Film-mulched continuous ridge-furrow planting improves soil temperature,nutrient content and enzymatic activity in a winter oilseed rape field,Northwest China

Film mulching system is a widely employed agricultural practice worldwide. However, the effects of different planting and mulching patterns on soil nutrient content and enzymatic activity have not been well documented. In this study, we examined the impact of four planting and mulching patterns(including control, flat planting without mulching; M1, flat planting with film mulching; M2, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on both ridges and furrows; and M3, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges) on the seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, soil organic carbon(SOC) content, soil nutrient content, and soil enzymatic activity over three growing seasons from 2012 to 2015 in a winter oilseed rape field in the semi-arid area of Northwest China. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, enzymatic activities, and contents of nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were all significantly higher in mulching treatments(M1, M2 and M3) than in control treatment over the three growing seasons, whereas SOC content was significantly lower in mulching treatments than in control treatment during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. Among the three mulching treatments(M1, M2 and M3), the M3 treatment showed consistently higher seed yield, SOC content, nutrient contents, and enzymatic activities than the other two treatments. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape was 41.1% and 15.0% higher in M3 than in M1 and M2, respectively. SOC content and soil enzymatic activities in the top 0–20 cm soil layers and nitrate-nitrogen content in the top 0–30 cm soil layers were all significantly higher in M3 than in M1 and M2. Therefore, we advise the ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges(i.e., M3) as an efficient planting and mulching pattern for sustainably improving the seed yield of winter oilseed rape and preserving soil fertility in the semi-arid area of Northwest China.     

沟覆盖材料对垄沟集雨种植土壤水分和玉米根系分布的影响

为寻求半干旱地区垄沟集雨环保沟覆盖材料,探究垄沟集雨种植增产机理,在半干旱黄土高原区通过大田试验,以传统平作为对照,研究不同沟覆盖方式(无覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖)对土壤含水量、玉米根干重、根长、根表面积和根体积的影响。结果表明:垄沟集雨种植沟中的土壤含水量、玉米根干重、根长、根表面积和根体积明显大于垄中;与平作相比,无覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖耕层沟中作物生育期平均土壤含水量分别增加6.9%、10.6%和9.3%,垄中平均土壤含水量分别降低13.8%、10.9%和5.6%;玉米总根干重(沟中+垄中)分别降低15.9%、6.1%和16.8%,总根长分别增加37.6%、43.7%和34.8%,总根表面积分别增加10.5%、33.6%和15.0%。无覆盖和秸秆覆盖玉米总根体积分别降低34.5%和16.3%,生物可降解地膜覆盖玉米总根体积增加13.2%。与传统平作相比,垄沟集雨种植增加土壤水分、玉米根长和根表面积,降低玉米根干重。在不同沟覆盖方式中,生物可降解地膜覆盖具有较高土壤含水量、根长、根表面积和根体积。     

旧膜及秸秆覆盖对西北旱地马铃薯 产量及土壤水热的影响

为了探究旧膜二茬及秸秆带状覆盖条件下，马铃薯田的土壤水热特征及增产机制，设置旧膜直播(T1)、秸秆带状覆盖种植带不旋耕（T2）、秸秆带状覆盖种植带旋耕（T3）、新覆膜（T4）和露地平作（CK）5个处理进行田间试验。结果表明：各覆盖处理较CK提高产量14.24%~56.33%、商品薯率1.21%~22.60%及水分利用效率8.28%~55.39%（P<0.05）;产量与块茎形成期的单株薯干重正相关（r=0.744），覆盖处理在块茎形成期较CK提高单株薯干重118.0%~720.0%（P<0.05），以T4最高;覆盖处理对马铃薯水热特征有显著影响（P<0.05），T1、T2的降温效应显著小于T3，T3的蓄水保墒效应与T4差异不显著，但显著大于T1、T2及CK。可见，在本试验条件下，秸秆带状覆盖种植带旋耕的产量高于旧膜直播、略低于新覆膜，但蓄水保墒效应与新覆膜相近，同时秸秆带状覆盖种植带旋耕较其余覆盖处理具有较明显的降温增墒效应，有利于促进马铃薯块茎的形成及膨大。     

Effects of mulches on water use in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in Loess Plateau,China

