2种蚜虫取食诱导棉花对棉长管蚜与棉蚜取食行为的影响

为研究棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossypii 与棉蚜 Aphis gossypii 对蚜虫取食诱导棉花的取食适应性, 揭示取食诱导下两种蚜虫的取食竞争机制, 采用刺探电位图谱技术(electrical penetration graph, EPG)测定在健康棉花、棉长管蚜或棉蚜诱导的棉花上取食6 h的棉长管蚜和棉蚜的16个重要参数, 比较两种蚜虫的取食行为。研究发现:1) 取食健康棉花时, 棉蚜在木质部(G波)的取食持续总时间长于棉长管蚜，棉蚜在木质部的取食能力大于棉长管蚜，但二者在韧皮部的取食能力相差不大。2) 取食棉长管蚜诱导的棉花时, 棉蚜取食韧皮部(E2波)持续的总时间为(2 531.33±60.86)s, 显著大于棉长管蚜E2波持续总时间［(2 196.00±98.91)s］;取食棉蚜诱导的棉花时, 棉蚜取食韧皮部、木质部持续的总时间显著长于棉长管蚜(P＜0.05), 说明棉蚜对于棉蚜诱导棉花的取食耐受性大于棉长管蚜。棉蚜对两种蚜虫取食诱导棉花的适应性更强, 更易在竞争中取得优势。棉长管蚜与棉蚜取食棉长管蚜或棉蚜诱导棉花的F波持续总时间长于健康棉花, 说明经取食诱导的棉花具有一定的抗虫性。     

5%吡虫啉·丁硫克百威乳油对柑橘蚜虫的防治效果

<正>蚜虫是为害柑橘新梢的主要害虫,主要种类有橘蚜、橘二叉蚜、桃蚜和棉蚜等。成虫和若虫群集在柑橘的芽、嫩梢、嫩叶、花蕾和幼果上吸食汁液为害,造成叶片卷曲,新梢枯死,落花落果。为了控制柑橘蚜虫的为害,笔者引进了青岛海纳     

大草蛉对3种蚜虫的捕食能力研究

为了明确大草蛉［(Chrysopa pallens (Rambur)］对田间3种常见蚜虫,桃粉大尾蚜［Hyalopterus amygdali (Blanchard)］、绣线菊蚜(Aphis citricola van der Goot)和牛蒡长管蚜［Uroleucon gobonis (Matsumura)］的捕食能力,在室内研究了大草蛉各龄幼虫、成虫对3种蚜虫的捕食量及大草蛉3龄幼虫对3种蚜虫的捕食功能反应。结果表明,大草蛉3龄幼虫对3种蚜虫的日均捕食量最高,单头大草蛉日均捕食牛蒡长管蚜、桃粉大尾蚜和绣线菊蚜的数量分别为24.9、37.3和103.1头;大草蛉成虫期对3种蚜虫的捕食总量显著高于整个幼虫阶段,在成虫期内,单头大草蛉对牛蒡长管蚜、桃粉大尾蚜和绣线菊蚜的平均捕食量分别为208.5、632.3和766.0头;大草蛉3龄幼虫对牛蒡长管蚜、桃粉大尾蚜和绣线菊蚜的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型。     

蚜虫传播芜菁花叶病毒和黄瓜花叶病毒 2.以病毒混合物传播

芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)容易由几种蚜虫以口针携时和非持久性方式传播。我们曾描述过TuMV或CMV在桃蚜、棉蚜、甘兰蚜和萝卜蚜上的传播效率和保持期。观察结果表明TuMV由桃蚜和棉蚜传毒效率很高,CMV的棉蚜传播效率高,但很少由桃蚜传播。本文进一步报道蚜虫从TuMV和CMV双重浸染的植株     

福州地区柑桔蚜虫的种群动态

福州地区为害柑桔的蚜虫有7种。绣线菊蚜 Aphis citricola van der Goot为秋季重发型;棉蚜 A.gossypii Glover春、夏发生为主,桔蚜 Toxoptera citricidus(Kirkaldy)为全年轻发型。春季蚜虫的虫源以迁入为主。有翅蚜梢率和有翅胎生蚜的数量与受害程度之间有显著相关性。柑桔新梢的抽发时期、数量和成熟的快慢对蚜虫种群的变动产生重要影响。     

