复合型抗盐剂对NaCl胁迫下小麦种子萌发和生长的影响

将KNO₃、CaCl₂、DA-6、KH₂PO₄、FeSO₄·7H₂O、MgSO₄·7H₂O和蔗糖7种物质组合配制复合型抗盐剂,以‘济麦22’为研究材料,采用水培法,探讨了不同浓度(0.2%、0.4%和0.6%)盐(NaCl)胁迫下,施加不同浓度(10%、20%和30%)抗盐剂对种子萌发及后续幼苗生长的影响,并提出了适合小麦的抗盐剂配方。结果表明：(1)30%、20%、10%抗盐剂分别对0.2%、0.4%、0.6%NaCl胁迫下小麦种子萌发的促进效果最好,发芽率分别提高了6.4%、12.0%、26.5%。(2)0.6%NaCl胁迫下添加抗盐剂,根干质量显著增加了29.7%～35.9%;在抗盐剂作用下,光合速率分别提高了67.5%～90.0%(0.2%NaCl胁迫)、13.3%～51.5%(0.4%NaCl胁迫)和0.4%～25.5%(0.6%NaCl胁迫),且30%抗盐剂显著增强了0.2%NaCl胁迫下小麦的光合作...     

盐胁迫对不同基因型玉米生理特性和产量的影响

选用两种不同的玉米品种登海9号及浚单18,在不同大田盐浓度下生长,测定它们的产量以及在实验室通过不同浓度的盐胁迫测定它们的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、根系活力及生长量,以了解盐胁迫对不同基因型玉米生理特性和产量的影响。结果表明,在大田不同盐浓度土壤栽培的玉米,随着盐浓度的增加产量逐渐降低,并且盐敏感玉米浚单18的降低幅度大于抗盐品种登海9号。盐胁迫条件下,玉米的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、根系活力及生长量均随着盐胁迫浓度的提高而逐渐降低,并且耐盐品种登海9号的降低幅度小于盐敏感品种。     

硅对盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗生理效应的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞殊"(Cabernet Sauvignon,CS)1年生扦插苗为试材,采用营养液水培系统,研究了根施外源硅(K2SiO3·9H2O,Si)对盐(50 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄幼苗叶片生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫处理下,葡萄幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O2-')产生速率加快,过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对膜透性增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强;组织含水量降低;施用2.0mmol/L Si明显抑制了O2-、H2O2和MDA的积累,增加了组织含水量,并进一步提高了抗氧化酶SOD和POD的活性.说明外源Si可通过提高盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗体内的抗氧化酶活性,从而降低活性氧(ROS)水平,一定程度上减轻盐胁迫对植株所造成的细胞膜脂过氧化伤害,增强其耐盐性.     

持续盐胁迫对制干辣椒生长的影响

以改良佳线、赤峰板椒、日本金塔三个制干辣椒品种为材料,利用不同浓度的Na HCO3从辣椒现蕾期开始进行持续胁迫处理,定期采样测定其生长与生理指标,以确定持续盐胁迫对制干辣椒生长的影响。研究结果表明:30 mmol·L-1、60 mmol·L-1Na HCO3短期胁迫一定程度上可以促进改良佳线和日本金塔的生长;30 mmol·L-1Na HCO3胁迫可促进改良佳线与日本金塔叶绿素合成,60 mmol·L-1Na HCO3胁迫下,日本金塔与改良佳线叶绿素含量没有明显下降;而在低浓度盐胁迫下赤峰板椒的生长和叶绿素合成已经受到抑制,90 mmol·L-1Na HCO3胁迫下,三种辣椒生长和叶绿素合成均受到抑制;三种辣椒的丙二醛含量和质膜透性均随胁迫浓度的加重和时间的延长表现为上升的趋势,说明盐胁迫越重,胁迫时间越长,质膜受损伤的程度越高,改良佳线与日本金塔的上升幅度要小于赤峰板椒;Na HCO3胁迫下,三种辣椒脯氨酸含量均大于对照,并且叶片内脯氨酸的积累随胁迫强度的增加而增加。与赤峰板椒相比,改良佳线与日本金塔有较强的脯氨酸积累能力。综合分析得出,改良佳线与日本金塔耐盐性良好,赤峰板椒耐盐性弱。     

