红蓼拒食活性组分的分离及其对小菜蛾幼虫消化酶活性的影响

为了进一步评价红蓼（Polygonum orientale L．）的抗虫性,采用液一液分配萃取和硅胶柱层析的方法,从红蓼甲醇提取物中分离获得石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水的萃取物,测定了其对小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）3龄幼虫拒食活性。结果显示,乙酸乙酯萃取物比其他4种萃取物具有更高的拒食活性,在5．0mg／mL下,24h和48h的拒食率分别为68．42％和62．55％。乙酸乙酯萃取物经硅胶柱层析后,得到13个组分,比较13个组分的拒食活性发现,组分8的活性较高,在浓度为2．5mg／mL时,24h和48h的拒食率分别为77．13％和68．53％。组分8对小菜蛾幼虫体内的蛋白酶、脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶的活性具有一定的抑制作用。     

红蓼拒食活性组分的分离及其对小菜蛾幼虫消化酶活性的影响

为了进一步评价红蓼（Polygonum orientale L.）的抗虫性,采用液 液分配萃取和硅胶柱层析的方法,从红蓼甲醇提取物中分离获得石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水的萃取物,测定了其对小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）3龄幼虫拒食活性。结果显示, 乙酸乙酯萃取物比其他4种萃取物具有更高的拒食活性,在5.0 mg/mL下,24 h和48 h的拒食率分别为68.42%和62.55%。乙酸乙酯萃取物经硅胶柱层析后,得到13个组分,比较13个组分的拒食活性发现,组分8的活性较高,在浓度为2.5 mg/mL时,24 h和48 h的拒食率分别为77.13%和68.53%。组分8对小菜蛾幼虫体内的蛋白酶、脂肪酶和α 淀粉酶的活性具有一定的抑制作用。     

峨眉千里光甲醇提取物杀虫、抑菌及抑制种子萌发活性的初步研究

本文研究了峨眉千里光甲醇提取物的杀虫、抑菌及抑制种子萌发的活性。结果表明,对甲醇提取物进一步萃取后,氯仿、乙酸乙酯及正丁醇萃取物表现出很强的杀虫、抑菌及抑制种子萌发活性,其中对桃蚜24h的LC50值在0.119~0.414mg/mL之间,对番茄灰霉病菌72h的EC50值在5.956~9.416mg/mL之间。因此,峨眉千里光甲醇提取物的氯仿和乙酸乙酯萃取物的杀虫、抑菌活性成分值得进一步深入研究。     

油茶炭疽病拮抗细菌Y13主要抑菌物质分离纯化及作用方式

油茶内生拮抗细菌Y13是一株对油茶炭疽病菌有较强抑制作用的枯草芽胞杆菌。为了确定其抑菌物质的成分组成及其对油茶炭疽病菌的作用方式,本文通过乙醇沉淀、固相萃取、反相高效液相色谱法及LC MS对抑菌物质进行分离鉴定。一共分离纯化出16个活性组分,保留时间在10.5~26.0 min的8个组分对于油茶炭疽病菌产生明显的抑菌圈,其中保留时间为11.0 min处的色谱峰抑菌效果最强,经质谱初步鉴定确定该化合物的分子量为1 042.56 u;保留时间在27.5~39.5 min的8个组分导致油茶炭疽病病原菌菌丝颜色加深,其中以保留时间37.5 min处的色谱峰效果最为明显,质谱鉴定该化合物的分子量为1 480.85 u。显微观察发现它们通过导致菌丝断裂、畸形、原生质凝集的方式抑制菌丝生长;通过使孢子畸形、膨大、消融而抑制孢子萌发。     

