系种传的,引起赤豆产生疱状花叶,易经汁液摩擦接种,桃蚜(Myzus persicae)、豆蚜(Aphis cracivara)以非持久性方式传播,其钝化温度为55-60℃(十分钟)稀释限点为10^-2-10^-3,体外存活期为1-2天。寄主范围狭窄,系统侵染大豆(Glycine max)、绿豆(Phaselous aureus)、豇豆(Vigna sinensis cv.花豇豆)、棉豆(Phaseolus lunatus)、赤豆(P.angularis)等豆科植物,局部侵染苋色藜(Chenopodium amaranticolor)、昆诺藜(C.quinoa)和番杏(Tetragonia expensa)。病毒粒体线条形,略弯曲,755×13nm.A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀比值为1.224。病组织超薄切片中有风轮状内含体。SDS-免疫双扩散试验表明它与黑眼豇豆花叶病毒(BICMV)血清学关系十分密切。综合以上特征,我们认为赤豆花叶病毒河北省分离物为BICMV。河北省赤豆种子携带该病毒百分率为3-5%,它是田间主要毒源之一。     

合肥地区发生的西瓜花叶病的病原鉴定

 从合肥市郊区的西瓜病叶上分离出一病毒分离物,该分离物的热钝化温度为60~65℃,稀释终点为10^-4~10^-5,寄主体外存活期为20~23 d,电镜观察病毒粒子约750 nm×13 nm。参考已发表的小西葫芦黄化花叶病毒(Zucchini yellow mosaic virus,ZYMV) CP基因序列设计引物,RT-PCR扩增得到CP基因片段。将该CP片段克隆到pGEM-3Zf (+)中,测序结果表明,该CP基因全长840 nt,共编码279个氨基酸,与国内报道的ZYMV CP基因的核苷酸序列同源性为83.0%~97.3%,氨基酸序列的同源性为91.8%~99.8%,证明该分离物为ZYMV。     

北京地区一种侵染菊花的线条病毒

 从北京地区菊花病毒病株上分离到一种线条状病毒CA分离物。经寄主范围,传播方式、汁液体外抗性,外壳旧白分子量、粒体大小和在细胞中产生的内含体研究结果分析,此病毒为Potyvirus成员,沉淀反应,免疫双扩散反应和免疫电镜技术检测证明CA分离物与PVY在清学相关性。CA分离物已制备抗血清和提纯IgG,并应用于品种菊组培苗脱毒检测工作。     

南京地区瓜类花叶病毒的初步鑑定

 南京市郊栽种較普遍的瓜类植物中都有花叶病的为害。1956-57年的調查,一般发病率有5-10%,个别田地可达15%以上。     

侵染苜蓿的豇豆花叶病毒的研究

 从新疆苜蓿矮缩花叶病株上分离到一种病毒分离物G-14,在测定的9科40种植物中,此分离物可侵染6科19种植物,易由汁液摩擦接种,桃蚜(Myzus persicae)、豆蚜(Aphis craccivora)、棉黑蚜(A.atrata)和苜蓿无网长管蚜(Acyrthosiphon rondoi)等不传毒,可由首蓿叶象岬(Hypera variabilis)传毒;致死温度55~60℃,稀释限点10^-3~10^-4,体外保毒期21天;病毒粒体球状,直径约28nm。电镜观察病组织超薄切片,可见晶格状排列的病毒粒体。经琼脂双扩散血清学测定,该分离物与豇豆花叶病毒(CPMV)抗血清呈阳性反应。由此鉴定G-14为CPMV。提纯病毒经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定有3个蛋白组分。分子量分别为44800,24500,22400道尔顿;琼脂糖电泳测得有二个核酸组分。     

Economic losses from reduced freshwater under future climate scenarios: An example from the Urumqi River,Tianshan Mountains