盐碱胁迫对盐生植物种子萌发的影响

采用不同浓度的NaCl(中性盐)和Na2CO3(碱性盐)胁迫三种盐生植物盐地碱蓬、碱蓬和盐爪爪正在萌发的种子,以研究不同类型盐对种子萌发特性的影响.结果表明,随着两种盐浓度的升高,种子萌发率下降,萌发率与盐浓度间呈现显著的负相关关系;盐地碱蓬、碱蓬和盐爪爪种子萌发率与NaCl胁迫相关系数分别为0.9206、0.8989和0.8956,与Na2CO3胁迫相关系数分别为0.9148、0.7193和0.6327;蒸馏水中三种盐生植物种子萌发率最高,Na2CO3对种子萌发的抑制作用强于NaCl.     

百合转S6PDH基因植株的抗盐性鉴定

对农杆菌介导S6PDH基因导入麝香百合的转化植株和对照进行盐胁迫处理,通过测定相关生理指标,对其抗盐性进行评价。研究结果表明:随着盐胁迫(10 g/L NaCl)时间延长,转化苗叶片与对照的电导率和MDA含量均呈上升趋势,可溶性蛋白含量均下降,同时SOD、POD、CAT、APX酶活性均呈先升后降趋势;但在整个胁迫过程中,转化苗电导率和MDA含量均小于对照,可溶性蛋白含量比对照高,且具有比对照更高的酶活性,通过差异显著性分析,差异达显著水平。说明转化苗已经明显表现出了较强的抗盐性。     

盐旱胁迫下侧柏幼苗的生理响应及水杨酸的调控作用

以侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)幼苗为材料,采用根灌外施水杨酸的方式,探讨盐(200mM NaCl)旱(15%PEG6000)胁迫下侧柏幼苗的生长、叶绿素、活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质含量的响应变化以及水杨酸(0.5mM SA)对其的调控。结果显示:NaCl、PEG6000和NaCl+PEG6000三种胁迫处理抑制了侧柏幼苗的生长、叶绿素、抗氧化物酶(SOD和POD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著增加,可溶性蛋白则降低,且均表现为复合胁迫介于单一胁迫之间,除GSH外,影响程度均为NaCl>NaCl+PEG>PEG;外施低浓度0.5mM水杨酸可提高侧柏幼苗的生长、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性和GSH含量、渗透调节物质含量,并降低了H_2O_2和MDA积累。研究发现,盐旱复合胁迫对侧柏幼苗生理特性的影响并不是单一胁迫的简单叠加,与单一干旱胁迫相比,盐旱复合胁迫在一定程度上能够缓解干旱胁迫对侧柏幼苗生长的影响;一定浓度水杨酸同样能够有效缓解盐旱单一或复合胁迫对侧柏幼苗造成的生理伤害,提高其抗性。     

NaCl和Na_2CO_3对枸杞的胁迫效应

对5个月苗龄的枸杞幼苗用0.3%～0.9%的中性盐NaCl和碱性盐Na2CO3处理,以观察枸杞幼苗对盐碱的耐受程度。结果表明:枸杞耐Na2CO3的最高浓度为0.3%,而耐NaCl的最高浓度为0.9%。在两种盐胁迫下,相对生长率、O2-·、H2O2、MDA含量以及质膜透性的变化趋势基本相似。但是,在Na2CO3胁迫下,相对生长率明显下降,O2-·、H2O2、MDA含量上升加剧,质膜透性也明显增加。叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量明显下降;可溶性糖和淀粉含量出现明显下降趋势。而在NaCl胁迫下,叶片可溶性糖含量出现先降后升的趋势,根中的淀粉含量也出现缓慢上升的趋势,并且二者差异显著(P<0.05),由此说明枸杞对盐的耐受力高于碱。     

