黑河中游张掖地区近48a气候变化及径流的响应

将现代气候统计诊断与预测技术和地理信息系统(GIS)的地学统计方法中的Kriging插值结合,分析了位于黑河中游张掖地区6个气象站的近48a的气温和降水的时空变化,并且空间显示了各季节的气温和降水变化。结果表明:张掖地区6站的年均气温在3.97-8.04℃之间,变暖最快的是山丹站气温倾向率为0.47℃/10a,变暖最缓慢的是高台站气温倾向率为0.19℃/10a。年均气温最低出现在1956年,为2.5℃,最高值出现在1998年,为9.06℃;降水地域分布不均衡,地区降水差值可达200mm以上。夏季张掖地区的降水变化范围为67.11-193.30mm,冬季降水是4.69-10.48mm,表明降水季节分配不均,且冬、夏降水变化幅度大;张掖地区气温在1991年开始发生突变,气温增加趋势明显。西支流地区和整个张掖地区气温突变时间一致,东支流气温突变是在1993年和整个张掖地区相比推迟了2年。整个张掖地区包括西支流和东支流在降水的时间的变化上没有发生突变。张掖地区年水变化周期现象明显,第一主周期为15年第二主周期为7年,但年均气温变化周期现象不明显;平原地区气温不是影响径流最根本的决定因素,但对河流径流的影响是正向的。降水和径流虽然在时间上拟合,径流总体的变化趋势在减少,但径流的降幅比降水要大。     

新疆艾比湖流域近40年来气候变化特征分析

本文通过艾比湖流域分布的5个气象台站有关气温、降水、蒸发的多年数据,分析了近40a来艾比湖流域的气候变化特征。结果表明:近40a来年平均气温及春、夏、秋、冬四季气温均呈上升趋势,其中以冬季最为明显;年平均降水量及春、夏、冬季降水自90年代后出现增加趋势;年及四季蒸发量呈上升趋势,但90年代的年及各季蒸发量较80年代呈减少趋势,其中以夏季最为明显。该地区近10多年来气候发生了明显的变化,主要表现在气温升高,降水增多,蒸发量却有减少的趋势。     

藏西北地区气候变化及其对草地畜牧业的影响

近40 a（1971-2010年）藏西北地区气温明显升高,尤其是旱季气温显著增高;大部分地区降水量增多,蒸发量减少。从地区分布来看,藏西北中东部各地气温明显升高、降水增多、蒸发减小,气候呈暖湿化趋势;西部的狮泉河等地气温升高、降水减少、蒸发量增大,气候呈现暖干化趋势。近40 a藏西北地区牧草生长季、青草期提前,结束期推迟,持续日数增多,期间积温和降水量也呈显著增多趋势;大部分地区牲畜抓膘期日数显著增多〔倾向率为2.7 d•(10a)^-1〕,掉膘期日数显著减少〔倾向率为6.1 d•(10a)^-1〕,气候变化趋势对藏北草地畜牧业十分有利。合理调整畜种结构,有效控制牲畜数量,尤其是山羊数量,对遏制藏西北地区草地退化具有重要意义。     

京津冀地区近50年气温、降水与潜在蒸散量变化分析

利用京津冀地区22个气象站1960年到2010年逐日的气象要素观测资料,采用彭曼公式计算该地区近50年逐日的潜在蒸散量.在此基础上,利用气候倾向率检测、时间序列MK突变检验以及年代际分析等方法分析了该地区近50年气温、降水和潜在蒸散量的时空变化特征.结果表明:京津冀地区近50年来气温升高显著;大部分地区降水减少;整个地区潜在蒸散量都在减少,东南部减少的更快.气温升高和降水减少导致整个区域变得干旱化,但潜在蒸散量的减少,缓解了一部分干旱化的趋势.     

民勤沙区46a主要气候特征及其变化趋势研究

本文通过对民勤沙区不同气象因子分析,研究了不同年代气候特征及其演替变化趋势。结果表明:(1)随着时间的变化,气温的变化有不断增温趋势,每年平均增温0.28℃,以冬季上升最明显达0.38℃,这一点和全球气候变暖是一致的。(2)地温的变化和气温的变化是一致的,有不断增温趋势,地温比气温增温更明显。(3)降水量在年际之间有递增的趋势,虽然有波动现象,但仍然在其平均线上波动。从60年代到21世纪基本经历了一个"少、多、少、多"的年代际变化过程;(4)地下水位变化呈直线下降趋势,直线倾向率是0.6897;(5)蒸发量在年际之间有递减的趋势,直线倾向率是-20.5,其年代际变化过程与降水量恰恰相反。     