As important freshwater resources in alpine basins, glaciers and snow cover tend to decline due to climate warming, thus affecting the amount of water available downstream and even regional economic development. However, impact assessments of the economic losses caused by reductions in freshwater supply are quite limited. This study aims to project changes in glacier meltwater and snowmelt of the Urumqi River in the Tianshan Mountains under future climate change scenarios (RCP2.6 (RCP, Representative Concentration Pathway), RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) by applying a hydrological model and estimate the economic losses from future meltwater reduction for industrial, agricultural, service, and domestic water uses combined with the present value method for the 2030s, 2050s, 2070s, and 2090s. The results indicate that total annual glacier meltwater and snowmelt will decrease by 65.6% and 74.5% under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios by the 2090s relative to the baseline period (1980-2010), respectively. Compared to the RCP2.6 scenario, the projected economic loss values of total water use from reduced glacier meltwater and snowmelt under the RCP8.5 scenario will increase by 435.10×10⁶ and 537.20×10⁶ CNY in the 2050s and 2090s, respectively, and the cumulative economic loss value for 2099 is approximately 2124.00×10⁶ CNY. We also find that the industrial and agricultural sectors would likely face the largest and smallest economic losses, respectively. The economic loss value of snowmelt in different sectorial sectors is greater than that of glacier meltwater. These findings highlight the need for climate mitigation actions, industrial transformation, and rational water allocation to be considered in decision-making in the Tianshan Mountains in the future.     

Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess Plateau,China

Comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services in environments under the influences of human activities and climate change are critical for sustainable regional ecosystem management. Therefore, integrated interdisciplinary modelling has become a major focus of ecosystem service assessment. In this study, we established a model that integrates land use/cover change (LUCC), climate change, and water retention services to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of water retention services in the Loess Plateau of China in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050). An improved Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model was used to simulate land use/land cover patterns, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to simulate and assess water retention services from 2000 to 2050 under six combined scenarios, including three land use/land cover scenarios (historical scenario (HS), ecological protection scenario (EPS), and urban expansion scenario (UES)) and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP is the representative concentration pathway). LUCCs in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050) are dominated by transformations among agricultural land, urban land and grassland. Urban land under UES increased significantly by 0.63×10³ km²/a, which was higher than the increase of urban land under HS and EPS. In the Loess Plateau, water yield decreased by 17.20×10⁶ mm and water retention increased by 0.09×10⁶ mm in the historical period (2000-2015), especially in the Interior drainage zone and its surrounding areas. In the future (2020-2050), the pixel means of water yield is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (96.63 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (95.46 mm), and the pixel means of water retention is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (1.95 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (1.38 mm). RCP4.5-EPS shows the highest total water retention capacity on the plateau scale among the six combined scenarios, with the value of 1.27×10⁶ mm. Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have enhanced soil and water retention. However, more attention needs to be paid not only to the simultaneous increase in water retention services and evapotranspiration but also to the type and layout of restored vegetation. Furthermore, urbanization needs to be controlled to prevent uncontrollable LUCCs and climate change. Our findings provide reference data for the regional water and land resources management and the sustainable development of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau under LUCC and climate change scenarios.     

Effects of climate change and land use/cover change on the volume of the Qinghai Lake in China

Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×10⁸ m³ from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×10⁸ m³/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×10⁸ m³ from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×10⁸ m³/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed an"increase-decrease-increase"fluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin.     

山东省大豆花叶病毒原及其生物学的研究

 山东省田间侵染大豆的花叶病毒,粒体线条状,大小714-729×12-13nm,粗提纯液与SMV抗血清呈阳性反应。寄主范围窄,接种5科14种植物只侵染大豆,呈系统花叶症状。体外抗性。钝化温度65-70℃,稀释限点10^-3-10^-4,体外保毒划3-4天。传毒方式:可通过种子、蚜虫和摩擦接种传毒。根据以上特性,侵染大豆的花叶病毒,毒原应为大豆花叶病毒(SMV),属于马铃薯y病毒组(Potyvirus group)的成员。     

8种草地贪夜蛾化学防控药剂对夜蛾黑卵蜂的急性毒性及安全性评价

在实验室条件下，以草地贪夜蛾优势卵寄生蜂夜蛾黑卵蜂为研究对象，通过管测药膜法测定了农业农村部推荐草地贪夜蛾应急防控用药中的氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟苯虫酰胺、茚虫威、虱螨脲、四氯虫酰胺、虫螨腈、乙基多杀菌素和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐等8种杀虫剂对夜蛾黑卵蜂的急性毒性，并评价了其安全性风险等级。结果表明，甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素和虫螨腈对夜蛾黑卵蜂的毒力最大，LR₅₀分别为4.39×10^-4 mg a.i./cm²（4.00×10^-4~4.77×10^-4）、4.96×10^-4 mg a.i./cm²（4.48×10^-4~5.47×10^-4）和9.81×10^-4 mg a.i./cm²（9.06×10^-4~1.07×10^-3），对夜蛾黑卵蜂的安全性风险等级均为中等风险性。其余五种杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟苯虫酰胺、四氯虫酰胺、虱螨脲、茚虫威对夜蛾黑卵蜂的安全性等级均为低风险性，可作为夜蛾黑卵蜂成虫自然种群高峰期和人工释放区的首选杀虫剂。     

