5种化学除草剂防除狼毒大戟药效试验

狼毒大戟(Euphorbia fischeriana)在草原上的大量分布严重影响草原生态和草地生产力,为筛选出最适宜防除狼毒大戟的除草剂、探索最佳防治时间和最佳施药量,通过对5种化学除草剂设置不同的施药量,在不同的施药时间对狼毒大戟进行防治试验。结果表明,48%三氯吡氧乙酸乳油防治效果最佳,防效可达99%,最佳施药时间为盛花期,最佳施药量为4.2 L/hm2。20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油、72%2,4-滴二甲胺盐水剂、48%麦草畏水剂、75%二氯吡啶酸可溶性粒剂防效均在30%左右,不适用于狼毒大戟的防治。     

瑞香狼毒根提取物防治菜粉蝶试验

采用盆载法和田间小区试验法,就瑞香狼毒（Ｓｔｒｌｌｅｒａ ｃｈａｍｅａｊａｓｍｅ Ｌ．）根乙醇提取物（简称ＳＣＥＥ）对菜粉蝶（Ｐｉｅｒｉｓ ｒａｐａｅ Ｌ．）的防效进行了试验,结果表明,ＳＣＥＥ对室外菜粉蝶有很好的防效。盆栽试验中,１．５％ＳＣＥＥ处理后１０ｄ保叶率达８９．８３％;田间小区试验中,１．５％ＳＣＥＥ处理２５ｄ的保叶率达９７．７６％。     

狼毒栅锈病调查及其用于控制狼毒的初步研究

狼毒(StellerachamaejasmeL.)为草地毒草,广泛分布于亚洲北部、中部至印度等地。我国主要分布在东北、华北、西南及宁夏、甘肃、青海、西藏、内蒙古等地。早春放牧时,由于家畜贪青或处于饥饿状态,常误食中毒,引起腹泻、呕吐,重者死亡[1]。同时,狼毒根深叶茂,与其它植物竞争水肥及空间的能力很强,严重影响草地优良牧草的正常生长。此外,狼毒还具有异株相克现象,其鲜根、茎、叶的水浸液及粉碎物对苜蓿、沙打旺、披碱草、老芒麦等20多种植物种子发芽和幼苗生长均有一定影响[2]。狼毒防除目前多以人工挖除和化学防除为主,但草地面积大,物种繁多…     

0.1%氧化苦参碱水剂防治菜青虫田间药效试验

田间试验结果表明:0.1%氧化苦参碱水剂80～200mL/667m2剂量,施药后3d防效达94.36～99.27%,药后7d其防效仍达99.08%以上,与对照药剂相比效果明显,适宜施药剂量为150mL/667m2。药后安全性调查表明该药剂对作物安全,适合“无公害”蔬菜生产。     

3种杀虫剂对咖啡根粉蚧的田间药效评价

选用3种新型杀虫剂5%吡虫啉颗粒剂、22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂、40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂开展田间咖啡根粉蚧防治试验。调查发现,药后1～7 d,各施药处理的防效逐渐升高,第7天时防效达最高;药后7～14 d防效维持稳定;药后14～21 d防效逐渐降低;药效持续期可达21 d。各施药处理中,以5%吡虫啉颗粒剂4 500 g/hm2+22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂75 mL/hm2混施处理对咖啡根粉蚧的防效最高,药后7 d达最高防效90.70%,药后21 d防效仍保持在70%以上,显著高于其他处理。     

二氯喹啉酸防除玉米田禾本科杂草试验初报

田间试验表明,在玉米出苗后3～5叶期、稗草2～5叶期时施用50%二氯喹啉酸WP450～600g(a.i)/hm2,对玉米田禾本科杂草具有较好的防除效果。施药后40d对杂草株防效可达90%以上,鲜重防效达92%,对玉米安全性好。     

无人机防控周年繁殖区草地 贪夜蛾效果初探

无人机施药是防治草地贪夜蛾的有效手段。海南是草地贪夜蛾的周年繁殖区,在海南开展飞防试验,筛选适合飞防的杀虫剂、无人机机型及施药时期,并研究施药时间点对防效的影响。结果表明,在草地贪夜蛾周年繁殖区进行2次飞防,防治效果均显著高于人工喷雾处理,且防控成本较低;无人机喷施氯虫苯甲酰胺的防治效果较好,第2次药后7 d防效达94.6%,显著高于茚虫威和甲维盐;在玉米苗期和小喇叭口期施药的效果最佳,药后7 d防效分别为94.3%和91.3%,显著高于大喇叭口期或抽雄期施药;在海南省东方市开展飞防,早7时或晚7时施药的防效较高。     

