OS-诱抗剂诱导植物抗病性的作用探讨

用PDA培养基平板法测定了0.4%OS-诱抗剂水剂对水稻纹枯病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、油菜菌核病菌、辣椒立枯病菌、瓜类绵腐病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌的生物活性,其EC₅₀值分别为34.56、59.33、33.17、85.92、91.91、122.87μg/mL,OS-诱抗剂对水稻纹枯病、油菜菌核病较好。高效液相色谱分析表明,经OS-诱抗剂处理后的植物提取液中酚类物质的种类和含量相对于对照有明显的变化,说明OS-诱抗剂对植物的防病作用可能是促使植物体内产生了酚类抗病物质。     

植物免疫诱抗剂氨基寡糖素在广西的应用效果及前景分析

2011~2014年在广西番茄、葡萄、金橘等10种作物上开展植物免疫诱抗剂氨基寡糖素试验示范,结果表明:氨基寡糖素具有明显的促进作物生长、预防病害、提高品质及增加产量的效果。同时,分析和提出了广西应用植物免疫诱抗剂氨基寡糖素的前景和建议。     

114种植物提取物诱导烟草抗烟草花叶病毒活性鉴定

本研究以烟草和TMV为供试对象，评价了114种植物提取物诱导烟草抗TMV的活性，同时测试了这些植物提取物对TMV的钝化活性和抑制病毒粒子增殖的活性。结果表明，山苍子、平姜、苦参、八角、白屈菜、余甘子和五倍子共7种植物提取物对烟草具有显著的诱抗活性，对TMV的诱抗效果分别为78.90%、67.23%、66.82%、58.87%、53.92%、51.56%和51.28%，具有作为激发子诱导烟草抗病毒活性的应用潜力。本研究结果为开发植物源免疫诱抗剂生物农药提供了依据。     

植物免疫诱抗剂的应用研究进展

近年来,利用植物免疫的原理开发植物免疫诱抗剂成为植物保护研究的全新领域。本文阐述了植物免疫诱抗剂的作用机理,总结了植物免疫激发子的主要种类(蛋白类、寡糖类、脂类激发子等)及其鉴定方法,介绍了目前国内外植物免疫诱抗剂的开发及应用现状,并对植物免疫诱抗剂的研究与应用前景进行了展望。     

几种植物诱抗剂对小麦纹枯病防治效果研究

近年来,随着小麦播期的提早,品种的更新和施肥水平的提高,小麦纹枯病的发生和危害逐年加重。植物诱抗剂利用诱导因子激发植物自身的抗病性,使其产生抗菌物质,从而达到防治病害的目的,为植物病害的防治开辟了一条新途径。为了充分发挥植物诱抗剂的抗病作用,我们进行了防治小麦纹枯病的试验,现将试验结果总结如下:     

植物免疫诱抗剂氨基寡糖素的应用效果与前景分析

2011～2012年连续在陕西、山东和海南等22个省(直辖市)40多个基点开展的植物免疫诱抗剂氨基寡糖素的田间应用试验示范以及农产品质量进行了检测.结果表明,植物免疫诱抗剂氨基寡糖素具有显著的防控农作物病害、促进农作物增产和改善农产品品质的效果.分析了氨基寡糖素的应用前景,并提出了下一步技术开发和推广应用建议.     

上海市应用“性诱剂+”技术防治蔬菜害虫效果评价

为克服单用性诱剂的不足,延伸应用了性诱加病毒、性诱加黄板、性诱复合植物源诱剂等"性诱剂+"技术措施,使得应用性诱剂的防治效果提升了20~25百分点,还较多地节省了应用性诱防治的成本,化解了应用上的麻烦,推广更易被菜农所接受。     

我国植物免疫诱导技术的研究现状与趋势分析

植物免疫诱导技术是近年来发展十分快速的新领域,本文从具有植物免疫诱导作用的蛋白质、壳寡糖和微生物诱导菌等方面介绍了我国植物免疫诱导技术的研究现状,阐述了植物免疫诱导剂的作用机理及诱导和提高植物免疫抗病的作用,分析了植物免疫诱导剂蛋白质生物农药、壳寡糖生物农药及微生物诱抗剂的发展趋势及应用前景。     