不同抗盐性苹果砧木对盐胁迫的生理响应

探究盐胁迫对两种抗性不同苹果砧木垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’(Malus halliana Koehne)和山定子(Malus baccata Borkh)生理特性的影响,解析苹果属资源的抗盐机理。以1 a生垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’和山定子苗为试材,通过盆栽浇灌Hogland营养液的方法,在100 mM NaCl短期(3 d)和长期(40 d)胁迫下,测定光合及荧光参数、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,分析不同抗性苹果砧木响应盐胁迫的生理差异。结果表明:盐胁迫显著降低叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),使胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、初始荧光(F_0)、非调节性能量耗散(Y(NO))和非光化学淬灭系数(qN)增加;盐胁迫下,2种砧木Tr无显著差异,垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’的Pn、Gs、F_v/F_m、ΦPSⅡ和qP均显著高于山定子,与CK相比,垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’叶片的Pn、Gs、F_v/F_m、ΦPSⅡ和qP降幅分别为58.4%、57.90%、12.90%、67.00%和48.60%,而山定子为91.90%、82.4%、83.90%、84.20%和76.40%,垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’叶片的Ci、F_0、Y(NO)和qN分别为山定子的0.76、0.78、0.61倍和0.82倍,‘9-1-6’光合电子传递速率(ETR)先升后降,而山定子的ETR持续下降,且抗盐性砧木垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’的降幅和升幅均小于盐敏感砧木山定子;盐胁迫下,垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物歧化酶(POD)和抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)活性均呈先升后降的趋势,分别为山定子的1.33、1.38倍和1.23倍;垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’调节性能量耗散(Y(NPQ))和脯氨酸(Pro)含量持续上升,与CK相比,分别上升了158.0%和87.9%,而山定子持续下降,分别为CK的69.4%和69.2%;垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’叶片抗坏血酸、蔗糖和山梨醇含量显著高于山定子,与CK相比,垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’分别上升了49.8%、39.9%和36.2%,山定子分别上升了50.2%、23.4%和18.5%;垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’叶片过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量显著低于山定子,仅为其82.6%。高抗盐砧木垂丝海棠‘9-1-6’通过光合机制自我调节,从而保持较高的Pn和F_v/F_m,积累渗透调节物质(蔗糖、山梨醇和Pro)调节细胞的渗透平衡、提高抗氧化酶(APX、SOD、POD)活性有效清除ROS,保持膜系统相对稳定,是其应对盐胁迫的重要机理。     

小白菜抗盐胁迫的根系响应机制

以前期筛选得到的抗盐品种‘四倍体矮脚黄’和盐敏感品种‘改良605’为材料,采用水培方法,研究了两品种在根系形态、根系细胞质膜伤害、根系渗透调节物质含量和根系活性氧及其清除系统对盐胁迫的响应。试验结果表明,‘四倍体矮脚黄’盐处理组的根系长度、根系分支数、根毛直径等分别较CK降低了0.71 cm、0.6个·株-1、0.28 mm和2.5μm,根毛密度较CK增加了3根·mm-1,除根毛长度较CK显著降低外(P0.05),其它指标均与CK差异不显著。而‘改良605’在盐处理组未见根毛分化,根系也不分支,其根长、根系分支数、根毛长度、根毛直径和根毛密度等较CK的降低值分别为:5.87 cm、5.0个·株-1、0.63 mm、17.3μm和24根·mm-1,远远高于‘四倍体矮脚黄’。盐处理组各指标均极显著低于CK(P0.01)。生理指标测定结果表明,盐胁迫促使两个品种根系可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量增加,相对电导率提高,保护酶活性降低,Na~+/K~+比值增大,活性氧积累,但抗盐品种‘四倍体矮脚黄’的变化程度小于盐敏感品种‘改良605’。     

Competition between weeds and wet season transplanted paddy rice for nitrogen use, growth and yield in the central and northern regions of Laos

To quantify the effect of weeds on the nitrogen (N) use, growth and yield of wet season paddy rice in the central and northern regions of Laos, we surveyed the paddy fields in these regions in October 1999 and November 2000. We found 13 weed species in total, but there were few major weeds abundant at the survey sites. In the infertile soils under rainfed conditions, weed growth was poor. Rough rice yield, the number of panicles, the number of seeds per square meter, the above-ground biomass of paddy rice and the amount of N accumulated in the above-ground biomass of paddy rice (amount of N in rice) were suppressed by competition with weeds. However, harvest index (HI) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of paddy rice were not suppressed by competition with weeds. The amount of N in rice was suppressed by competition with weeds, the number of panicles decreased as the amount of N in rice decreased, and the number of seeds per square meter decreased as the number of panicles decreased. As a result, rough rice yield was suppressed by competition with weeds. The weeds competed with paddy rice for N uptake during the productive tillering stage. However, the ability of paddy rice to compete for N uptake with weeds was not reduced under rainfed lowland conditions. When the weeds were completely removed, the amount of N in rice increased. Rough rice yield may be increased by 10% under rainfed lowland conditions and by 17–19% under irrigated conditions.     