花椒蚜虫生物学特性及其综合防治

为害花椒的蚜虫,已鉴定出的有两种,一种是棉蚜(Aphisgossypii Glover),另一种是橘蚜[Toxoptera citricdus(kirkaldy)].两种蚜虫均俗称腻虫、旱虫、蜜虫,均属同翅目蚜科(Aphidi-dae),以若、成蚜群集在花椒嫩芽、嫩梢、嫩叶、幼果等上吸食为害,使之卷叶畸形,并分泌大量蜜露,诱发烟煤病,阻碍光合作用,影响树势,引致落叶、落花和落果,影响产量和品质.     

新疆棉蚜发生规律

新疆以往为害棉花的蚜虫主要是棉长管蚜和棉黑蚜,但发生面积一般较小,且为害较轻。棉蚜(Aphis gosspii Glorer)在我区虽有分布,但田间很少发现,因此鲜为人知。1985年吐鲁番市棉田突然发生棉蚜,发生面积达3万亩。1986年该市棉蚜发生更为严重,发生面积共达8.56万亩,其中棉花受害面积为7.42万亩,甜瓜受害1.14万亩,经济损失达一千多万元。1986年哈密市棉、瓜田也发生了棉蚜。此后,新疆各植棉区均发现和发生了棉蚜,如1987年喀什地区棉蚜发生面积为22.54万亩,     

蚜虫为害对五个燕麦品种苗期体内几种物质的影响

［目的］研究蚜虫为害后燕麦苗期植株体内的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、总酚含量的变化,评价这4种物质与燕麦抗蚜性的关系,探索燕麦抗蚜的生化机制,为选育抗蚜燕麦品种提供科学依据。［方法］ 选取田间具有不同抗蚜表现的5个燕麦品种,待幼苗长至3叶期接蚜,分别于接蚜时和接蚜后不同时间测定其体内的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、总酚的含量,与同期未接蚜植株做比较。［结果］ 随着感蚜时间增加,每个品种叶绿素含量均明显降低,作为抗蚜物质的总酚含量增加,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白也有所增加。［结论］ 说明燕麦的抗蚜性与其体内的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、酚类物质含量有关。     

禾谷缢管蚜对三个小麦品种幼苗保护酶的影响

［目的］ 研究禾谷缢管蚜对3个小麦品种幼苗保护酶的影响。［方法］采用室内人工接虫的方法,研究‘XM800’(高抗)、‘Selkirk Yr27’(中抗)和‘兰天24号’(高感) 3种不同抗蚜小麦品种受禾谷缢管蚜［Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)］为害初期幼苗体内SOD、POD、PPO等酶活性的变化。［结果］ 禾谷缢管蚜为害后,在一定时期内3个小麦品种的SOD、POD、PPO 活性都呈上升趋势,且品种抗性越强,酶活力增加越明显;3个小麦品种之间SOD、POD、PPO 活性差异显著（p＜0.05）。［结论］ 3个小麦品种SOD、POD、PPO 活性变化的差异,基本反映了其田间抗蚜性的差异水平。     

南京地区夏大豆田蚜虫的消长与大豆花叶病毒(SMV)病的流行

南京地区夏大豆田的定殖蚜虫主要是大豆蚜(Aphis glycines)。1987和1988两年黄皿共诱到29种蚜虫,其中以大豆蚜数量最多,是传播SMV的主要介体,其他介体蚜虫有:绣线菊蚜(A.citricola),豆蚜(A.craccivora)、棉蚜(A.gossypii)、萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)、桃蚜(Myzus persicae)、玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis)、麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)和二叶草彩斑蚜(Therioaphis trifolii)。1987年蚜虫迁飞峰出现在大豆花期以前,2周后田间出现发病高峰,SMV发病增长率与蚜虫迁飞量呈显著的线性正相关(P<0.01);1988年蚜虫迁飞峰发生在大豆花期以后,其迁飞量与SMV的流行无显著线性相关(P>0.05)。     

Translocation and translaminar bioavailability of two neonicotinoid insecticides after foliar application to cabbage and cotton