荧光猝灭法测定梨小食心虫性诱剂含量以及田间应用

β-环糊精（β-CD）与中性红（NR）在碱性缓冲溶液中形成包合物（β-CD-NR）,使中性红的荧光强度F增大,而加入梨小食心虫性诱剂主要成分顺-8-十二碳烯醇乙酸酯（Z8-12：Ac）后,β-CD-NR的荧光发生猝灭,以此建立了测定Z8-12：Ac含量的新方法：在含有1.0 mL 1.0×10^-3 mol/L中性红、5.0 mL 1.0×10^-2 mol/L的β-CD、7.0 mL 0.2 mol/L的NaH₂PO₄-Na₂HPO₄缓冲溶液（pH 7.4）的荧光体系中,加入Z8-12：Ac,以双蒸水定容至25.0 mL,超声反应20 min后,将其放置在4℃的环境下冷却,得待测液。在激发波长为460 nm、发射波长为580 nm的条件下测定待测液的荧光强度F和β-CD-NR体系的荧光强度F₀,计算荧光猝灭值ΔF（ΔF＝F₀—F）。比较分析不同浓度的Z8-12：Ac标准溶液与相应的荧光猝灭值ΔF的关系,结果表明：在Z8-12：Ac浓度为1.0×10^-4～4.0×10^-4 mol/L范围内,荧光猝灭值ΔF与Z8-12：Ac的浓度c呈现良好的线性关系,线性方程为：ΔF＝28.3 c—16.8,R²＝0.9978。对2.0×10^-4 mol/L的Z8-12：Ac溶液进行11次平行测定,得出方法检出限为1.25×10^-5 mol/L（S/N＝3）,RSD为±1.5%,方法灵敏度和精密度良好。加标回收率在98.0%～103.0%,说明方法准确度良好。利用新方法测定了田间梨小诱芯中Z8-12：Ac随时间的残留量,统计了不同残留量对应的诱虫量。结果表明,本方法可以成功测定不同天数下诱芯中Z8-12：Ac的残留量,掌握了诱芯中Z8-12：Ac的衰减趋势,而且与实际诱虫量变化趋势基本吻合。本方法可为确保田间虫情监测预报的精确性以及保持性诱芯的诱杀效果提供技术支撑。     

准噶尔盆地南缘降水脉冲量级分布及其变化规律

对干旱区降水脉冲发生规律的分析,将为理解荒漠生态系统结构与功能提供新的视野。选择准噶尔盆地南缘的温泉、精河、乌苏、蔡家湖、奇台和巴里坤6个气象站近50多年的逐日降水资料,分析不同量级降水脉冲对年总降水频次和降水量的贡献以及变化规律。结果表明：小降水脉冲（≤5 mm）占到全年总降水频次87.5%,而大降水脉冲（>10 mm）只占到了4.3%。然而,小降水脉冲对年降水量的贡献为47.5%,大降水脉冲却贡献26.6%。近50多年来,准噶尔盆地南缘的年降水量有显著增加,但是,年降水频次的变化却不显著。这可以归结为小脉冲呈下降趋势,而大脉冲则显著增加。总之,近50多年来,准噶尔盆地南缘的降水脉冲在放大。     

Grazing alters sandy soil greenhouse gas emissions in a sand-binding area of the Hobq Desert,China