Impact of direct dry seeding on rainfed paddy vegetation in north-east Thailand

In north-east Thailand where rainfed paddy cultivation is commonplace, direct dry seeding is replacing transplanting to increase the frequency of successful plantings and to save labor. The present study shows the impact of this change on paddy vegetation from agricultural and ecological viewpoints. One hundred and seventy-nine paddy fields from a wide range of climatic, topography, soil and hydrological conditions were used in this study. Authors visited these fields every 3 weeks during the rainy seasons of 1996–1998 to collect data about water conditions, rice growth, progress of cultivation, paddy vegetation and roughness (unevenness) of the soil surface. Analysis of this data revealed that direct dry seeded fields are resource-poor and have a wider range of water conditions within a field than transplanted fields due to a rougher soil surface. This results in lower productivity of total vegetation for rice growing in direct dry seeded fields. However, weed productivity was not significantly different between the direct dry seeding and transplanted fields. Direct dry seeded fields have more species-rich vegetation and greater diversity than the transplanted fields. Previous planting methods for particular fields did not influence productivity and diversity of paddy vegetation. It is concluded that the use of direct dry seeding increases biomass production of rice and the diversity of the paddy vegetation. The present results also suggest that an analytical framework be used to integrate agricultural and ecological studies of paddy vegetation in order to harmonize agricultural productivity with biological diversity.     

稗对水稻生长和产量性状的影响及其经济阈值

稗Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv.在稻田的发生危害对水稻生产造成了严重威胁.为明确稗对水稻生长的影响及其经济危害允许水平,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究了不同稗草密度下水稻各产量性状的变化规律.研究结果表明,水稻在稗的竞争干扰下,植株的分蘖数、有效穗数、千粒重及产量均随稗草密度的增加而逐渐降低.指数模型y=beax可以较好地拟合稗对水稻分蘖数(y=493.74e-0.0164x,P＜0.0001)、有效穗数(y=437.2e-0.0165x,P＜0.0001)及千粒重(y=21.876e-0.0006x,P＜0.005)的影响,而对数模型y=aLnx b拟合稗与水稻产量(y=-1250.4Lnx 6375.4,P＜0.0001)及产量损失(y=18.844Lnx 3.9182,P＜0.0001)间的关系最佳.稻田使用乙苄、丁草胺、禾大壮、二氯喹啉酸等药剂进行化学除草时,稗的经济危害允许水平在0.71%～1.10%之间,经济阈值在0.85株/m2左右.     

应用多元逐步回归分析法评价稻田生态系统稳定性

为明确稻田生态系统稳定性量化评价指标,通过扫网法调查了2010年和2011年江西省万载县茭湖乡茭湖村有机稻田和化防稻田2种稻田节肢动物群落结构特征参数的动态变化,并利用SAS 9.0软件对2种稻田中节肢动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与个体数、物种数、优势集中性指数、物种丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数进行多元逐步回归分析。结果显示:连续2年有机稻田物种数(102、145)和个体数(5 228、5 811)均高于化防稻田物种数(78、102)和个体数(2 222、2 329);在2010年水稻生长期,除个别调查日期外,有机稻田优势集中性指数(0.25、0.27、0.15、0.10、0.11、0.09)整体低于化防稻田(0.30、0.40、0.18、0.17、0.24、0.14),多样性指数(1.69、2.44、2.83、2.93、2.85)整体高于化防稻田(1.39、2.24、2.35、2.29、2.49);在2011年水稻生长前、中期,有机稻田优势集中性指数(0.38、0.33、0.27、0.63、0.40)大于化防稻田(0.27、0.32、0.17、0.58、0.20);水稻抽穗扬花期,有机稻田优势集中性指数(0.06、0.04、0.05)低于化防稻田(0.12、0.05、0.12),多样性指数恰好相反。2011—2012连续2年2种类型稻田多元逐步回归方程中仅有Pielou均匀度指数与多样性指数呈显著正相关关系,有机稻田的Pielou均匀度指数回归系数(1.45、2.37)均小于化防稻田(3.37、3.16);有机稻田的常数(1.24、-0.37)均大于化防稻田(-0.64、-0.44)。表明以稻田节肢动物群落多样性指数为因变量的多元逐步回归方程中常数和Pielou均匀度指数回归系数可作为稻田生态系统稳定性测定指标。     