Cry1Ah蛋白活性片段在溶液中的单体和寡聚体杀虫活性分析*

［目的］ 分析NaCl对寡聚化的影响,以及寡聚化对Cry1Ah杀虫活性的影响。［方法］ 利用Superdex 75分子筛,将Cry1Ah活性片段的寡聚体和单体进行分离,通过戊二醛交联试验分析寡聚化程度,结合生物活性测定,分析NaCl对寡聚化的影响以及寡聚化对Cry1Ah毒力的影响。［结果］ 在纯化的组分峰Ⅰ中寡聚体占总蛋白的63.35%。NaCl对寡聚化有促进作用,而寡聚体又以多种形式存在,并且表现出不同的生物活性。寡聚体峰Ⅰ、寡聚体峰Ⅱ、单体峰Ⅲ对棉铃虫的LC50分别为47.192、3.329、3.977 μg/mL。［结论］ NaCl对寡聚化有促进作用,而且,寡聚体的毒力比Cry1Ah活性片段的毒力有不同程度的降低,最多下降49.6倍。推测这种体外形成的寡聚体不同于昆虫体内形成的寡聚体,引起插膜穿孔能力下降,导致毒力不同。     

绒叶泡桐花中除草活性成分的分离与除草活性

采用活性追踪和柱层析技术,以对杂草反枝苋、生菜、黄瓜种子胚根生长的抑制作用为指标,对泡桐花中除草活性成分进行了提取、分离和鉴定。绒叶泡桐Paulownia tomentosa花乙醇提取物依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水萃取后进行活性测定,结果表明,石油醚萃取物在浓度为 0.5 mg/mL 时,对反枝苋、生菜和黄瓜种子胚根生长的抑制率分别为76.30%、56.17%和23.36%; 乙酸乙酯萃取物在浓度为0.5 mg/mL时,对反枝苋、生菜和黄瓜种子胚根生长的抑制率分别为99.89%、63.53%和32.74%。通过对乙酸乙酯萃取物进行硅胶柱层析分离,得到一种活性较高的化合物,经鉴定其为对乙氧基苯甲醛,其抑制反枝苋种子胚根生长的EC50值为55.20 μg/mL。对乙氧基苯甲醛是首次从绒叶泡桐中分离鉴定的化合物,也是首次将其用于除草活性研究。     

秦岭链霉菌发酵液中杀虫活性成分分离及结构鉴定

采用大孔树脂层析、硅胶柱层析以及制备高效液相色谱等技术对具有抑菌和杀虫活性的秦岭链霉菌发酵液中的杀虫活性成分进行了分离纯化,得到3个杀虫活性化合物,经高分辨质谱和核磁共振波谱技术分别鉴定为阿维菌素B1a、B2a和A1a。研究发现,同一菌株发酵液中可以同时产生杀虫和杀菌两类成分,与阿维链霉菌Streptomyces avermectinius亲缘关系差异很大的链霉菌也可以产生阿维菌素成分。     

牛筋草内生菌砖红链霉菌CSF09杀虫成分鉴定及活性初步研究

为了从微生物中筛选天然杀虫活性化合物,从牛筋草中分离到1株具有杀虫活性的内生放线菌砖红链霉菌Streptomyces lateritius CSF09。采用大孔吸附树脂提取和硅胶柱层析技术,从CSF09菌株发酵液中分离到1个杀虫活性成分,通过质谱和核磁共振波谱鉴定了其化学结构,并初步测定了该化合物对3龄粘虫幼虫和家蝇成虫的杀虫活性。结果表明:该菌株发酵液中的杀虫活性成分为4-甲氧基水杨醛,发酵单位约为13 mg/L;4-甲氧基水杨醛对家蝇和粘虫均表现出一定的触杀活性,其中对家蝇的LD50值为1.51 μg/头,对粘虫毒力较弱,以10 μg/头剂量处理时校正死亡率仅为36.6%;4-甲氧基水杨醛杀虫活性的突出特性是作用迅速,其击倒中时（KT50）大多在5 min以内。研究表明,4-甲氧基水杨醛具有一定的卫生杀虫剂开发应用潜力。     

放线菌菌株MY02的鉴定及发酵液中抗真菌活性组分的分离

从东北地区蔬菜保护地土壤中筛选分离到一株放线菌菌株MY02,通过对其形态学特征及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定其为龟裂链霉菌龟裂亚种Streptomyces rimosussub sp.rimosus。该菌株的发酵液具有抗真菌活性。发酵液经离心、过滤、萃取、硅胶柱层析等步骤分离纯化其活性物质,并进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析,表明其活性物质中含有两种抗真菌活性组分。对活性组分的正丁醇溶液进行紫外光谱扫描,结果表明该活性组分具有四烯类抗生素的典型特征吸收峰。     