A laboratory study was undertaken to investigate the leaf systemic properties and the translaminar aphicidal activity of two commercialised neonicotinoid (chloronicotinyl) insecticides. For that purpose [14C]imidacloprid was subjected to uptake and translocation studies in cabbage and cotton after foliar application. Foliar penetration and short-term translocation patterns of imidacloprid were similar in both plant species. Nevertheless imidacloprid penetrated twice as much into cabbage leaves as it did into cotton leaves. It showed a comparable translaminar behaviour and was entirely translocated acropetally, indicating its well-known xylem mobility. The translaminar and acropetal movement of imidacloprid and acetamiprid were quantified by simple laboratory bioassays using the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), as typical homopteran pests for cabbage and cotton, respectively. A single dose (7.5 micrograms AI per leaf) applied to the upper leaf surface of cabbage and cotton was tested against aphids feeding on the lower leaf surface both close to and distant from the site of application 1, 5 and 12 days after treatment. The translaminar residual activity of imidacloprid on cabbage leaves was superior to that of acetamiprid, whereas its translaminar efficacy against A gossypii on cotton was inferior to that of acetamiprid. However, oral ingestion bioassays using an artificial double membrane feeding system revealed no significant differences in intrinsic activity between the two neonicotinoids tested.     

铁皮石斛茎基部2种主要病害病原菌的分离与鉴定

铁皮石斛茎基部病害是铁皮石斛的重要病害,严重影响铁皮石斛的产量和质量。为了明确引起浙江铁皮石斛茎基部主要病害的病原菌,采集具典型症状的发病植株进行病原菌的分离、纯化、病原菌形态学特征观察、rDNAITS序列分析、致病性试验结合田间症状,明确浙江铁皮石斛茎基部主要病害是由齐整小核菌Sclerotiumrolfsii引起的白绢病和由尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum引起的枯萎病。两种病害都侵染茎基部和茎,并最终导致整株死亡,区别是白绢病发病初期病部通常呈水渍状、褪绿、略肿大、有时伴有黄色液体渗出,后腐烂枯死;枯萎病初期茎秆褪绿、萎蔫,后缢缩干枯而死。湿度大时,前者病部遍布白色绢状菌丝体;后者病部出现白色及粉红色霉状物。     

Previous infestation affects recolonization of cotton byAphis gossypii: induced resistance or plant damage?

The effect of previous infestation by the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) on resistance of cotton seedlings to further infestation by the same insect, was examined in the laboratory. Seedlings which survived a heavy infestation and produced new leaves, were recolonized artificially and the fate of the colonizers was monitored. The two cotton varieties used in the experiments differed in resistance to aphid colonization, and a few seedlings were initially unsuitable for aphid colonization. Aphids transferred to new leaves on previously infested plants were not so successful as on uninfested seedlings and repeated attempts over a few weeks were sometimes required until a colony became established. Reinfested plants often showed no visible signs of stress, but the aphid colonies were frequently of the ‘yellow dwarf’ morph, indicating that the plants had been stressed after the first infestation. We suggest that damage caused by the first infestation — and not the production of some excess metabolites — is the reason for the lower success on previously infested plants.     

利用当地天敌综合治理棉蚜的试验研究

棉蚜是朝阳棉区的重要害虫,由于单纯依靠化学杀虫剂防治,结果虫害越来越重。朝阳县十二台公社自1975～1981年以来,采取了利用和保护当地天敌,积极开展综合防治棉蚜,几年来收到了明显的效果。1980年全公社9249亩棉田中7817亩棉田完全未用杀虫剂,1107亩棉田基本没有使用化学杀虫剂,仅点片阶段点涂1～2次,就是在棉蚜特大发生的1981年,全社12240亩棉田中5225亩棉田完全未用杀虫剂,5220亩棉田也仅仅点涂1～2次,这两年都有效地控制了棉蚜的危害。几年来防治费用大大降低,仅十二台公社3年就节省用药资金十万多元。皮棉单产接近或略高于同类地块的纯化防棉田。实践证明这种方法是可行的。     

广东省甜玉米虫害发生危害规律

对广东省部分地区甜玉米害虫发生情况进行了调查,初步明确了甜玉米各生育期害虫发生危害的情况.当地甜玉米害虫有亚洲玉米螟、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫和蚜虫,广州还发现红腹灯蛾、毒蛾类及蜗牛危害;甜玉米以5～8月受害虫危害最为严重;在苗期至6叶期,受甜菜夜蛾平均被害率为15.5%～57.3%, 而在喇叭口期、抽雄期和乳熟期则受亚洲玉米螟危害较重,其心叶、雄穗以及雌穗和茎秆的被害率分别为75.3%～91%、24.5%～96.5%和83.5%以上.玉米螟对喇叭口期、抽雄期和散粉期植株有较高产卵选择性.     