Limited water resources often result in reduced crop yield and low water productivity(WP). In northwestern China, crop production is generally dependent on precipitation. Therefore, a variety of agricultural rainwater harvesting(ARH) techniques have been used for conserving soil moisture, ameliorating soil environment, increasing crop yield, and improving water use efficiency. A two-year(2013–2015) field experiment was conducted under a typical sub-humid drought-prone climate in Yangling(108°24′E, 34°20′N; 521 m a.s.l.), Shaanxi Province, China, to explore the effects of mulching(same for summer maize and winter wheat) on soil moisture, soil temperature, crop water consumption, and crop yield with a winter wheat/summer maize rotation. Crops were planted in a ridge-furrow pattern and the treatments consisted of a transparent film mulch over the ridges(M1), a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M2), a transparent film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M3), a black film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M4), and a control with no mulch(CK). Results showed that M4 was the best treatment for improving soil water storage and content, and decreasing crop water consumption during the summer maize and winter wheat rotation. In both maize and wheat seasons, M1 had a higher soil temperature than M2 and CK, and M3 had a higher soil temperature than M4. In the maize seasons, M4 had the highest yield, WP, and precipitation productivity(PP), with the average values for these parameters increasing by 30.9%, 39.0%, and 31.0%, respectively, compared to those in CK. In the wheat seasons, however, M3 had the highest yield, WP, and PP, with the average values for these parameters being 23.7%, 26.7%, and 23.8% higher, respectively, than those in CK. Annual yield(maize and wheat yields combined) and WP did not differ significantly between M3 and M4. These results suggested that M3 and M4 may thus be the optimal ARH practices for the production of winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, in arid and semi-arid areas.     

不同覆膜方式对陇东旱塬玉米田土壤温度的影响

在海拔1 700 m以下的陇东旱塬选择年降雨量和年平均积温相近的3个试验点,以玉米为栽培作物,进行秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培、春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培、播前全膜双垄沟播栽培、半膜平铺和不覆膜5种栽培模式试验,分别测定地表5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、20 cm的土层地温,以探索全膜双垄沟播栽培技术对土壤地温的影响。结果表明,在玉米生长的每一个生育期,不同的土壤深度的地温和有效积温均是A.秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培>B.春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培>C.播前全膜双垄沟播栽培>D.半膜平铺>E.不覆膜。并且在海拔1 700 m以下区域,秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培、春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培、播前全膜双垄沟播栽培、半膜平铺的有效积温均能满足玉米正常生长所需的积温。不覆膜的有效积温不能满足玉米正常生长所需的积温。     

垄沟覆盖种植对晚播夏玉米生长和产量的补偿效应

针对晚播对夏玉米生长发育造成的不利影响,采用垄覆膜沟不覆盖（LN）、垄覆膜沟覆秸秆（LJ）和垄沟全覆膜（LM）3种垄沟种植方式,以常规播期平作不覆盖（CK1）和晚播平作不覆盖（CK2）为对照,分析了不同垄沟种植方式对晚播夏玉米农田土壤水分、土壤温度及玉米生长和产量的影响,对比不同垄沟覆盖种植方式对晚播玉米生长的补偿效应。结果表明：垄沟种植显著提升了夏玉米0~25 cm土层土壤温度,促进了晚播夏玉米生长;生育期内多雨导致各处理0~200 cm土层土壤含水率一直在18%（75%田间持水率）或更高水平,覆膜对土壤水分的影响不明显;垄沟种植夏玉米整体生长状态在8月中下旬（抽雄~灌浆阶段）与CK1处理达到相同水平;地上部干物质量在成熟期达到或超过CK1处理水平;低温多雨导致晚播夏玉米生育期延长了8~9 d;垄沟种植处理倒伏率较低,最高值仅为3%,平作处理倒伏严重,CK1和CK2处理倒伏率分别达73.1%和20.1%;CK2处理全生育期各项生长及产量指标均较低,LJ处理前期生长状态差,后期贪长,最终相对CK1处理减产7.9%;LN处理产量9 783.8 kg·hm^-2,与CK1处理持平,LM处理达到最高产量11 101.7 kg·hm^-2,相对CK1处理增产12.2%。综合考虑土壤水热、夏玉米生长、产量等各方面因素,多雨条件下垄沟全覆膜方式对晚播玉米生长达到了最好的补偿效果。     