植物疫苗有前景

生物诱抗激发植物自身防御体系的抗病、抗虫的植物免疫诱抗药物已成为生物源农药开发的新热点,目前我国自主研发的此类制剂包括激活蛋白、壳寡糖、脱落酸、木霉、芽孢杆菌等是基于充分利用植物自身的天然防御能力,     

3%植物激活蛋白诱导蚕豆抗病性应用技术

从苗期开始间隔30d或始花期开始间隔20d喷施1次植物激活蛋白1000倍液能显著增强蚕豆的抗病性,尤其是苗期开始使用的效果更明显,对蚕豆赤斑病、根腐病、病毒病的诱抗效果分别为59.1%、76.4%和85.6%,增产率达26.6%。激活蛋白制剂500～1000倍对3种病害的诱抗效果为50%~70%,浓度间诱抗效果无显著差异。根据蚕豆生产实际,以苗期开始叶面喷雾1000倍植物激活蛋白,间隔30d使用最好。若从始花期开始,则每间隔20d叶面喷施。     

利用化学激发子防控作物害虫研究进展

诱导防御反应是植物抵御害虫为害的一种重要机制。在这一防御机制中,各种化学激发子,包括植食性昆虫相关分子模式、植物激素及其类似物、植物激发子多肽等发挥着重要作用。合理开发利用这些化学激发子,可望帮助植物建立一种天然的防御体系,从而降低害虫种群密度、减轻害虫为害,减少化学农药使用量。本文将主要对诱导植物抗虫性的化学激发子的最新研究成果进行概述,并展示利用化学激发子防控田间作物害虫的最新研究案例,提出亟待解决的问题,以促进化学激发子在作物害虫防控中的应用。     

具有植物诱导抗病活性的先导化合物及其结构修饰

系统介绍了苯并噻二唑、2,6-二氯异烟酸、β-氨基丁酸和水杨酸这4类应用较广泛的植物诱导抗病激活剂的研究进展,并对其衍生物及其抗病活性进行了归纳总结,对其诱导抗性进行了讨论。     

几种微生物提取物诱导马铃薯抗晚疫病及机理的初步研究

 筛选能显著诱导马铃薯块茎抗晚疫病的微生物源激发子,并探讨其诱导抗病性机理。分别将31种微生物的发酵液(F-0)以及其中真菌和放线菌的胞内提取物(F-1)、胞壁提取物(F-2)单独或复配后诱导处理马铃薯块茎切片,对其中诱导抗病效果显著的激发子进一步分析其中的有效诱抗物质及诱导处理后的生理变化。获得了9种较好的激发子,诱抗效果均达50%以上,其中放线菌A5295发酵液型激发子诱抗效果最高,达63.97%,且单一激发子复配后诱抗活性更高,其中MK与A5295的复配型激发子诱抗效果最好,达66.67%。MK和A32910b发酵液中有效诱抗物质均为饱和硫酸铵沉淀(A组分)、以及硫酸铵沉淀后再用乙醇沉淀(B组分)所得的物质。诱导处理后块茎中POD、PAL、PPO活性均明显高于对照,且在抗性表现出之前迅速增加达到峰值。此外,块茎中可溶性蛋白含量比对照增加41.53%,并有一些新蛋白产生。结果表明复配激发子比单一激发子诱抗活性更高,激发子中有效诱抗物质均为A和B组分,诱导的抗病性可能与块茎中POD、PAL、PPO活性增高,可溶性蛋白含量增加以及新蛋白质的产生有关。     

Control of light leaf spot and clubroot in brassica crops using defence elicitors