50%骠.异隆WP防除麦田杂草效果

采用50%骠.异隆375 g/hm2、562.5 g/hm2、750 g/h m2三个剂量,在整地质量好的麦田施药后40 d对碎米荠的密度防效均达100%;施药后80 d 对看麦娘密度防效分别为86.02%、90.90%及93.43%,鲜重防效分别为95.11%、96.77% 、97.96%;对牛繁缕的密度防效和鲜重防效均达100%。在整地质量差的试验田防除效果比整地精细的效果差。施用该药剂防除麦田杂草有增产作用,增产率分别为19.40%、23.83% 及22.11%。     

湖南省水稻二化螟防治药剂筛选研究初报

近年来二化螟在湖南省水稻上为害严重,对常用杀虫剂的抗性上升,需筛选高效替代药剂。通过田间施药试验,比较不同类型药剂的防治效果。第2次药后16 d,混剂或复配剂防效较高的有5%环虫酰肼悬浮剂50 mL/667m~2+20%三唑磷乳油150 mL/667m~2,残虫防效达92.00%,10%阿维·甲氧虫酰肼悬浮剂100 mL/667m~2防效达90.67%,35%水胺硫磷乳油100 mL/667m~2+90%杀虫单可湿性粉剂60 mL/667m~2防效达89.33%;单剂防效较高的有5%环虫酰肼悬浮剂100 mL/667m~2,防效达89.33%,5%丁虫腈乳油200 mL/667m~2防效为88.00%,40%毒死蜱乳油100 mL/667m~2防效为85.33%。     

不同剂量除草剂混配对野艾蒿的防除效果及对胡麻的安全性

为筛选出最适宜防除胡麻田恶性杂草野艾蒿的混配除草剂和最佳施药量,采用田间小区试验测定各除草剂混配处理对野艾蒿的除草效果及对胡麻的安全性。结果表明,二氯吡啶酸+2甲4氯钠盐对野艾蒿的防除效果最佳,施药后45 d株防效为83. 86%～98. 48%,鲜质量防效为95. 31%～99. 33%,最佳施药量为90 g/hm2+1 050 g/hm~2;二氯吡啶酸+莠去津最佳施药量为150 g/hm~2+450 g/hm~2,其株防效、鲜质量防效分别为91. 53%、94. 78%;苯唑草酮+莠去津最佳施药量为165 mL/hm~2+450 g/hm2,其株防效、鲜质量防效分别为74. 09%、84. 79%。筛选出的混配除草剂以及最佳施药量对胡麻安全性高,增产效果明显,可用于胡麻田野艾蒿的防除。     

植保无人机低容量喷雾防除玉米田杂草的雾滴沉积特性及除草效果

为探索植保无人机在4~6叶期玉米田喷施除草剂雾滴沉积分布规律及杂草防除效果, 通过改变药液雾滴粒径及喷液量测定了靶标杂草的雾滴沉积规律及对药效的影响?结果表明, 相同喷液量条件下, 靶区雾滴覆盖率和雾滴沉积量随雾滴粒径增大而增加, 雾滴密度随雾滴粒径增大而减少; 施药后30 d对杂草的株防效为72.87%~92.63%, 鲜重防效为83.07%~97.30%?研究结果为玉米田除草剂合理喷施?安全喷施提供了参考数据?     

除草剂与安全剂混用对杂草防效及糜子安全性的影响

为探讨除草剂与安全剂混用对杂草的防治效果及对糜子安全性的影响,以'榆糜2号'为试验材料,在糜子三叶期选取两种茎叶型除草剂——阔世玛(3.6％ 二磺 ? 甲碘隆水分散粒剂)和锐超麦(20％ 双氟 ? 氟氯酯可湿性粉剂)与两种安全剂——芸苔素内酯(brassinolide,BR)和赤霉素(gibbrellic acid,G...     