覆膜对不同播期冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响

为探究覆膜对冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响,于2017—2018和2018—2019年度在冬小麦生育期设置2种栽培模式（CK: 裸地穴播,PM: 全膜穴播）和3个播种日期（0：传统播期,10：晚播10 d,20：晚播20 d）,分析了覆膜措施对不同播期冬小麦地上部和根系生长、产量及其构成,以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,覆膜处理有效增加了不同播期冬小麦返青期后的根长密度（RLD）、根表面积密度（RSD）、根系生物量、地上部生物量;各生育期PM0处理的RLD、RSD、根系生物量、地上部生物量均最大。覆膜对晚播冬小麦根系生长具有一定的加速作用,使得两季冬小麦PM10处理的RLD、RSD和根系生物量在返青期分别比CK0处理高2.90%、13.63%和23.04%。与CK0处理相比,两季冬小麦灌浆期 PM0、PM10、PM20处理的地上部生物量分别显著增加65.63%、75.57%和54.71%（P<0.05）。两季冬小麦覆膜处理的产量和水分利用效率均比同播期裸地处理高,其中,两季冬小麦PM0、PM10处理的产量分别比CK0处理提高28.92%、14.35%,水分利用效率分别比CK0处理提高17.87%、7.90%。此外,研究还发现,冬小麦返青期、开花期、灌浆期总RLD均与有效穗数、产量、水分利用效率呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）;冬小麦返青期总RSD、根系生物量均与有效穗数、产量及水分利用效率呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。综上,覆膜措施通过改良土壤的水热环境,加速并促进了冬小麦根系的生长发育,进而改善了冬小麦根系对水分和养分的吸收,增加冬小麦植株的抗逆性。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

覆盖处理苹果细根分布与土壤物理性状响应关系研究

以12年生红富士苹果树为试材,研究黄土高原旱塬区不同覆盖措施(覆膜、覆草、覆沙)对苹果细根(直径≤2 mm)及土壤性状的影响。结果表明:地表覆盖可有效降低土壤容重,增大土壤含水量及孔隙度,增加细根数量,增大根系吸收水肥效率。覆膜处理细根水平分布范围与清耕(CK)相似,在距干0~90 cm范围内,垂直密集分布最大深度由CK的60 cm提升至40 cm,36.05%的细根分布在0~20 cm土壤表层。与CK相比,覆草、覆沙处理的细根水平分布范围由90 cm扩展至120 cm,垂直均匀分布整个土壤剖面,利于树体对深层土壤水肥的吸收利用。土壤物理性状与细根根长、表面积、根长密度呈极显著相关,覆膜处理中根径与比根长也与土壤物理性状表现出相关性。综合分析根系分布与土壤物理性状,覆草处理是陇东旱塬区苹果园较为适宜的地表覆盖模式。     

Soil nutrient availability and microbial properties of a potato field under ridge-furrow and plastic mulch

Ridge-furrow with plastic mulching (RFPM) has been commonly used in the production of field crops, but it is unknown whether this practice would affect soil quality attributes. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of RFPM on potato tuber yield and soil quality under semi-arid conditions. Six different planting patterns (i.e., various ridges and furrows were in combination with plastic mulching) were compared in randomized complete block with three replicates. It was consistent in the two years of study that the completely mulched with ridge planting significantly increased soil available N, available P, available K, and soil organic matter (SOM) content, and decreased the numbers of fungi in the 0-20cm soil, compared to the control (flat plots with no ridge and no mulching). Also, ridge planting increased the numbers of aerobic azotobacter, nitrifying bacteria and ammonifying bacteria and decreased anaerobic azotobacter and denitrifying bacteria compared to furrow planting. In addition, the completely mulched with ridge planting increased hydrogen peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease (UR) activities in the soil. The enhanced enzymatic activities in the soil were largely attributable to decreased soil evaporation and increased soil temperature due to the use of black plastic on the soil surface. Therefore, ridge planting with plastic mulching can be considered to be one of the best approaches in the improvement of potato productivity, whereas, at the same time, maintaining or enhancing soil health in semiarid areas.     

不同覆膜方式对旱地玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响

针对甘肃陇东旱作区年降水量少、季节分布不均,特别是玉米生产春旱严重等问题,以露地平播为对照(CK),研究了双垄面全膜覆盖沟播,双垄面半膜覆盖沟播,宽膜覆盖平播,窄膜覆盖平播,全地面覆盖平播,膜侧播种等6种覆膜种植方式对旱作玉米出苗率、干物质积累量、株高、叶面积指数、生育时期、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,全膜双垄沟提高了玉米出苗率和出苗速度,提早成熟,整个生育期玉米株高、叶面积指数和干物质积累量始终大于其它处理,显著提高了产量和水分利用效率,是旱作区进一步挖掘降水潜力和高产田创建的有效途径。     