A case study of infection of rice roots by deleterious fungi and minor pathogenic<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pythium</Emphasis> species in a paddy field

Roots of rice plants grown in paddy fields in a transplant culture system were collected seven times between 8 and 22 weeks after transplanting, for two crop seasons. Rice seedlings grown in a potting medium amended with the collected roots were significantly shorter than those grown in the same medium either without the addition of the roots or amended with pasteurized, collected roots indicating that seedlings were inhibited by heat-labile microorganisms on the collected rice roots. Ninety-five and 172 pure cultures of Pythium spp. and fungi, respectively, were isolated from the rice roots collected 5 or 7.5 weeks after transplanting in the fields. Among these microorganisms, Pythium aristosporum inhibited seedling growth in greenhouse experiments, and Acremonium sp., Alternaria sp., Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium sp., Massarina sp., Penicillium spp., Rhinocladiella sp., Stemphylium sp., Trichocladium sp., and several unidentified fungi inhibited seminal root growth in in vitro experiments. These microorganisms might be involved in the inhibition of seedling growth in soils amended with the rice roots collected from the paddy field. Thus, roots of rice plants at the middle stage of growth transplanted into paddy fields can harbor pathogenic or deleterious fungi or Pythium sp(p). The effects of these microorganisms on rice growth in paddy fields are discussed.     

我国近年来水稻重大病虫害可持续控制技术重要研究进展——非化学控害技术研究

针对水稻病虫害防治中长期存在控害保产与生产无公害稻米矛盾比较突出的问题,研究提出了几种效果显著的非化学控害增产技术。其中,利用水稻遗传背景、对病虫抗感水平等差异显著的水稻品种多样性种植,控制稻瘟病的效果达42.12％～76.68％,抑制白背飞虱若虫数量增长效果明显,增产糯稻或优质稻600～1050 kg／hm²,平均增收约1 500元／hm²;稻鱼共育控制稻飞虱的效果为63.77％～86.89％,对纹枯病病株抑制率70.52％,控制稻田杂草效果为89.57％,平收获鲜鱼319.5～1 177.5 kg／hm²,水稻产量比对照区增产7.05％～10.11％;稻鸭共育控制稻飞虱效果63.73％～77.18％,控制稻螟效果30.11％,控制纹枯病效果19.33％～67.03％,对稻田杂草控制效果91.96％,减少施肥30.6％、农药59.3％,减少投入1 987.05元／hm²。     

双季稻区稻水象甲的生物学特性研究

稻水象甲在浙江双季稻区每年发生２代，以成虫滞育越冬。春季越冬成虫迁入早稻田繁殖，形成１代致害种群；夏季１代成虫生殖滞育，绝大部分个体（９５％以上）迁出早稻田行夏蛰并越冬；秋季２代成虫羽化后，大部分迁飞山上草地越冬。     

Allelochemicals of barnyardgrass‐infested soil and their activities on crops and weeds