阿勒泰地区近40a气温变化分析及其灰色预测

利用新疆阿勒泰地区1961—2001年气象观测资料,分析得出阿勒泰地区气温变化与全国和新疆气温变化基本一致,但又具有明显的区域性特点,即:近40a阿勒泰地区年度和四季的气温变化倾向率均为正值,呈现出气温升高的趋势,并且,春、夏、秋季的气温变化对年度的变化影响比较显著,都通过了0.01的显著性检验,但是,近些年来变暖脚步渐缓。利用1990—2004年的气温资料和灰色系统模型,预测了阿勒泰地区2005—2010年的平均气温,可以看出:气温将仍旧呈递增趋势。     

喀和铁路沿线近48年气温、降水的变化特征

应用喀和铁路沿线9个气象站1961～2008年气温、降水资料,采用克里格插值、线性倾向率、Mor-let小波等方法,分析了气温和降水的时空、变化趋势及周期特征。结果表明：喀和铁路沿线各地平均气温分布不均匀,降水量主要表现为西段的喀什一带多于东段和田一带,且自西向东逐渐偏少;气温和降水变化倾向率均为正值,分别为0.243...     

1960-2009年毛乌素沙地腹地气候变化的多重时间尺度分析——以乌审旗为例

采用一维Morlet复值小波变换对毛乌素沙地腹地1960-2009年气候变化的时间尺度特征进行了分析,结果表明:50年来,毛乌素沙地腹地年平均气温上升的气候变化倾向率为0.25℃/10a,年降水量下降的倾向率大小为11.383mm/10a;年平均气温存在着28a、13a和6a,年降水存在9a、28a、7a、5a和14a的多重时间尺度上的复杂嵌套结构,气温变化以28a尺度的周期振荡最强,降水变化以9a尺度的周期振荡最强。     

甘肃黄土高原不同海拔气候变化对马铃薯生育脆弱性的影响

利用黄土高原不同海拔高度马铃薯生长发育定位观测资料和对应平行气象观测资料,分析气候变化对马铃薯生长发育敏感性的影响,以及马铃薯生育脆弱性变化特征.结果表明,研究区域降水量年际变化呈下降趋势,降水量变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在马铃薯生长季5-10月绝对值最大,表现为高海拔区大于低海拔区的特征.气温年际变化呈上升趋势,气温变化曲线线性拟合倾向率表现为高海拔区小于低海拔区的特征.作物生长季干燥指数呈显著上升趋势,干燥指数变化曲线线性拟合倾向率也表现为高海拔区小于低海拔区的特征,20世纪90年代后干燥指数明显上升,气候趋于暖干化.影响马铃薯生长发育的主导气象因子是气温,气候变暖,气温增高,导致马铃薯生育前期的营养生长阶段缩短,而生殖生长阶段延长,全生育期延长.块茎膨大期气温增高导致马铃薯生育脆弱性增加,马铃薯对气温变化的敏感性和气温增高导致马铃薯生育脆弱性均随海拔增高而降低.开花期降水减少导致马铃薯生长发育及产量形成的脆弱性增加,此时段以干旱为主的气象灾害频率的增加使马铃薯生育脆弱性增加,马铃薯对降水量变化的敏感性和降水量减少导致马铃薯生育脆弱性却随海拔增高而降低.     

山西省气候变化的多尺度诊断

利用山西省108个地面气象站1957-2003年逐月降水、平均气温以及蒸发量等气象要素资料,采用主成分分析和聚类分析法进行气候分区,选取10个代表站的降水和平均气温序列,运用Morlet小波分析方法,对山西省47年气候变化以及不同时间尺度降水和气温变化的空间差异进行了诊断分析.结果表明:①山西省降水和气温存在多层次结构,不同时间尺度,存在不同的周期振荡行为.②山西省降水和气温总的变化趋势是20世纪80年代中期以前变冷变湿,且变化剧烈,之后变暖变干,且变化趋于缓和;21世纪初降水有恢复性增加趋势,气温有回落迹象.③山西省降水的空间差异明显,而气温变化的空间差异则相对较小.④从季节分布来看,21世纪初,春季降水偏少,冬季偏多,夏秋季降水则为偏少趋势中有小幅增加阶段;春季气温仍为偏高趋势,秋季有回落迹象,冬夏季为偏高趋势中有小幅回落阶段.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

A systematic review of the literature reveals trends and gaps in integrated pest management studies conducted in the United States

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a broad‐based approach for addressing pests that negatively affect human and environmental health and economic profitability. Weeds, insects and disease‐causing pathogens (diseases) are the pests most often associated with IPM. A systematic review, widely used in other scientific disciplines, was employed to determine the most commonly studied IPM topics and summarize the reasons for these trends and the gaps. In a field synopsis of the literature, 1679 relevant published papers were identified and categorized into one of the following five broad areas: IPM and organic (organic), climate change and pests (climate), rural and urban IPM (rural and urban), next‐generation education (education) and advanced production systems (technology). Papers were examined in greater detail for at least one of the three main pests in a systematic review. A majority (85%) of IPM papers have been in the area of rural and urban IPM, primarily addressing agriculture (78%). Professionals, landowners and the general public were the focus of a majority (95%) of IPM papers on education. Technology is an increasing area of focus in the literature. Over the past 40 years, IPM papers have primarily (75%) addressed insects and been limited mostly to rural and urban settings. Climate change, technology and education specific to pest management studies are increasingly being published and will help broaden the focus that could result in increased adoption and development of IPM. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy–germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds

The transition from seed dormancy to germination is a multi‐step process. However, distinguishing between physiological processes involved in seed dormancy alleviation and those involved in germination has been difficult. We studied the seed dormancy alleviation process in Amaranthus tuberculatus, an important weed species in midwestern USA. Using three A. tuberculatus biotypes that differ in dormancy level, it was determined that stratification reduced seed dormancy from a high to a low level. Temperature alternation alleviated low seed dormancy and triggered germination. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) had no effect on seeds with high dormancy. However, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) significantly reduced germination of seeds with low dormancy. Hormones could not replace the effects of stratification or temperature alternation on dormancy alleviation. Based on our results, we propose a seed dormancy–germination transition model in which the dormancy of A. tuberculatus seeds is progressively reduced from a high to a low level; but environmental conditions (i.e. stratification) can accelerate the dormancy alleviation process. Under low dormancy levels, the seed is more sensitive to environmental cues that are responsible for removing dormancy and triggering germination (i.e. temperature alternation). Finally, ABA and GA regulation occurs primarily during the final transition from low dormancy to germination rather than the alleviation of high dormancy.     

Description ofPauesia (Pauesia)anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) sp. nov., a parasitoid of the cedar aphidCinara cedri

The first parasitoid species reared from a population of the cedar aphid,Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1935 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), from the peninsula of Anatolia in Turkey is described.Pauesia anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) is closely related to some species of thelaricis group ofPauesia from which it differs in the number of antenomers, the propodeum and features of the female genitalia. Its potential use as a natural enemy in areas where the aphid has been introduced is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

Current statistical issues in Weed Research

The correct design of experimental studies, the selection of the appropriate statistical analysis of data and the efficient presentation of results are key to the good conduct and communication of science. The last Guidance for the use and presentation of statistics in Weed Research was published in 1988. Since then, there have been developments in both the scope of research covered by the journal and in the statistical techniques available. This paper addresses the changes in statistics and provides a reference work that will aid researchers in the design and analysis of their work. It will also provide guidance for editors and reviewers. The paper is organised into sections, which will aid the selection of relevant paragraphs, as we recognise that particular approaches require particular statistical analysis. It also uses examples, questions and checklists, so that non-specialists can work towards the correct approach. Statistics can be complex, so knowing when to seek specialist advice is important. The structure and layout of this contribution should help weed scientists, but it cannot provide a comprehensive guide to every technique. Therefore, we provide references to further reading. We would like to reinforce the idea that statistical methods are not a set of recipes whose mindless application is required by convention; each experiment or study may involve subtleties that these guidelines cannot cover. Nevertheless, we anticipate that this paper will help weed scientists in their initial designs for research, in the analysis of data and in the presentation of results for publication.     

Electrophoretic and serological comparisons of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins from different plant species

Preparations of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins (PRs) from differentNicotiana species, tomato,Gynura aurantiaca, bean, and cowpea were compared to each other and to bean chitinase and a constitutive apple agglutinin by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels both in the absence and in the presence of SDS, and by serological double diffusion analysis using antisera against tobacco PRs and bean chitinase. PRs from different plant genera displayed a similar but not identical range of relative mobilities in both native and SDS gels, whereas bean chitinase and apple agglutinin were clearly different. None of the antisera reacted with any of the PR preparations from plant genera other than the one from which the antigen(s) had been derived. Whilst PRs within the genusNicotiana are serologically related and can be identical, PRs from different plant genera seem to be sufficiently different to be considered as genus-specific.     

Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.     

Rapid Identification of Clavibacter michiganensis Subspecies sepedonicus Using Two Primers Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (TP-RAPD) Fingerprints

Twenty strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus from different geographic origins and other reference strains of the same and different species, including other potato pathogens, were analysed with a new procedure named TP-RAPD that originates fingerprints of bacterial species. This procedure uses two primers to amplify the 16S rDNA gene. At 45 °C of annealing, the PCR product electrophoresed in agarose gels produced a band pattern that was different in all bacterial species studied as well as in the subspecies of C. michiganensis. All strains of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus displayed the same TP-RAPD number of pattern. Unlike Gram negative bacteria, Gram positives of high G + C content, such as Clavibacter, produced low bands in TP-RAPD. By using a different set of two primers also based in the 16S rDNA sequence from Escherichia coli a more adequate amplification of Gram positives of high G + C including a greater number of bands was obtained. TP-RAPD patterns using the new set of primers described in this work is a reliable and fast method to identify C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.