不同覆盖材料下土壤水温效应对玉米前期生长的影响

本研究旨在比较盆栽与大田试验条件下不同覆盖材料的土壤调温保湿效果,为选择农业环保型覆盖材料提供理论依据。2014和2015年分别设置盆栽试验和大田试验,覆盖塑料地膜(DM)、液体地膜(YM)、麻地膜(MM)及秸秆(JM)等4种材料,以不覆盖处理为对照(CK),分析了不同覆盖材料对土壤水温状况及玉米前期生长的影响。结果表明:麻地膜覆盖对玉米生育前期0~20 cm土层土壤的保水保墒效果最好,秸秆覆盖处理次之,麻地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖处理玉米出苗至大喇叭口期平均土壤贮水量分别较对照显著提高29.0%和26.6%。覆盖不同材料的调温作用:2014年盆栽试验玉米拔节期各处理升温效果表现为MMDMJMYMCK,大喇叭口期其降温效果表现为MMJMCKDMYM;2015年大田试验玉米拔节期各处理升温效果表现为CKDMMMYMJM,大喇叭口期其降温效果表现为CKDMMMJMYM。麻地膜覆盖处理促进了玉米前期的生长,比不覆盖处理提前10~11 d进入大喇叭口期,玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积及生物量分别较对照显著提高48.3%、27.5%、158.2%和63.5%。     

沙区旱作农田作物垄沟种植下土壤水分动态观测——太仆寺旗油菜种植试验结果

在沙区旱作农田设计了4种种植油菜的垄沟种植试验,观测了其与传统平作下的土壤重量含水率。野外对比观测表明:在油菜生长季内,垄沟种植下土壤的水分含量高于传统平作,尤其在地表0~30cm的耕作层;土壤水分在生长季内呈“双峰双谷”型波动特征,可分为“墒情恢复期———缓慢耗墒期———墒情恢复期———迅速耗墒期———墒情恢复期”五个阶段,迅速耗墒期与油菜的旺盛生长期一致,而该时段垄沟种植下土壤重量含水率较高;在同一深度土层,垄沟种植下土壤水分的变异系数小于传统平作,土壤水分季节速变层和活跃层厚度小,稳定层靠近地表,土壤干湿波动较小。该试验研究可以为调整沙区旱地耕作方式,优化土地利用结构及风蚀防治提供参考。     

旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培技术研究

针对甘肃中部半干旱旱作区春季降水少、土壤墒情差、胡麻保全苗难等问题探讨旱地胡麻地膜栽培模式对胡麻产量的影响。试验结果表明,旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培可防止胡麻出苗板结,有效提高胡麻出苗率,明显减少土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,胡麻生长的前期地温明显提高,胡麻的经济性状明显改善,增产效果明显,经济效益显著;旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培水分生产率,比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别提高28.28%、40.33%和116.17%;比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别增产22.04%、28.74%和53.74%,是目前旱地胡麻增产稳产高产的最佳的栽培模式。     

不同施肥水平下全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤酶活性及氮磷养分含量的动态变化

为进一步完善全膜双垄沟播玉米栽培技术体系,采用大田随机区组试验法,研究了不同施肥水平下全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤酶活性及氮磷养分含量的动态变化情况。结果表明：在玉米生长前期,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性以及碱解氮、速效磷含量均呈现快速增长趋势。脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性和碱解氮含量均在拔节期达到最大值,碱性磷酸酶活性和速效磷含量在抽雄期达到最大值。在玉米生长后期,各种土壤酶活性和氮磷养分含量又呈降低趋势。土壤脲酶活性与氮磷养分含量,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与速效磷含量均存在显著或极显著正相关关系,土壤蔗糖酶活性与氮磷养分含量也存在显著的正相关关系,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性与氮磷养分含量之间,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与碱解氮之间无显著相关关系。西北干旱半干旱地区全膜双垄沟播玉米种植密度确定为6．75×104株·hm-2时,最佳施肥量为纯N 210 kg·hm-2、P2O5168 kg·hm-2。     

不同灌水水平下少耕地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率的影响

以大田玉米为研究对象,在少耕地膜覆盖和不同灌水水平下,研究了一膜两年用地膜覆盖、秋免耕春覆膜和传统耕作覆膜对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:与传统耕作覆膜和秋免耕春覆膜两种新膜覆盖处理相比,一膜两年用处理在玉米播种到拔节期的增温效果显著低于新膜覆盖,农田0~25 cm土壤平均温度较传统覆膜处理低13.35%,而对玉米拔节期到成熟期的土壤温度无明显影响,且农田0~25 cm土层土壤积温差异也不显著,相同覆膜方式下不同灌水水平间有显著差异,随着灌水水平的降低土壤积温增加;一膜两年用地膜覆盖方式下玉米籽粒产量和WUE与两种新膜覆盖方式相当,中灌水水平下WUE最高,达到17.89kg·mm-1,且在低灌水水平下获得籽粒产量显著高于传统覆膜处理,一膜两年用覆盖、灌溉定额5 700 m3·hm-2较传统耕作覆膜、灌水定额5 700 m3hm-2处理的玉米产量高出16.39%。说明,一膜两年用地膜覆盖在玉米播种到拔节期的增温效应低于新膜覆盖,但并不影响籽粒产量的形成,且在存在水分胁迫的低灌水水平下一膜两年用覆盖模式可减缓干旱胁迫,提高作物籽粒产量,是适于西北绿洲灌区的具有较好经济效益和生态效益的覆膜农田管理新技术。     

