科技文摘

O S鄄诱抗剂诱导植物抗病性的作用探讨用PD A 培养基平板法测定了0郾4%O S鄄诱抗剂水剂对水稻纹枯病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、油菜菌核病菌、辣椒立枯病菌、瓜类绵腐病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌的生物活性,其EC50值分别为34郾56、59郾33、33郾17、85郾92、91郾91、122郾87μg/m L,O S鄄诱抗剂     

对甲氧基肉桂醛的抗真菌活性及田间药效分析

通过对植物香料产物对甲氧基肉桂醛的抗真菌活性研究,发现该化合物对鞭毛菌亚门卵菌纲、子囊菌亚门和半知菌亚门的8种植物病原真菌,番茄晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)、水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani AG-1IA)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、草莓褐色轮斑病菌(Phomopsis obscurans)、草莓炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)具有高效、广谱的特性;田间药效试验表明其对黄瓜霜霉病和水稻纹枯病具有较高的防治效果。这为其在植物病害防治中的应用以及进一步开发提供了依据。     

植物病原真菌对甲基立枯磷的抗药性及风险研究

通过对人工获得的抗甲基立枯磷菌株的抗药水平、在培养基上的生长速度、致病力、对其它杀菌剂的敏感性测定以及对菌核的观察和用药条件等方面分析, 在实验室内进行了植物病原真菌对甲基立枯磷的抗药性风险研究。结果显示, 不同的病原菌具有不同的抗药性。抗甲基立枯磷的水稻纹枯病菌菌株对甲基立枯磷的抗药性较强、抗药性风险大; 小麦纹枯病菌和油菜菌核病菌抗药菌株抗药性较弱、风险小。抗甲基立枯磷的水稻纹枯病菌对菌核净具有高水平正交互抗性; 抗甲基立枯磷的小麦纹枯病菌对菌核净和扑海因有中等程度正交互抗性; 这两种真菌的抗药菌株对五氯硝基苯的正交互抗性弱, 对烯唑醇和异稻瘟净没有交互抗性。甲基立枯磷与二甲酰亚氨类和芳烃类杀菌剂具有相似的抑菌作用。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌YU-1对水稻纹枯病的防治作用

本文旨在筛选对水稻纹枯病有生防作用的菌株,并初步探索其生防作用机理。收集水稻、甘蓝、黄瓜等不同植物根际土壤,采用稀释分离和对峙培养法筛选对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani Kühn有抑菌作用的菌株;通过离体接种防效、盆栽防效、抑菌谱、对水稻纹枯病菌菌核萌发及形成的抑制作用等方面评价其生防潜力,并对生防菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,从采集的37份根际土壤中共分离获得细菌297株,其中4株对纹枯病菌具有较好的拮抗作用,菌株YU-1对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长的抑制率达89.8%;对西瓜枯萎病菌、草莓灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、油菜菌核病菌、小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制率均在85%以上;对水稻纹枯病的离体和盆栽防效分别为73.1%和66.3%;对水稻纹枯病菌菌核萌发的抑菌率在92%以上;经生理生化和分子鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。由此可看出,菌株YU-1对水稻纹枯病的防治具有较强的应用价值,具有进一步开发成生物农药的潜力。     

雷帕霉素对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的抑菌活性,比较了嘧菌酯、丙烷脒及雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌效果,并通过电子显微镜观察了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:雷帕霉素对供试4种植物病原真菌菌丝均表现出了极强的抑制活性,其中对油菜菌核病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50值为2.23×10-4μg/mL,对番茄灰霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的EC50值分别为1.32×10-3、4.05×10-3及3.82×10-3μg/mL;雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝的抑制活性显著高于嘧菌酯(EC50值为3.24μg/mL)和丙烷脒(EC50值为3.81μg/mL)。电镜观察发现,经雷帕霉素处理后,番茄灰霉病菌菌丝表现出提前衰老等症状。研究结果可为深入探讨雷帕霉素对植物病原真菌的作用机制奠定基础。     

