日本进境植物检疫名录的制定以及对我国的启示

日本作为世界上农产品最大进口国之一,非常重视本国动植物检疫工作,曾长期制定只允许进入本国的有害生物名录.为与国际惯例接轨,日本改变做法,制定了一系列禁限名录,包括检疫性有害生物名录、非检疫性有害生物名录、需在出口国种植地进行检验的植物名录、禁止进口植物名录、须在出口国采取植物卫生措施的植物名录等.这几个名录联合使用,确...     

Old and New Problems in the Field of Plant Quarantine1

International cooperation in the field of plant quarantine is based on the FAO Convention, Rome 1951, and the accompanying phytosanitary certificate. In the year 1951 the regional organization EPPO was also founded. The recent publication of lists of quarantine pests and diseases, in cooperation between the member countries of this last-mentioned organization, is of great importance. The importation of exotic consignments, and especially those with vegetative propagation material and seeds, often gives rise to great risks for new pests and diseases. In recent years, the transfer of germplasm material for gene banks in different parts of the world has brought new problems. International cooperation is required within a chain of post-entry quarantine stations, especially equipped to facilitate safe exchange between gene banks. The author proposes a regional quarantine station of this sort to serve the Nordic gene bank at Lund.     

Tissue culture and international phytosanitary controls1

The growing importance of micropropagation has led to the appearance of micropropagated material in international trade. Plant quarantine services have to decide whether this material should be handled like any other plants (phytosanitary certificate) or whether special inspection and certification systems, at source, can be developed to simplify the phytosanitary handling of this material.     

Opogona sacchari,a Pest Risk from Imports of Ornamental Plants of Tropical Origin1

The banana moth, Opogona sacchari, can be considered as a serious pest for a wide range of ornamental plants of tropical and subtropical origin grown in glasshouses in Europe. The insect is difficult to intercept at import inspection. Additional post-entry inspection is recommended. The best way to control the insect is a 3-month programme for the eradication of the adult stages. O. sacchari is a potential candidate for the list of quarantine pests mentioned in phytosanitary import requirements.     

Regulated non‐quarantine pests: fact or fiction?

A new category of officially regulated pests has been introduced during the past decade. The aim of this new categorization is to protect plant health and, in particular, farmers’ and growers’ crops against the introduction of pests via propagation material. The phytosanitary term ‘regulated non‐quarantine pests’ (RNQPs) is relatively new. It was introduced in 1997 as part of the new revised text of the International Plant Protection Convention. These RNQPs differ from the common category of quarantine pests in that they can be widespread within the territory of concern. Unlike quarantine pests, a level of tolerance could be applied for RNQPs infesting certain plants for planting. Some certification systems for the production of propagation material may specify certain tolerance levels, however, these systems are usually not regulated by national plant protection organizations and the tolerance levels are usually not based on scientific evidence. To date, only a few countries have applied the concept of RNQPs: notably Uruguay and Brazil. To apply the concept and, in particular, to determine specific tolerance levels presents many challenges. The concept may be embraced in the coming years by the European Community as part of the revision of the EU Council Directive 2000/29/EC.     

2018年我国农业植物产地检疫和调运检疫情况分析

产地检疫和调运检疫分别从产地和调运环节管控农业植物检疫性有害生物随植物及其产品传播扩散风险,是我国农业植物检疫工作的重要组成部分。在我国全面免征国内植物检疫费后,产地检疫和调运检疫的工作任务加重,给整个植物检疫系统,特别是基层植物检疫机构提出了更高的工作要求。为了摸清我国农业植物产地检疫和调运检疫的基本情况,本文系统收集整理了2018年全国农业植物产地检疫和调运检疫的相关数据,重点分析了各月度情况、各省(区、市)情况、不同农作物情况的产地检疫和调运检疫工作,总结了我国农业植物产地检疫和调运检疫现状,为我国农业植物产地检疫和调运检疫的下一步工作探明方向。     

Q‐bank,a database with information for identification of plant quarantine plant pest and diseases

This paper describes the database Q‐bank ( www.q-bank.eu ). This freely accessible database contains data on plant pathogenic quarantine organisms to allow fast and reliable identification. Development of accurate identification tools for plant pests is vital to support European Plant Health Policies. Council Directive 2000 ? 29 ?EC lists approximately 300 entries representing a large number of species (e.g. non‐European Tephritids contains approximately 3500 species) for which protective measures, against introduction and their spread within the European Community, need to be taken. The risk of introduction of pests into the European Union is increasing because of the increase in the volumes, commodity types and origins of trade, the introduction of new crops, the continued expansion of the EU, the numbers of international travellers and the impact of climate change. Identifying pests (in particular new emerging pests) requires staff with specialised skills in all disciplines (mycology, bacteriology etc.), which is only possible within large centralised laboratory facilities. Expertise in taxonomy, phytopathology and other fields in plant health, which are vital for sustaining sound public policy on phytosanitary issues, are under threat. Sharing knowledge on regulated and non‐regulated pests is necessary to manage a cost‐effective and efficient plant health system in the context of expanding globalisation of trade in plant material.     

PM 8/1 (2) Potato

Specific scope

The purpose of this Standard is to recommend to EPPO Member countries the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for seed and ware potatoes moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Farm‐saved seed is not covered because it is not grown under an official certification scheme and should not be traded. The recommended phytosanitary measures for A1 pests are addressed to all EPPO Member countries and those for A2 pests are aimed at countries where the pest does not occur or is not widely distributed. These recommendations are derived from the phytosanitary measures included in EPPO Standard PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists), EPPO Standards PM2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures, which were withdrawn in 2006) and Pest Risk Analyses (PRAs).