Deserts are sensitive to environmental changes caused by human interference and are prone to degradation. Revegetation can promote the reversal of desertification and the subsequent formation of fixed sand. However, the effects of grazing, which can cause the ground-surface conditions of fixed sand to further deteriorate and result in re-desertification, on the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from soils remain unknown. Herein, we investigated GHG fluxes in the Hobq Desert, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, at the mobile (desertified), fixed (vegetated), and grazed (re-desertified) sites from January 2018 to December 2019. We analyzed the response mechanism of GHG fluxes to micrometeorological factors and the variation in global warming potential (GWP). CO₂ was emitted at an average rate of 4.2, 3.7, and 1.1 mmol/(m²•h) and N₂O was emitted at an average rate of 0.19, 0.15, and 0.09 µmol/(m²•h) at the grazed, fixed, and mobile sites, respectively. Mean CH₄ consumption was as follows: fixed site (2.9 µmol/(m²•h))>grazed site (2.7 µmol/(m²•h))>mobile site (1.1 µmol/(m²•h)). GHG fluxes varied seasonally, and soil temperature (10 cm) and soil water content (30 cm) were the key micrometeorological factors affecting the fluxes. The changes in the plant and soil characteristics caused by grazing resulted in increased soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions and decreased CH₄ absorption. Grazing also significantly increased the GWP of the soil (P<0.05). This study demonstrates that grazing on revegetated sandy soil can cause re-desertification and significantly increase soil carbon and nitrogen leakage. These findings could be used to formulate informed policies on the management and utilization of desert ecosystems.     

芝麻坏死花叶病毒的鉴定

 自武昌芝麻坏死花叶病株得到1个病毒分离物,根据该分离物生物学特性、粒体形状、血清学性质、外壳蛋白分子量和核酸组分、大小,明确为自然侵染芝麻的一种新病毒,定名为芝麻坏死花叶病毒(Sesame necrotic mosaic virus,SNMV)。在人工接种7科38种植物中,SNMV侵染6科23种;体外稳定性状:稀释限点10^-4~10^-5,致死温度80~85℃,体外存活期限40d;病毒可通过土壤和接触传播。SNMV病毒粒体球状,表面有粒状突起,直径约32nm。制备病毒抗血清用琼脂双扩散方法测定效价为1:128。SNMV和红三叶草坏死花叶病毒(RCNMV)、甜三叶草坏死花叶病毒(SCNMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)和花生矮化病毒(PSV)抗血清没有反应。病毒外壳蛋白亚基分子量为38 100道尔顿;核酸1个组分,大小约4700nt,另含RNA片段,大小约600nt,可能为卫星RNA。依据上述病毒特性,SNMV可能归属于番茄丛矮病毒科(Tombusviridae)。     

引起辣椒花叶、枯顶的一个病毒分离物的鉴定

 从河北望都辣椒地分离到一株辣椒病毒分离物.测定表明能侵染茄科、苋科、豆科、菊科、藜科的25种植物,不能侵染葫芦科和十字花科等13种植物.桃蚜（Myzus persicae）非持久性传毒;钝化温度65—70℃,稀释限点10^-4—10^-5体外保毒期6天（20—22℃）;病毒颗粒呈球形,直径约25nm;ISEM测定它与蚕豆萎蔫病毒（BBWV）关系密切;电镜下观察到BBWV所特有的长管状内含体和布纹状结晶体,认为该分离物是BBWV.但寄主范围和寄主反应与文献报道的BBWV各分离物有所不同,可能是另一毒株。     

温度和植株叶面湿润时数对大豆灰斑病菌(Cercospora sojina)侵染的影响

 在人工气候箱内,控制接种温度(T)及植株叶面湿润时数(WD),研究了T及WD对大豆灰斑病菌(C.sojina)侵染的综合作用。温度、叶面湿润时数及其互作是病菌侵染的主要因素,病菌侵染温度范围为15~32℃,最适25~28℃,在适宜温度范围内,接种后保湿2小时病菌即可侵入。报导了大豆灰斑病菌侵染概率(IP)与T及WD的关系,组建了侵染概率预测模型。     

准噶尔盆地南缘防护林树种适宜性评价

2007-2009年,针对新疆准噶尔南缘地区植被严重退化的现状和防护林树种选择的要求,结合该地区的环境特点和生产实践,首先通过专家打分法选出银×新（Populus alba and P.bolleana）、转基因抗盐碱杨、北美速生杨1号、北美速生杨2号、转基因抗虫杨、辽育杨、黑核桃、水曲柳、夏橡、芬兰桦、榛子作为参试树...