Plant defence elicitors are compounds that can induce host defence responses against plant pathogens and offer a novel strategy for disease management. Disease control by elicitors can be inconsistent and is often dependent on the crop, the variety and the environment. The use of foliar application of defence elicitors to control light leaf spot (LLS) disease caused by Pyrenopeziza brassicae in the brassica crops winter oilseed rape (WOSR) and Brussel sprouts was evaluated in field trials across multiple years. Elicitor responses in WOSR varied between years. Yield benefits were also inconsistent and did not reflect the level of disease control. Results with Brussel sprouts were more consistent although variation between variety, trial site and year were observed. In particular the salicylic acid analog Acibenzolar-S-Methyl, in the commercial product Bion®, demonstrated good disease control across the field trial sites in the early maturing Brussel sprout variety Cobus. Levels of LLS were consistently reduced when Bion® was alternated within a standard fungicide programme, applied as an individual spray or in combination with other defence elicitors. When applied as a root drench or seed soak Bion® also reduced symptom development of the soil-borne brassica disease clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, in WOSR. These results indicate that defence elicitors such as Bion® can be used as an additional disease management tool alongside host resistance and standard fungicide programmes to protect brassica crops.     

葡萄内生细菌的激活及其对霜霉病菌的抑制作用

 为了探究化学诱导剂诱导葡萄抗霜霉病的特性与葡萄内生菌激活的关系,筛选出对葡萄霜霉病有较高生防效果的菌株,本研究通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察和传统培养法,检测了葡萄茎段的内生菌,并应用4种化学诱导剂对葡萄叶片和茎段进行处理,对被激活的内生菌进行分离和生防效果的测定。结果显示,在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下均可观察到葡萄茎段内存在多种不同形态的内生细菌,但均处于不可培养状态;经不同浓度的诱导剂处理后叶片和茎段内生菌均增多,其中均以β-氨基丁酸(β-Aminobutyric acid, BABA)激活菌株数最多,诱导叶片和带叶茎段抗霜霉病效果最好,分别为80.4%和86.8%;被激活的叶片和茎段内生菌均为细菌,且多数为革兰氏阳性细菌,只有2株为革兰氏阴性细菌,其中,由BABA激活的革兰氏阴性细菌L-B-4生防效果高达97.2%,显著高于其他菌株,结合形态特征与16S rDNA序列分析,菌株L-B-4被鉴定为产氮假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas azotoformans)。本文首次发现化学诱导剂在诱导葡萄抗霜霉病的过程中对葡萄内生细菌有激活作用,且被激活菌株对葡萄霜霉病有较高的生防效果。     

Differential induction of redox sensitive extracellular phenolic amides in potato

This study focuses on the differential induction of extracellular phenolic amides that accumulate in potato cell suspensions during the first few hours of the interaction between these plant cells and either bacterial pathogens or pathogen-related elicitors. Using suspension cells of Solanum tuberosum we identified 4 hydroxycinnamic acid amides that accumulate in the extracellular environment. Treatment of the suspension cells with pathovars of the plant pathogens Pseudomonas syringae or Ralstonia solanacearum or with pathogen-related elicitors changed the composition of the extracellular phenolic amides within hours and the composition differed for each treatment. Some of the phenolic amides were sensitive to oxidative stress; when suspension cells were treated with bacterial strains or elicitors that triggered an oxidative burst, the phenolics were oxidized and depleted for the duration of the burst. Other critical parameters that affected the qualitative and quantitative makeup of these phenolic amides were plant cell age and density.     

Induced resistance for plant disease control: maximizing the efficacy of resistance elicitors

ABSTRACT Plants can be induced to develop enhanced resistance to pathogen infection by treatment with a variety of abiotic and biotic inducers. Biotic inducers include infection by necrotizing pathogens and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and treatment with nonpathogens or cell wall fragments. Abiotic inducers include chemicals which act at various points in the signaling pathways involved in disease resistance, as well as water stress, heat shock, and pH stress. Resistance induced by these agents (resistance elicitors) is broad spectrum and long lasting, but rarely provides complete control of infection, with many resistance elicitors providing between 20 and 85% disease control. There also are many reports of resistance elicitors providing no significant disease control. In the field, expression of induced resistance is likely to be influenced by the environment, genotype, and crop nutrition. Unfortunately, little information is available on the influence of these factors on expression of induced resistance. In order to maximize the efficacy of resistance elicitors, a greater understanding of these interactions is required. It also will be important to determine how induced resistance can best fit into disease control strategies because they are not, and should not be, deployed simply as "safe fungicides". This, in turn, will require information on the interaction of resistance elicitors with crop management practices such as appropriate-dose fungicide use.     