双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培对甘肃中部坡耕地水土流失和作物产量的影响

在甘肃省榆中县黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的坡耕地,采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播(DRM)、全膜平铺覆盖(WM)、条膜(半膜)起垄覆盖(RM)、条膜(半膜)平铺覆盖(NM)、露地条播(CK)5个处理进行对比试验。结果表明,双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培具有良好的减少坡耕地土壤水土流失的作用,土壤流失量分别较露地条播、条膜起垄、条膜平铺、全膜平铺下降了56.07%、67.24%、71.59%、82.47%;作物产量大幅度提高,玉米产量分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺增产46.76%和58.07%,蚕豆产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产46.52%、54.99%和102.96%,马铃薯产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产95.21%、76.30%和74.89%。玉米的水分生产率分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺提高4.77 kg/(mm.hm2)和9.47 kg/(mm.hm2),蚕豆的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高3.24、6.58 kg/(mm.hm2)和5.03 kg/(mm.hm2),马铃薯的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高47.35、42.02、41.57 kg/(mm.hm2)。黄土高原丘陵沟壑半干旱雨养农业区坡耕地采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培,具有良好的减少土壤水土流失的作用,能够最大限度地集蓄天然降水,加之其明显的增温保温作用,可大幅度地提高作物产量,降水生产率显著提高。     

垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响

采用大田试验,设置垄作覆膜(A1B1)、平作覆膜(A1B2)、垄作不覆膜(A2B1)、平作不覆膜(A2B2)4个处理,研究垄作与覆膜对川中丘区春玉米田土壤物理性状和产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖显著提高了丘陵旱地玉米生育前期耕层土壤水分和温度;垄作栽培显著降低耕层土壤容重,增大土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度;垄作与覆膜措施相结合可有效改善土壤水热状况和物理结构。从玉米穗部性状和产量看,覆膜显著提高玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重,降低秃尖长,产量较不覆膜处理平均增加20.2%。垄作对玉米穗部性状和产量的影响因覆膜与否而异。覆膜下,垄作较平作显著提高了穗粒数,降低了秃尖长,产量较平作增加7.7%;不覆膜下,垄作则显著降低穗粒数、百粒重,产量较平作降低12.6%。相关分析表明玉米产量与生育前期土壤温度和土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系。垄作覆膜通过提高玉米生育前期土壤温度和含水量,改善了耕层土壤物理性状,最终提高了玉米产量。     

不同覆膜栽培方式对天水旱地冬油菜生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响

以全膜双垄沟播、全膜覆土、全膜平铺、起垄膜侧和露地栽培5种处理方式,研究了不同覆膜栽培方式对冬油菜生育期、越冬率、产量和经济性状、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：全膜双垄沟播、全膜覆土、全膜平铺、起垄膜侧 栽培冬油菜,均能不同程度影响冬油菜单株经济性状,提高水分利用效率和越冬率,增加产量,缩短生育期;其中全膜双垄沟播栽培效果最好,水分利用效率比露地栽培（对照）提高3.4 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,生育期缩短7 d,越冬率提高24.5%,产量达3 194.46 kg·hm^-2,增产42.8%;全膜平铺栽培增产33.9%,全膜覆土栽培增产26.0%,起垄膜侧栽培增产24.8%。     

水分亏缺对膜下滴灌制种玉米生长及产量的影响

张掖国家重点灌溉试验站大田采用膜下调亏滴灌试验方法,在苗期、拔节、抽穗和灌浆期分别进行不同强度水分胁迫(土壤水分梯度:田间持水量的75%、60%、45%),观察分析制种玉米对水分亏缺的反应.结果表明,拔节～抽穗期缺水抑制叶面积的扩展,造成植株矮小,产量降低;抽穗～灌浆期胁迫影响制种玉米库容建立,籽粒小,千粒重低;苗期～拔节、灌浆～成熟期缺水对产量影响甚微;持续或交替水分胁迫严重抑制叶龄进程,显著降低产量.据此提出了在拔节～灌浆期充分供水,成熟期减小供水、保持适度的水分亏缺的制种玉米节水高产水分调控模式.