几种植物诱抗剂对小麦纹枯病防治效果研究

近年来,随着小麦播期的提早,品种的更新和施肥水平的提高,小麦纹枯病的发生和危害逐年加重。植物诱抗剂利用诱导因子激发植物自身的抗病性,使其产生抗菌物质,从而达到防治病害的目的,为植物病害的防治开辟了一条新途径。为了充分发挥植物诱抗剂的抗病作用,我们进行了防治小麦纹枯病的试验,现将试验结果总结如下:     

桧木醇衍生物的合成及抑菌活性

桧木醇是具有?酚酮骨架的单萜类天然化合物, 设计并合成了17个新型桧木醇衍生物, 其结构经核磁共振波谱及高分辨质谱分析确证。抑菌活性测定结果表明,目标化合物在50 μg/mL下对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani、番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum、苹果树腐烂病菌Valsa mali和黄瓜炭疽病菌Colletotrichum orbiculare均表现出较好的抑菌活性,其中化合物 3a 对水稻纹枯病菌、 3j 对番茄灰霉病菌、 3m 对油菜菌核病菌的EC₅₀值分别为1.84、2.47和1.05 μg/mL,表现出比桧木醇 (2.00、11.3和5.40 μg/mL) 更优的活性。     

生防枯草芽孢杆菌L1特性的初步研究

通过对峙培养,测定出枯草芽孢杆菌L1的抑菌谱较宽,特别是对水稻纹枯病菌、大豆菌核病菌、禾谷镰孢菌、辣椒灰霉病菌、玉米小斑病菌抑菌效果明显;枯草芽孢杆菌L1不同发酵时间经湿热灭菌处理后,5 d发酵液中抑菌活性物质含量最高,对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长抑制率达83.23%,发酵液随时间延长抑菌效果不再增加;枯草芽孢杆菌L1抑菌活性物质对温度不敏感;枯草芽孢杆菌L1发酵液用硫酸铵梯度沉淀法提取粗蛋白在硫酸铵饱和度达60%～70%(不含60%)沉淀的活性物质抑菌效果最好,对水稻纹枯病菌平均抑菌半径达1.15;枯草芽孢杆菌L1对玉米、大豆、小麦、番茄、菜豆、黄瓜、水稻无致病性,而且还有保鲜和促生作用。     

烯丙苯噻唑和氟唑环菌胺复配颗粒剂研究及其对水稻苗期稻瘟病和纹枯病的防效

水稻苗期病害的发生及防治备受关注。为明确诱抗剂烯丙苯噻唑与杀菌剂氟唑环菌胺复配颗粒剂对水稻幼苗的安全性和对苗期病害的防治效果,研制了16%烯丙苯噻唑·氟唑环菌胺复配颗粒剂配方并检测了理化性质,采用高效液相色谱法检测了有效成分含量及其缓释效果,并测定了温室条件下烯丙苯噻唑对水稻幼苗的安全性,以及颗粒剂对水稻稻瘟病和纹枯病的防治效果。结果表明,所制备颗粒剂的各项指标均符合国家相关标准要求。释放动态结果显示:杀菌剂氟唑环菌胺在V甲醇:V水=30:70的混合溶液中释放4 h后,累积释放率(质量分数)即达到峰值33%,且随后趋于稳定;而诱抗剂烯丙苯噻唑则在7 d后累积释放率方达到最高峰值;将两种有效成分复配可实现药剂对作物苗期病害的速效性与持效性协同作用。安全性试验显示,16%烯丙苯噻唑颗粒剂制剂用量不高于150 g/m2时对水稻幼苗安全。人工接菌条件下,试验剂量的烯丙苯噻唑可诱导水稻幼苗产生稳定的抗稻瘟病和纹枯病效果。16%烯丙苯噻唑·氟唑环菌胺颗粒剂对稻瘟病和纹枯病的防治效果在制剂用量150 g/m2剂量下最佳,分别为64.79%和68.32%,实现了1次用药同时防治两种病害的效果。研究结果可为诱抗剂与杀菌剂复配制剂的研发提供理论依据,同时可为缓释颗粒剂的田间科学施用提供参考。     