The consequences of late outbreaks of the aphid Aphis gossypii in cotton growing in central Africa: Towards a possible method for the prevention of cotton stickiness

'Sticky cotton' causes substantial economic loss in central Africa. The phenomenon is the result of honeydew excreted by sapsucking insects, mainly the aphid Aphis gossypii Glover. The chemical protection currently available to farmers does not limit this type of damage effectively. From exhaustive counting of infested leaves and quantitative measurement of stickiness with a thermodetector, a positive relationship can be established between the seriousness of fibre stickiness and aphid outbreaks at the end of the season. A control method involving the topping of plants after boll opening reduces the number of leaves on which aphids feed and thus the abundance of the aphids.     

棉蚜抗药性及其化学防治

棉蚜［Aphis gossypii（Glover）］属半翅目蚜科,是一种世界性的害虫,主要通过取食植物汁液和传播病毒给农业生产造成严重损失。长期以来,棉蚜的防治一直以化学防治为主,棉蚜对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、新烟碱类等多种杀虫药剂已经产生了抗性。本文主要从棉蚜抗药性发展历史、抗药性机制以及棉蚜的化学防治等方面进行论述,期望能为农业生产上延缓棉蚜抗药性产生、有效治理棉蚜提供指导。     

棉蚜对溴氰菊酯不敏感性与水解酶的变化初探

本文采用生物测定和生物化学方法就棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)在不同地区不同时期对溴氰菊酯不敏感性与水解酶的变化进行了初步研究。结果表明:新乡地区棉蚜对溴氰菊酯存在高倍不敏感性。同一地区,蕾铃期棉蚜不敏感性高于苗期棉蚜。在离体条件下,棉蚜羧酸酯酶的活力随着棉蚜对溴氰菊酯不敏感性增加而增加。磷酸酯酶活性变化则不显著。     

棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的着落量和种群数量的研究

通过田间调查棉蚜种群数量和网罩棉苗测定其不选择性,采用Duncan’s多重极差检验的数据分析方法,对棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的着落量和种群数量进行了研究。结果表明:棉蚜对8个棉花品种具有不同的选择性。对徐州142、鄂棉6号表现为明显的不选择性,对33B、SGK抗虫棉、新高抗5号的选择性较强;棉蚜在8个供试品种上的种群数量差别明显,徐州142和鄂棉6号上的蚜量远远低于33B、新高抗5号和SGK抗虫棉;同一季节不同棉花品种上的蚜量增长速率不同,33B、新高抗5号和SGK抗虫棉上蚜量增长速率明显较快。在相同的棉花生长阶段,33B、新高抗5号和SGK抗虫棉的蚜害指数明显高于其它供试棉花品种。     

Nematodes and weevil of bananas and plantains in Cameroon: Occurrence,importance and host susceptibility

The resistance of ashgourd to the melon-cottonaphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), and the incidence of aphid-transmitted viral diseases was investigated following recording of aphid numbers and trichome (plant hair) numbers per cm² of leaf on four parts of the cucurbit, ashgourd, representing four genotypes (Local Sylhet, Local Round, High Female and CQ-10-90). The Local Sylhet genotype was found to have the highest trichome density compared with those of Local Round, High Female, and CQ-10-90 ashgourd genotypes, and was least infested by Aphis gossypii. The percentage of virus-infected plants was also found to be lowest on the Local Sylhet genotype. Aphid numbers were lowest on the terminal and young leaves of ashgourd compared with mature and senescent leaves, due to the higher trichome density in the former leaf categories. Trichome density was found to have a significant negative influence on the number of aphids. Trichomes in ashgourd play a major role by providing a first line defence in reducing aphid infestation, with a subsequent beneficial effect of reducing the incidence of virus.