鸡粪沼液“新壮态”对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防控效果

为明确鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防控效果,于室内测定了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵和不同龄期幼虫的毒力,研究了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食的驱避效果,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,"新壮态"0倍稀释液对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵有杀灭作用,死亡率达54.76%;对2~4龄幼虫均无直接毒杀作用;对雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食均有明显的驱避活性,对雌成虫产卵驱避率为74.75%,处理5 min后对幼虫的选择性和非选择性驱避率分别为78.62%和45.60%。田间药效试验表明,鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊有一定的控制作用,并明显增加韭菜产量。     

几种除草剂及其组合对烟田杂草的防除效果

为了筛选高效安全烟田除草剂及除草剂组合,在广东烟区开展几种除草剂及除草剂组合对烟田杂草的防除效果试验。结果表明,芽前除草剂50%仲灵·异松乳油和72%异丙甲草胺乳油对烟田杂草防除效果较好,施药后60 d对杂草鲜质量防效分别为78.42%和71.62%;芽后除草剂25%砜嘧磺隆水分散粒剂和除草剂组合5%精喹禾灵乳油+48%灭草松水剂对烟田杂草的防效较好,施药后30 d对杂草鲜质量防效分别为78.72%和92.90%。     

Untersuchungen zum notwendigen Maß bei der Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Winterweizen in den Jahren 2004 bis 2016

In order to provide recommendations for future cropping systems with regard to the necessary minimum of pesticide use, a long-term field trial at the field site in Dahnsdorf of the Julius Kühn-Institute was conducted in the years 2004 to 2016 to investigate possible reduction of pesticides, taking into account the general principles of integrated pest management (Strategies to reduce the use of plant protection products). Two winter wheats (WW1 and WW2) were part of the crop rotation with six components and different quality classes (A wheat (WW1) and E wheat (WW2)) and resistance levels to important wheat pathogens. In all years, herbicides and fungicides were needed to control weeds and fungal pathogens due to the excess of the control threshold. Insecticides were only necessary in two years. When considering the treatment frequency index (TFI), the mean overall TFI varied with 2.6 in WW1 and 3.5 in WW2, but was significantly lower compared to practice. There were also differences in the mean fungicide TFI of the two crop rotation elements with 1.1 in WW1 and 1.6 in WW2 due to their different resistance level to important fungal pathogens. The same is true with regard to the herbicide TFI with of 1.1 in WW1 and 1.3 in WW2. The treatments in the strategies 2, 3 and 4 mostly resulted in significantly higher yields compared to the non-chemical strategy 1, which can be attributed to the strong weed and fungal infestations in strategy 1 and the good efficacy of the used plant protection products. The tended differences between strategy 2 with a situation-related application rate and the 25 and 50% reduced application rates in strategies 3 and 4, respectively, were not significant. A reduced application rate showed no negative long-term effects on weed emergence even after 13 years, but increased emergence numbers in strategies with reduced herbicide use. The results show that plant protection products savings are possible without significantly reducing yields. However, this requires a high level of human resources for monitoring and scoring the consistent observance of the principles of integrated pest management, such as the consideration of good crop rotation, the cultivation of resistant cultivars and the optimally coordinated treatments after the control threshold has been exceeded.     

Der gezielte Einsatz von reduzierten Aufwandmengen herbizider Tankmischungen in Mais – ein Beitrag zur Umsetzung des integrierten Pflanzenschutzes in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis

The competitive ability of maize is low in its early growth stages and because of this weed control is essential. Agricultural practice is dominated by chemical weed control. The trials indicated that some herbicide mixtures used at 75% of the permitted dose have herbicidal potential. In trials in the states Brandenburg, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt and Thüringen, four herbicide mixtures were tested in the years 2004 to 2006.The practiced 75% of permitted dose and 50% of permitted doses were tested for their herbicidal potential. The weed species react differently to reduced herbicide doses. 50% of the 26 recorded weed species showed no drop in herbicide treatment efficacy at a reduced dose compared to the recommended dose. A drop in efficacy of between 1 and 5% was recorded after use of reduced herbicide rates in 25% of the other recorded weed species. 15?% of all recorded weed species showed a drop of efficacy of between 5 to 10%. Only 10% of recorded weed species reacted with an efficacy drop of more than 10?% between recommended and reduced doses. The tested herbicide mixtures had a different herbicidal potential for specific weed species. The herbicide treatment in maize is carried out after emergence of the weed species. It is therefore possible to choose the most suitable herbicide mixture at the 50% dose rate with the smallest drop of efficacy to target the specific species. In this way only slightly more weeds survive at a higher density compared with the recommended dose rate. The selection pressure is hardly higher. The knowledge of the herbicidal potential of mixtures could be used in agricultural practice. In this way the input of active ingredient/area can be reduced by the approximate efficacy of herbicide treatments. The tested herbicide mixtures are only an example of how, by the knowledge of efficacy reserves of herbicide in relation to the weeds present, the applied dose can be better adapted to the treatment frequency index.     