山西省枣树上啤酒花矮化类病毒的检测及序列分析

［目的］ 从枣树样品中分离鉴定啤酒花矮化类病毒（HSVd）。［方法］ 从山西省农业科学院果树研究所国家枣种质资源圃采集70份枣树叶片样品,提取小分子RNA后通过Northern杂交、RT PCR进行检测,并对阳性样品中的类病毒进行克隆测序,利用生物学软件对所得序列进行分析。 ［结果］ 70份枣树样品中有1份样品感染HSVd,克隆测序后,共获得13条HSVd序列,它们与GenBank上首次报道的HSVd序列相似性为92.6%~92.8% 。［结论］ 本研究首次在国内报道了枣树上分离得到的HSVd序列,HSVd枣树分离物与已报道的HSVd分离物差异较大。     

Classification of Italian Xanthium strumarium complex based on biological traits, electrophoretic analysis and response to maize interference

Xanthium strumarium complex was studied taking plant seeds from 16 diverse locations in Italy. Plant morphophysiological traits were noted and electrophoretical analysis of seed reserve proteins was carried out from individual plants grown at the same site, in the presence and absence of competition from maize. Significant correlations between diverse plant phenological traits, the geographical origin of the seeds and the seed protein electrophoretic patterns were found. A high correlation between seed reserve proteins and the genetic structure of this weed was also detected. Maize competition increased Xanthium stem growth and decreased bur production and number of branches. Xanthium plant populations could be classified according to the morphological characters evaluated in three groups closely related to their geographical original area and latitude (northern, central and southern Italy), each showing precise morphological traits of Xanthium italicum , X. strumarium and X. orientale respectively. Electrophoresis supported the classification of these three morphological groups.     

Seedbank characteristics of herbicide-resistant and susceptible Sisymbrium orientale

Germinability and emergence of Sisymbrium orientale Torn. seed susceptible and resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides was investigated. Freshly harvested seed from a field containing confirmed ALS-inhibiting herbicide-resistant (ALS resistant) plants and susceptible seed from a nearby field was found to exhibit strong innate dormancy initially. However, germinability of seed from both resistant and susceptible biotypes increased to 50% after 1 month, indicating that innate dormancy had been partly relieved. No significant differences in behaviour of resistant vs. susceptible biotypes were recorded over 3 years. Field experiments conducted over a 4-year experimental period, to determine seedbank longevity in the absence of fresh seed input to the seedbank, revealed S. orientale to have a short seedbank life. Cultivation stimulated seedling emergence compared with no-tillage seedling emergence. These findings establish that persistence of S. orientale in the seedbank is short if fresh seed production is prevented. This knowledge can be used to manage populations of S.␣orientale , especially in cases such as this where the population is herbicide-resistant.     

种衣剂中不同浓度杀虫剂成分对玉米苗期生长的安全性评价

选择克百威、丙硫克百威和丁硫克百威3种杀虫剂作为种衣剂有效杀虫成分,每种杀虫剂设置1%、2%、3%、…10%共10种浓度梯度,春天播种期进行玉米包衣播种,20 d后调查苗期植株的根长、根数、叶数和株高,验证3种杀虫剂不同浓度对玉米苗期的生长安全性。结果表明：在10%浓度以下,3种杀虫剂进行种子包衣处理,玉米苗期生长均未产生药害,植株生长正常。     

不同种植方式对玉米田杂草群落及生长发育的影响

采取随机区组试验,根据农田杂草群落的生态学原理 ,运用生态学方法,通过玉米苜蓿间种与玉米清种相对照,探讨了间种抗旱植物苜蓿对玉米田杂草群落与生长发育的影响.结果表明:清种玉米田中稗草和红蓼的重要值较高,为优势种,间种苜蓿田中的优势种有红蓼、稗草、苘麻、反枝苋、龙葵、藜;在玉米各生育期,间种苜蓿田中的杂草生物量均低于清种玉米田处理,杂草株高大部分低于清种玉米处理;间种苜蓿穗长、穗行数、行粒数、穗重、穗粒重、百粒重和产量较清种玉米分别增加了6.6%、7.6%、2.2%、 12.28%、9.9%、7.8%和4.3%.认为间种苜蓿能够控制杂草数量,抑制杂草生物量增加,苜蓿有抗旱保水的作用,使玉米产量有所提高.     