Barnyardgrass is one of the most noxious paddy weeds in the world and causes great trouble to many crops. In a bioassay, the aqueous extract of paddy soil infested with barnyardgrass showed phytotoxic action against the growth of the tested crops and paddy weeds, of which rice was the most suppressed among the crops. In contrast, barnyardgrass was the least affected paddy weed. By the use of a separation resin, 18 compounds belonging to terpenes, derivatives of cinnamic acid and ferulic acid, long‐chain fatty acids, and steroids that were potentially involved in the phytotoxic activities in barnyardgrass‐infested soil were isolated and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Of these, the quantities of linalool, 4‐terpinenol, coumaran, methyl phenethyl ketone, and methyl ester cinnamic acid were 1.42, 0.37, 0.02, 3.12, and 4.59 μg g^?1 of the wet soil, respectively. The herbicidal activity was varied among these qualified test compounds, in which methyl phenethyl ketone and methyl ester cinnamic acid were more herbicidal than coumaran, linalool, and 4‐terpinenol. A mixture of these compounds was also the least inhibitive against the growth of barnyardgrass, but exerted strong suppression against that of rice and monochoria. The present study demonstrates that barnyardgrass possesses strong phytotoxic properties and releases plant growth inhibitors into the soil to compete with rice and other paddy weeds in its vicinity by a chemical pathway.     

稻区种植制与三化螟种羣数量变动和为害程度的关系及稻螟防治策略的探讨

1963年在湖南沅江及南县选择隣近的种植制不同的五个生产大队,調查对比、分析耕作栽培措施及其他生态因素,与三化螟种羣数量消长及为害程度的关系,探索最經济有效的稻螟防治策略和综合措施。各对比点結果一致証明,在同一地区相距不远的大队間,三化螟发生基数大小的悬殊差別,是决定当年发生数量及为害程度輕重的一个重要因素。在适当的面积(大队)上結合耕作栽培措施相当彻底地消灭三化螟越冬幼虫,不仅可控制第一、二代的为害,且对压低第三、四代的发生量和为害程度也有明显的作用。在此基础上如能进一步结合夏收灭茬連續压低虫源,更可加強对后期螟害的控制。螟害程度决定于水稻最易受害生育期与稻螟盛发期配合的程度和螟虫发生数量的綜合影响。因此,在农业防治方面,結合耕作栽培措施压低虫源及調节水稻生育期并恶化螟虫的生活条件,均应尽可能的利用。扩种双季稻对三化螟的发生为害有有利和不利的两面。在湘北滨湖稻区的情况下,可以結合双季稻的耕作栽培,連續压低虫源作为控制螟害的一項措施。在种植制复杂的稻区,中稻早栽既可避免第三代三化螟的为害,且可促使第二、三代三化螟更多地集中在小面积的迟中稻或单季晚稻上,有利于集中施药歼灭。稻螟的防治策略应以农业防治为基础,結合重点药治。在种植制复杂的稻区建議采取結合耕作栽培連續压低虫源、調节水稻生育期及恶化螟虫生活条件的各項措施并药治二代桥梁田,对三、四代进行重点药治。     

Development of lowland weed management and weed succession in Japan

Since the introduction of rice production in Japan, lowland areas have been managed for rice production with the purpose of better rice growth, as well as lesser weed infestation. Rice is cropped every year in lowland fields by repeated cultivation of a single crop, with high yields and without soil sickness usually being observed in upland fields. This is probably because the irrigation water supplies various nutrients for healthy rice growth and the drainage washes out and removes harmful factors. However, until recently, the wet or flooded conditions of lowland fields in the Asian monsoon region never have allowed humans to cultivate useful summer crops, except rice or some aquatic plants. Therefore, the management of lowland areas in the Asian monsoon region has been significantly different from European field management, where crop rotation has been the traditional standard practice. Paddy weeds are aquatic plants or hygrophytes that have adapted to lowland fields. Traditionally, tillage and puddling were practiced seasonally in lowland fields on a regular schedule every year. Rice cultivation technology was developed and supported by regional irrigation systems that created stable environments for typical paddy weeds to complete their life cycle. After the introduction of chemical weed control, rice fields became very severe habitats for these paddy weeds, where they could not grow and reproduce without strategies for survival under herbicide exposure. Even so, many of the traditional paddy weeds survived because of their accumulated or uneradicated seed banks, although several aquatic plants were listed as endangered or threatened species. The important weed species changed, sometimes rapidly and sometimes slowly, depending both on their reproductive system and their biological response towards field management and weed control systems. Very recently, the level of perennial weeds, herbicide‐resistant weeds, and weedy rice has increased in paddy fields that are highly dependent on herbicide use. In addition, several hygrophyte species have invaded paddy fields. In order to address these issues, the improvement and application of integrated weed management methods are expected to be critical.