川芎､干姜和穿心莲提取物及其组合抑菌活性研究

本文研究了3种中药提取物及其组合对5种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性, 筛选出优秀的可抑制植物病原真菌的中药提取物组合?用不同溶剂对川芎?干姜?穿心莲3种中药的活性成分进行提取; 利用菌丝生长速率法探讨3种中药提取物及其组合对5种植物病原真菌的抑制作用; 采用Gowing法对提取物组合协同增效作用进行判断; 采用GC-MS?HPLC?UV对3种提取物进行成分分析和含量测定, 分析抑菌机理?结果表明, 在1∶1(m∶m)配比下, 川芎+干姜提取物在100 mg/L时对水稻稻瘟病菌Pyricularia oryzae?油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum?水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani?黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum表现为增效作用, 且抑菌率均大于80%; 川芎+穿心莲提取物在100 mg/L时对水稻稻瘟病菌和水稻纹枯病菌表现为增效作用且抑菌率均大于88%; 干姜+穿心莲提取物在500 mg/L时对水稻稻瘟病菌?油菜菌核病菌?水稻纹枯病菌?花生褐斑病菌Cercospora arachidicola表现为增效作用且抑菌率均大于88%; 通过GC-MS鉴定出川芎提取物挥发性成分主要为内酯类, 总含量达90%以上, 干姜提取物主要化学成分为倍半萜类, 总含量达70%以上, 利用HPLC测得穿心莲主要抑菌成分穿心莲内酯含量为2.67%, 利用紫外分光光度法测得川芎主要抑菌成分酚酸类含量为9.15%, 穿心莲主要抑菌成分黄酮含量为4.85%?抑菌机理分析得出, 川芎酚酸类成分和穿心莲部分黄酮类成分具有亲水性, 可打开细胞壁通道, 使川芎内酯类?干姜倍半萜类和穿心莲内酯黄酮类等亲脂性成分顺利通过细胞壁, 利用亲脂性破坏细胞膜, 阻碍细胞生长, 从而达到协同抑菌的功效?     

Allelism of theFcu-1 andFoc genes conferring resistance to fusarium wilt in cucumber

The inheritance of resistance toFusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum race 1 was determined in the cucumber cv. WIS-248 by analyzing segregation of F₁, F₂, and BC populations of crosses with the susceptible cv. Straight-8. Resistance was conferred by a single dominant gene. In an allelism test, it was proven that theFcu-1 gene, which confers resistance toF. oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum races 1 and 2 in cucumber cv. SMR-18 and theFoc gene, which confers resistance toF. oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum race 2 in cucumber cv. WIS-248, are indistinguishable.     

晋南地区黄瓜、黑籽南瓜死秧的病原菌鉴定及品种抗性研究

经分离、培养对不同菌种培养性状的观察,确定了侵染黄瓜、黑籽南瓜造成死秧的镰刀菌主要为尖镰孢菌黄瓜专化型、尖镰孢菌西瓜专化型、串珠镰刀菌和腐皮镰孢菌4种。经致病性测定,4种镰刀菌均能侵染黄瓜,引起发病造成死秧,可分为强致病类型和中强致病类型。经抗病性鉴定,黑籽南瓜种子只有南瓜4号为耐病品种;黄瓜种子也只有津优31号为耐病品种。     

Response of transgenic cucumber expressing a rice class I chitinase gene to two fungal pathogens with different infectivities

A transgenic cucumber line (CR32) over-expressing the rice class I chitinase gene exhibited resistance to Phytophthora rot (Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica) but not to Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum). The infection behavior of these fungi on CR32 and nontransgenic plants was examined with an optical microscope. In zoosporangia of P. nicotianae var. parasitica, the rates of germination and penetration on leaves of both CR32 and nontransgenic plants were almost equal. After infection, however, the growth of infection hyphae was markedly suppressed in CR32 compared with their growth in the nontransgenic plants. In F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, the infection hyphae localized in petiole vessels of both CR32 and nontransgenic plants, and growth did not differ in the two plants. We investigated the antifungal activity of a high-molecular-weight fraction (HF) and a low-molecular-weight fraction (LF) of crude leaf extracts from CR32 and from the nontransgenic line. CR32 HF, which included the rice chitinase, had antifungal activity only against F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. In contrast, CR32 LF, which did not have the rice chitinase, had strong antifungal activity against the two fungi. These results suggested that a low-molecular-weight antifungal substance(s) was induced in CR32 and might function as a factor of resistance to P. nicotianae var. parasitica, which has cell walls that almost never contain chitin. Because rice chitinase has already been demonstrated not to localize in vessels of CR32, the infection localization of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum in vessels might enable the fungus to avoid antifungal substance(s), resulting in Fusarium wilt in transgenic cucumber.     