古尔班通古特沙漠羽毛针禾（Stipagrostis pennata）种群种子雨特征

通过布设种子收集器收集种子,对收集的种子以时空差异进行分组分析,探讨羽毛针禾[WTBX]（Stipagrostis pennata）[WTBZ]种子散布规律以及古尔班通古特沙漠种群的种子雨特征。结果表明：① 羽毛针禾种子雨的积累密度平均达到3 766.30粒·株-1,其中饱满种子占19.56%;② 种子散布的高峰集中在6月25到7月15日,其落种量占整个种子雨的61.96%,其后种子雨密度随时间逐渐减小;③ 种子雨密度与生境之间均不存在显著性差异;④ 种子雨总量与其年龄之间存在显著性差异;⑤ 种子雨的前扩散过程中种子集中降落在背风方向4 m范围和株丛周围1 m内。古尔班通古特沙漠南缘种子雨虽质量不高,但密度大,对种群的自然更新具有一定的意义。     

Biological effects of combining carboxin,organomercury fungicides and insecticides as seed dressings for wheat,and the effect of these combinations on adherence of the pesticides to the seed

When seeds of winter wheat were carefully dressed in the laboratory with combinations of fungicides (organomercury alone or organomercury plus the systemic fungicide carboxin) and insecticides (aldrin, carbophenothion or chlorfenvinphos as liquid formulations, or a γ-BHC powder formulation) so as to ensure that nearly all the recommended amounts of the active ingredients stuck to them, the insecticides gave good insect control, but γ-BHC with organomercury fungicide decreased the number of plants that germinated, and γ-BHC with carboxin and organomercury was even more damaging. Commercially dressed seeds had only about 30 to 60% of the target dose of fungicides, but more than 80% of the target doses of the liquid insecticides aldrin, carbophenothion and chlorfenvinphos. With combinations of powder fungicide and liquid insecticide, greater amounts of pesticide on the seed were obtained if the insecticide was put on first. Because of unusually late sowings and little fungal infestation, neither laboratory nor commercially treated seeds provided good tests for control of smut.     

不同贮藏条件对大赖草种子萌发的影响

将野外观测与室内实验相结合,研究不同贮藏条件对大赖草种子萌发的影响。结果表明：室内干藏与野外埋藏于地表的种子随贮藏时间的延长,种子萌发率呈现缓慢升高后逐渐降低的趋势,说明大赖草种子存在着后熟现象;埋藏5 cm深度的种子,埋藏2、7、8个月时,种子自然萌发率分别为5.15%、7.52%和94%,剩余种子在室内条件下萌发率大于95%。而埋藏于原生境的种子埋藏2个月无萌发现象,埋藏8个月自然萌发率为90%;说明大赖草的种子在土壤中属于瞬间种子库;黑暗有利于大赖草种子的萌发。不同贮藏条件下大赖草种子的含水量表现为：埋藏5 cm深度>埋藏于地表>室内干藏,大赖草种子萌发的最低含水量为19.5%。在自然生境中,野外埋藏的种子被动物搬运的占12%～90%,平均达44.5%,致使土壤中种子数量锐减。因此,大赖草种子在土壤种子库中数量匮乏;自然生境中干旱少雨、水分缺少,导致种子萌发后易“闪苗”。这些因素是大赖草有性繁殖更新率低的主要原因。     

Role of chemical characteristics of the seed coat in the resistance of selected cowpea varieties to Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Nigeria