苦豆子内生真菌对宿主培养物生长及喹诺里西啶类生物碱合成的影响

利用苦豆子健康植株中分离鉴定的8株内生真菌菌株为真菌诱导子,分别制备灭活菌丝和菌液浓缩物,研究内生真菌诱导子不同种类、浓度和诱导时间对苦豆子无菌苗和愈伤组织的生长以及喹诺里西啶生物碱含量的影响。结果表明:8株苦豆子内生真菌诱导子中,菌液浓缩物的诱导效果要强于灭活菌丝。菌株HMGKDF1菌液浓缩物和灭活菌丝都能明显促进愈伤组织的生长,净生长率是对照的1.82和1.42倍;菌株NDZKDF13菌液浓缩物对愈伤组织生物碱的合成效果明显,生物碱含量为0.5483 mg·g-1,是对照的23.8倍;在一定浓度范围内(0.01~1.0 mg·L-1),苦豆子内生真菌诱导子能够促进宿主植物喹诺里西啶生物碱的合成。内生真菌诱导子处理苦豆子无菌苗12 d时,喹诺里西啶生物碱含量最高,是对照的2.65倍。在苦豆子无菌苗或愈伤组织中添加一定量的苦豆子内生真菌诱导子,对宿主的生长以及提高喹诺里西啶生物碱含量是一种有效的方法。     

不同抗逆诱导剂对水稻细胞PBZ 1 基因表达的影响

以水稻品种中花8号的悬浮细胞为试材,分别研究了真菌激发子和盐激发子对用稻瘟灵(IPT)和脱落酸(ABA)预处理24 h的水稻悬浮细胞中PBZ 1 基因表达的影响。结果发现:单独用IPT、ABA处理可以诱导细胞中PBZ 1 基因表达;只用真菌激发子和盐激发子处理的细胞中也可以检测到PBZ 1 基因的表达,但两种激发子对PBZ 1 基因表达的影响不同,在真菌激发子处理后的0~3 h之间PBZ 1 基因表达逐渐增强,而在盐激发子处理后的0~3 h之间则呈现逐渐减弱的趋势,到第3 h就检测不到了;用IPT预处理24 h后,再分别用真菌激发子和盐激发子诱导,水稻细胞中PBZ 1 基因表达强度都显著高于单独用IPT处理的细胞,而且在处理后的第0.5~3 h期间一直保持较强的表达;ABA＋盐激发子处理使细胞中PBZ 1 基因表达推迟且短暂,只在处理后第1~2 h之间可检测到,ABA＋真菌激发子处理使细胞中PBZ 1 基因在0.5~3 h期间一直保持较强的表达,明显强于单独用ABA处理的细胞。可见,IPT和ABA都可以诱导抗病基因PBZ 1 的表达,PBZ 1 基因也可由盐激发子诱导表达,说明PBZ 1 基因对除病害以外的非生物逆境也有积极的作用。     

Systemic induction of chitinase activity and resistance in melon plants upon fungal infection or elicitor treatment

Melon plants locally infected with Colletotrichum lagenarium display a marked increase in chitinase activities (exo- and endo-activities) throughout the whole plant. This increase begins 3 days after inoculation in the inoculated cotyledon, and then occurs sequentially in the non-infected tissues.Both fungal elicitors and plant endogenous elicitors induce a rapid increase in chitinase activity in the treated cotyledon. In other organs, chitinase activity is stimulated, to a lesser extent and after a lag period, only by fungal elicitors.The earlier, more rapid, systemic induction of chitinase activity, produced by treatment with the fungal elicitor is correlated by the increased resistance of the tissues to infection by the pathogen.