Acquired resistance to pimaricin in Cladosporium cucumerinum and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. narcissi associated with decreased virulence

In laboratory experiments strains ofCladosporium cucumerinum andFusarium oxysporum f.sp.narcissi were selected, which showed resistance to the fungicidal antibiotic pimaricin. Increased resistance appeared associated with decreased fitness in vitro (radial growth and sporulation on agar media) and in vivo (pathogenicity). The physiological background of a link between sensitivity to the fungicide and pathogenicity is discussed. Samenvatting In laboratoriumproeven werden stammen vanCladosporium cucumerinum enFusarium oxysporum f.sp.narcissi verkregen, die resistent waren tegen het fungicide antibioticum pimaricine. Toegenomen resistentie bleek gepaard te gaan met een verminderde vitaliteit in vitro (radiale groei en sporulatie op een agar voedingsbodem) en in vivo (pathogeniteit) (Tabel 1 en 2). Het niveau van de resistentie tegen pimaricine bleek erg beperkt (Fig. 1). De fysiologische achtergrond van een koppeling tussen gevoeligheid voor het fungicide en pathogeniteit wordt besproken.     

Microbial community responses associated with the development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">cucumerinum</Emphasis> after 24-epibrassinolide applications to shoots and roots in cucumber

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FO), is one of the major diseases in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) production. Root and foliar applications of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), an immobile phytohormone with antistress activity, were evaluated for their effects on the incidence of Fusarium wilt and changes in the microbial population and community in roots of cucumber plants. EBL pre-treatment to either roots or shoots significantly reduced disease severity followed by an improved plant growth regardless of the treatment methods applied. EBL applications decreased the Fusarium population on root surfaces and in nutrient solution, but increased the population of fungi and actinobacteria on root surfaces. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that FO-inoculation had significant effects on the bacterial community on root surfaces as expressed by a decreased diversity index and evenness index, but EBL applications alleviated these changes. Moreover, several kinds of decomposing bacteria and growth-promoting bacteria were identified from root surfaces of FO-inoculated plants and EBL-pre-treated plants, respectively. Overall, these results show that the microbial community on root surfaces was affected by a complex interaction between phytohormone-induced resistance and plant pathogens.     

Pathogenicity,vegetative compatibility and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">radicis-cucumerinum</Emphasis> isolates from Turkish greenhouses

The objective of the current study was to characterize Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum isolates from cucumbers in Turkey in terms of pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) variation. In the 2007 and 2008 greenhouse cucumber-growing seasons, surveys were conducted in Adana, Antalya, Hatay and Mersin provinces of the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Forty-seven fungal isolates of F. oxysporum were recovered from diseased cucumber plants. The pathogenicity of each isolate was tested on cucumber seedlings at the one-true-leaf stage. Forty of the 47 isolates of F. oxysporum were virulent on cucumber seedlings. Based on disease symptoms, the differential effect of temperatures of 17°C and 29°C on disease development, and the virulence on cucumber seedlings, these 40 isolates were identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum. Nitrate non-utilizing mutants were generated on minimal medium containing 1.5% KClO₃ and their phenotypes were determined. Mutants in different phenotypic classes were paired on minimal medium; of 40 F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum isolates, thirty-eight were placed into VCG 0260. Remaining two strains were assigned to VCG 0261. The AFLP primers produced a total of 180 fragments between 200 and 500 bp in length for the 30 isolates tested. At a genetic similarity of 0.71, the UPGMA analysis separated the isolates into two distinct clusters. The first cluster, AFLP I, included 28 isolates, of which all belonged to VCG 0260. Two strains in the second AFLP cluster both belonged to VCG 0261.     