The role of seed coat chemical factors in the resistance of the cowpea varieties, Kanannado, IT89KD-391 and Borno brown, to the cowpea seed bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), was investigated under laboratory conditions (30-35C and 65-67% RH) in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Significantly higher numbers of eggs were laid on de-coated than on intact Kanannado seeds whereas significantly smaller numbers of eggs were laid on de-coated than on intact IT89KD-391 or Borno brown seeds. Susceptibility was higher in de-coated than in intact Kanannado seeds (susceptibility indices [SI] 3.4 and 0.0, respectively). Egg-hatch was significantly reduced in seeds with intact seed coats by 88.6%, while the proportion of eggs that failed to hatch in de-coated seeds was 31.9%. Treatment of Borno brown seeds especially with 32 and 64 mg of extracts from Kanannado and IT89KD-391 seed coats, reduced oviposition by 61.9% and 95.2%, respectively. Treatment with 32 mg of the seed coat extracts reduced egg-hatch by 49.2%. Identical dosages (32 and 64 mg) of these seed coat extracts also significantly reduced susceptibility ofBorno brown to C. maculatus (SI values 6.7 and 1.5, respectively). Comparable SI values for Borno brown treated with 16 mg of the seed coat extracts or extract-free acetone were 14.9 and 14.0, respectively.     

进口大豆中杂草籽截获规律及检疫要点

[目的]研究归纳进口大豆杂草籽截获规律,提高口岸杂草籽截获的目的性.[方法]根据杂草籽日常截获及鉴定情况,结合山东口岸截获的实际情况进行分析总结.[结果]口岸截获杂草籽主要种类数是88种,主要集中于禾本科、菊科、旋花科、豆科、蓼科、锦葵科、苋科、大戟科、藜科9个科;检出检疫性杂草籽,共计48种,主要集中在菊科、禾本科、茄科、苋科;截获较多的有齿裂大戟、假高粱、豚草、刺蒺藜草、三裂叶豚草、苍耳属(非中国种)6种杂草籽.[结论]研究结果对口岸进口大豆的检疫截获及防控提供了理论和数据支持.     

Production,size, and germination of broad‐leaved dock seeds collected from mother plants grown under different nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium supplies

Rumex obtusifolius is believed to be a nitrophilous weedy species that spreads mainly by seed. However, the effects of nutrient availability on seed production never have been investigated. In this study, how the amount of seed production per plant, the chemical composition of the seeds, and their size and germination are affected by the supply of N, P, and K was investigated. A pot fertilizer experiment with 10 treatments (combinations of 0, 150 [N1], and 300 [N2] kg N ha^?1, 0, 40 [P1], and 80 [P2] kg P ha^?1, and 0 and 100 [K] kg K ha^?1 applied twice per vegetation season) was carried out in Prague, Czech Republic, in 2008 and 2009. The seeds from plants that were cultivated since the spring were collected each August. The germination of the seeds was determined in long‐daylight conditions at a stable temperature of 20°C. The number of seeds per plant ranged from 0 in the P1 and P2 treatments and <200 in the control and K treatments to almost 9000 in the N2P2K treatment. The number of seeds per plant was positively correlated with the number of stems per plant and the number of seeds per stem. The relationship between the amount of seeds per plant and the individual seed weight was positive. The concentration of N, P, and K in the seeds was affected by the treatments. The weight of 1000 seeds ranged from 1.3 to 1.7 g. The seed length ranged from 2.11 to 2.34 mm and the seed width varied from 1.26 to 1.42 mm. With the exception of the control (with 94% germination), the amount of seed germination was >98% in all the other treatments in 2008. In 2009, the amount of seed germination was >95% in all the treatments, except N1 and N2, where 93% and 89% germination, respectively, was recorded. The germination rate was positively related to the P concentration in the seeds. The amount of time that was necessary for 50% seed germination ranged from 1.53 to 2.89 days and was not related to the N concentration in the seeds, but it was negatively related to the P and K concentrations. A balanced N, P, and K supply to the mother plant strongly affected the number of produced seeds and their chemical composition and germination ability.