Yield Trends during Take-all Decline in Spring Barley and Wheat Grown Continuously1

The effects of take-all, nitrogen and cropping sequence on grain yield were compared for spring barley and spring wheat grown in extended monoculture. Initial crops showed least take-all and maximum yields. Yields fell to a minimum more rapidly in wheat than in barley while the take-all intensity increased to a maximum; take-all decline occurred and yields improved from the 4th and 5th years respectively. Without nitrogen, yields were at their lowest level; application of nitrogen increased yields considerably with responses in proportion to the rate applied. At optimum rates, yield losses were 33% for wheat and 11% for barley with maximum disease intensity but only 9% and 3% respectively with take-all decline. Potential maximum yields in the absence of take-all were calculated to be greater with barley than with wheat.     

除草剂使用问题及对策

在除草剂使用中存在苗前用量偏低或低 ,整地质量差 ,施药过晚 ,土壤干旱 ;苗后施药期天气干旱 ,高温或喷液量过大 ,施药时期偏晚 ,混用不当 ;喷洒器械及喷洒技术落后等影响了药效 ,苗前除草剂应根据土壤有机质及质地确定用药量。采用混土施药法适期施药 ,苗后应因杂草叶龄确定施药时期。混用除草剂选择比例 ,干旱条件下施药时药液中加植物油喷雾助剂 ,选择合适的喷洒器械 ,使用前应进行调整     

6种杀菌剂对姜青枯病的防治效果

采用药剂浸种、发病前药剂灌根、发病初期药剂灌根3种处理评价了6种杀菌剂对姜青枯病的防治效果及对生姜产量的影响。结果表明:6种药剂中,以46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂和6%中生菌素水分散粒剂浸种处理对姜青枯病的预防效果最好,防效分别达到了86.61%和84.86%,产量较对照分别增加37.36%和31.35%。发病前药剂灌根处理中,以40%噻唑锌悬浮剂、46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂和5×10~8个/mL荧光假单胞菌水剂的预防效果较好,施药后7 d防效分别为87.55%、83.30%和80.78%,产量较对照分别增加35.03%、38.63%和29.92%。发病初期药剂灌根处理中,6种药剂防效均在45%以下,且产量显著低于发病前药剂灌根处理,表明姜青枯病发病后施药防治效果较差,根据姜青枯病发病规律提前用药可取得较好的防治效果。     

加拿大一枝黄花防除化学药剂的筛选及其应用效能

为获得防除加拿大一枝黄花的有效药剂,揭示化学防治的主要特征,采用单一药剂、单一药剂+助剂、混合药剂及触杀型+内吸型药剂4种药剂处理方式进行田间药效试验。结果表明,25%环嗪酮可溶液剂7 500mL/hm~2、41%草甘膦异丙铵盐水剂6 000mL/hm~2+有机硅300g/hm~2、20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油750mL/hm~2+20%草铵膦水剂8 740mL/hm~2、41%草甘膦异丙铵盐水剂6 000mL/hm~2+20%草铵膦水剂8 740mL/hm~2对加拿大一枝黄花的防效显著。施药35d后,株防效均达到100.00%,地上部分鲜重防效分别达到80.2%、90.4%、83.0%和88.9%。除25%环嗪酮可溶液剂致植株根腐效果不佳外,其余3种药剂组合地下部分鲜重防效均达到70%以上,可作为加拿大一枝黄花防除的典型药剂进行推广。组合药剂喷施方式表明,内吸型和触杀型药剂喷施顺序不同,对加拿大一枝黄花的防除效果存在明显差异。以单一药剂最大剂量防除加拿大一枝黄花的效果显示,喷施大剂量单一药剂不一定能明显提高防治效果。