番茄茎叶提取物对8种植物病原菌的生物活性初步研究

采用6种溶剂对番茄茎叶进行平行提取,以葡萄白腐病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、瓜类枯萎病菌和番茄早疫病菌为供试菌,对番茄不同提取液进行抑菌活性测定。结果表明,各溶剂提取液对特定病菌都有极好的抑制作用,对葡萄白腐病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制率均为100%,对其它病菌也都有很好的活性。番茄茎叶的水提取液对供试8种病原菌的综合抑制效果最好,对葡萄白腐病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制作用高达100%,对瓜类枯萎病菌抑菌效果最差也为67.74%。,因此,水应作为番茄茎叶农用抑菌活性物质提取的首选溶剂,石油醚可作为有机溶剂提取番茄茎叶农用抑菌活性物质的溶剂。     

Induced resistance to<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cladosporium cucumerinum</Emphasis> in cucumber by pectinases extracted from<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium oxalicum</Emphasis>

Pectinases extract (PE) from the fermentation product ofPenicillium oxalicum BZH-2002 was tested for its ability to induce protection against scab caused byCladosporium cucumerinum on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants. Seedlings with one true leaf were sprayed with various concentrations of PE (10–200 units ml⁻¹) 3 days before inoculation withC. cucumerinum. Results showed that the induced local protection against the pathogen was dose-dependent when the concentrations of PE were between 20 and 120 units ml⁻¹; systemically induced resistance against the pathogen was not observed. Boiled PE had a slight effect on disease reduction. Commercial pectinases prepared fromAspergillus niger showed lower protection against scab compared with PE when they were used at the same concentration of enzyme activity. No inhibitory activity was observed on conidial germination or germ-tube growth ofC. cucumerinum. PE was further evaluated for its enhancement of defense-related enzymes. Peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) increased in cucumber seedlings after treatment with PE. PO and PPO remained at a higher level in PE-pretreated seedlings throughout the experiment period whether pathogen-inoculated or non-inoculated, whereas PAL activity began to decrease 2 days after PE treatment. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004.     

Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum of cucumbers by soil solarization with impermeable plastics and/or reduced doses of methyl bromide*

Soil solarization is not broadly adopted as a soil deinfestation method mainly because of its long duration (4–6 weeks). We present evidence showing that the duration of solarization can be reduced to nearly half using impermeable plastics and/or low doses of methyl bromide, while still ensuring effective control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Chlamydospores of a pathogenic isolate of F. o. cucumerinum, formed in sterile soil, were inserted into nylon mesh envelopes and incorporated into the soil prior to treatment at 20‐ and 30‐cm soil depths. Soil treatments included untreated control, soil solarization with polyethylene or impermeable plastics (LMG), and soil solarization with polyethylene or impermeable plastics plus 20 g m^?2 methyl bromide. According to the effects on artificial inocula of F. o. cucumerinum checked at weekly intervals for 4 weeks, soil solarization with impermeable plastics was most effective in destroying pathogen populations even two weeks after soil covering.     

野生酸枣内生细菌筛选、鉴定及其抑菌活性测定

为广泛开发植物内生菌资源,采用组织分离法从野生酸枣的根、茎、叶和果实中进行生防菌的分离和筛选,通过平板对峙法和发酵液法测定了所得菌株对8种植物病原菌的活性,并利用生物学和分子学方法对所得菌株进行了鉴定。结果显示,从野生酸枣的根、茎、叶和果实中共分离得到76株内生细菌;通过对所有菌株进行初筛和复筛,最终得到8株拮抗作用较强的菌株,菌株SZG-23、SZG-1、SZY-13和SZS-3对梨黑斑病菌Alternaria kikuchiana和黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum的抑制作用较强,抑制率均分别高于82.5%和71.1%,其中菌株SZG-23的抑制率最高,达90.3%和72.4%。菌株SZG-23发酵液对8种植物病原菌生长均有一定的抑制作用,其中对梨黑斑病菌和番茄灰霉病菌Bortytis cinerea的抑制作用最好,抑制率分别达92.2%和90.5%。菌株SZG-23的抗利福平突变菌株能在酸枣幼苗中定殖和移动。结合形态观察、生理生化特征及16S r DNA同源性分析将菌株SZG-23鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,16S r DNA序列在Gen Bank中登录号为KF483660。