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in 2004‐09. Revised in 2017‐09     

PM 8/8 (1) Salix

Specific scope

The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Salix is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Salix plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:

• EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
• Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
• the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.

For wood packaging material, recommendations are based on ISPM 15 Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade.

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in September 2017‐09.     

PM 8/6 (1) Betula

Specific scope

The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Betula is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Betula plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:

• EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
• Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
• the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.

For wood packaging material, recommendations are based on ISPM 15 Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade.

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in 2017‐09.     

PM 8/7 (1) Populus

Specific scope

The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Populus is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Populus plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:

• EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
• Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
• the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.

For wood packaging material, recommendations are based on ISPM 15 Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade.

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in 2017‐09.     

PM 8/4 (1) Castanea

Specific scope

The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Castanea is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Castanea plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:

• EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
• Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
• the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.

For wood packaging material, recommendations are based on ISPM 15 Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade.

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in 2010‐09 as PM 8/3 Quercus and Castanea. Revised and approved as a separate Standard PM 8/4 in 2017‐09     

QBOL: a new EU project focusing on DNA barcoding of Quarantine organisms

In 2009 a new three year EU funded project (QBOL) started on DNA barcoding of important plant pests. An international consortium of 20 partners (universities, research institutes, and phytosanitary organizations) from around the world, coordinated by Plant Research International (Wageningen, the Netherlands), will collect DNA barcodes from many plant pathogenic quarantine organisms, store these sequences in a database accessible over the internet, develop a DNA bank and train end-users. All these activities should help National Plant Protection Services in the correct identification and detection of plant pathogenic quarantine organisms.     

PM 8/5 (1) Quercus

Specific scope

The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Quercus is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Quercus plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:

• EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
• Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
• the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.

For wood packaging material, recommendations are based on ISPM 15 Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade.

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in 2010‐09 as PM 8/3 Quercus and Castanea. Revised and approved as a separate Standard PM 8/5 in 2017‐09     

违规进境植物及其产品检疫处置措施探究

在口岸植物检疫工作中,违规进境植物及其产品因不符合相关要求,不能受理报检,但其又存在检疫风险,这种情况时有发生。对此现有法规"进境检疫"中没有应对的措施。本文通过对国际标准的研究并结合我国植物检疫实践分析,认为可引入"扣留"这一行政强制措施,赋予检验检疫机构在第一时间内掌控检疫物的法定权力,从而实施相应的检疫监管,防止疫情传入。这是对现有检疫处置措施的创新,也有利于进一步完善进境植物检疫法规体系。     

Phytosanitary management of Citrus germplasm in France

It is important to assess the phytosanitary status of plants for planting as many pests are transmitted with plant propagating material. The phytosanitary management of Citrus germplasm in France, in application of the European phytosanitary regulations, is described in this article. Import of Citrus germplasm into France is strictly regulated and only possible through the post‐entry quarantine station for plants, which receives plant material from all over the world. Subsequently, the French Citrus biological resource centre maintains and distributes plant material to the scientific community and to partners for production of graft‐sticks and plants for planting in nurseries. The continuous assessment of the phyto sanitary status of plants for planting throughout the production chain involves different stakeholders to ensure the high quality plant health status of Citrus orchards.     

植物检疫检测技术应用现状及发展趋势

植物检疫是一种生物安全措施,通过立法手段防止植物及其产品在流通过程中传播有害生物。检测鉴定是植物检疫措施实施的核心。该文概述植物检疫的作用及其面临的挑战、植物检疫检测技术的应用现状及发展趋势,并对多组学时代下植物检疫检测技术进行展望。     

单兵装备在植物检疫工作中的应用探索

当前,在我国进境植物检疫现场查验工作中,配备的工具装备还不够统一规范,难以满足复杂环境下的使用需求,容易对查验工作效能以及执法形象造成影响,开发一套适合现场查验的单兵装备十分必要。本文对太仓口岸检疫人员研发的植物检疫单兵装备进行了介绍。实践表明,该套装备有效提升了现场查验工作效率和执法形象,推进了现场执法的规范化。     

A protocol for analysing the costs and benefits of phytosanitary measures*

This paper describes a protocol developed within the PRATIQUE project for applying cost/benefit analysis to select appropriate phytosanitary measures for use against quarantine pests. The protocol consists of nine steps, each underpinned by clear guidelines for collating and structuring the relevant data, to assist risk managers with the challenging task of assessing the benefits and costs of phytosanitary measures in a consistent, transparent and reproducible manner. Together with the decision‐support scheme that generates contingency plants and prioritizes action during pest outbreaks, it provides a framework for decision making on phytosanitary measures and helps to provide economic justification for selecting appropriate measures. The practical application of the protocol is demonstrated using two examples: cost/benefit analysis of eradication measures against Anoplophora glabripennis in Northern Italy; and eradication and containment measures against Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in Germany.     

2014—2018年湛江口岸进境大豆疫情分析与建议

本文概述了2014—2018年湛江口岸进境大豆的基本情况,通过对大豆中截获的有害生物名单进行汇总,分析得出截获有害生物319种,5664种次,其中检疫性有害生物34种,707种次,截获频率最高的检疫性有害生物为假高粱和刺蒺藜草。结合新海关新要求,提出应开发智能鉴定系统,研究商品原产地溯源技术,提高进口品质要求的检疫建议,以严防外来疫情传入。