简单横向沙丘表面物质组成、气流分布及其在动力学过程中的意义

对简单横向沙丘的形态特征、气流、表面以及被输移的沙物质组成的观测和分析表明 ,沙丘形态特征和表面物质组成的分异是导致沙物质在迎风坡坡脚不能沉积并向下风向输送的主要原因。对沙丘背风坡气流观测表明 ,在沙丘背风坡贴近地面的一定高度气流仍能保持一定的强度 ,其输沙方向与沙丘走向近似于垂直 ,并有相当强的输沙能力 ,但其作用被限制在背风坡范围内 ,这对保持沙丘形态有重要的作用。在野外风沙观测中气流的湍流和波动被忽略 ,平均风速并不能完全反映野外气流的性质。在低 -中强度风沙活动过程中 ,被输送的沙物质的粒度组成与下垫面物质有明显的差异 ,被输送沙物质的平均粒径小于下垫面沙平均粒径 ,输沙过程是一典型的随机过程。特定区域内 ,一定粒径范围内的沙物质不断被堆积而形成沙丘 ,经过一系列的动力学过程 ,最终形成处于动态平衡的区域沙丘地貌分布格局     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘浅层风沙土含水量空间变异

2008年5月,在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梧桐沟区段设置200 m×50 m样地,均匀选取180个样点进行样方的植被、地形和地貌调查,并且采取表层(0～10 cm)和次表层(10～30 cm)土壤样品进行土壤含水量分析。借助地统计软件GS~+和ArcGIS地统计模块分析研究区土壤含水量在沙垄不同地貌条件下的空间变异规律。结果显示:两层土壤水分的半方差函数值拟合为指数模型;表层和次表层土壤水分的变程分别为37.8 m和21.3 m,偏基台值与基台值的比值[C/(C_0+C)]分别为75.1%和75.6%,说明两层土壤水分具有强烈的空间自相关性,也表明土壤水分的变异主要由结构性差异所引起,客观地反映了研究区土壤水分的空间格局特征。克里格插值图显示,土壤水分随地势的升高而增大,平均数分析表明,0～10 cm土壤含水量由高至低的变化趋势是:垄顶>迎风坡>背风坡>垄间地,而10～30 cm则为:迎风坡>垄顶>垄间地>背风坡。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合纵向沙垄间地沙丘空间分形及稳定性

塔克拉玛干沙漠的大地貌格局是高大复合沙垄和宽广垄间地相间分布,而垄间地是研究简单沙丘发育过程的良好试验场地。基于Google Earth影像,以分形理论为基础,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合纵向沙垄区垄间地上覆沙丘在主导风方向上的分形特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 垄间地沙丘形状指数（面积-周长关系）的标度-频度双对数关系非常显著,分形关系客观存在,并且不受统计时所用标度的影响;② 垄间地各类沙丘的分维值存在差异,其中,饼状沙堆和沙片分维值最大（1.337）,新月形沙丘次之（1.170）,简单线性沙丘最小（1.087）;③ 垄间地沙丘分维值的空间差异较大,在1.187~1.656,其分维数：背风坡脚（1.24）＜垄间地中部（1.40）＜迎风坡脚（1.50）,变异系数为0.106;④ 垄间地沙丘稳定性指数与分维值的空间分布相反,即背风坡脚（0.26）＞垄间地中部（0.16）＞迎风坡脚（0.10）;⑤ 垄间地沙丘分维值空间差异主要与沙丘发育程度有关,其中,风信是动力基础,沙源是物质基础。在流动沙漠,沙丘分形维数可以作为反映其风沙环境特征的定量指标。     

青海湖东沙地不同植被恢复措施下土壤水分变化特征

土壤水分是沙地植被格局和过程改变的主要驱动力,也是干旱半干旱区植物生长最大的限制因子。沙漠地区的土壤水分表现出明显的空间异质性。以高寒半干旱沙地青海湖东沙地为研究区,以栽植人工固沙植物(小叶杨、樟子松、沙棘和乌柳)的沙丘和自然固定沙丘(沙蒿为优势种)作为研究样地,探讨不同固沙植物影响下的沙丘不同地貌部位土壤水分变化特征。结果表明:(1)土壤水分的季节变化受降水、植被蒸腾作用和地表蒸发的共同影响,不同物种的分布模式具有差异性,但都表现为7月的土壤含水量最高。(2)同一植物在不同地貌部位的土壤含水量具有差异性,小叶杨在迎风坡最高,樟子松、沙棘和乌柳在背风坡最高,而沙蒿在丘顶最高,但只有乌柳的土壤含水量在沙丘地貌部位间的差异明显(P<0.05)。不同植物在同一地貌部位的土壤含水量也具有差异性,迎风坡樟子松的土壤含水量最小,只有1.81%,而沙蒿的土壤含水量能达到3.48%。丘顶处乌柳的土壤含水量仅为1.82%,而沙蒿可达3.58%。背风坡处的土壤含水量相差不大,乌柳最大为3.41%。(3)土壤水分随着土层深度的变化模式不同,土壤含水量整体表现为10~20 cm处最高。不同植物的土壤水分的垂直分布具有差异性,小叶杨和樟子松下方的土壤含水量随着土层深度的增加而降低,沙棘和沙蒿表现为120 cm土层深度内无明显变化,而乌柳下方的土壤含水量随着土层深度的变化在各地貌部位不同,具体表现为迎风坡无明显变化、丘顶降低和背风坡增加的趋势。土壤水分在高寒半干旱沙地不同植被恢复措施下的分布除受到降水、土壤分布、物种类型、植物根系分布的影响之外,还与沙丘微地貌形态具有一定的相关性。     

毛乌素沙地东南缘不同类型沙丘土壤水分分布特征

通过对横山县境内毛乌素沙地东南缘的实地考察,根据植被类型和植被覆盖度,将沙丘分为裸露流动沙丘、灌木覆盖沙丘、乔木覆盖沙丘,分别在各类沙丘不同地貌部位实施4 m深度钻孔取样,并进行含水量测试和粒度分析,研究沙地土壤含水量变化。结果表明:对于垂直方向0～4m深度的沙地、灌木和乔木覆盖沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>迎风坡>背风坡,而裸露流动沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>背风坡>迎风坡;不同类型沙丘在各地貌部位不同层段含水量变化差异明显,变化趋势不统一。沙丘的地貌部位相同,地表的植被类型和覆盖度差异是影响沙地土壤含水量的重要因素,测试结果显示,迎风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘;背风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘;丘间洼地含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘。灌木覆盖沙丘土壤含水量变异系数最大,水分含量在不同层位波动较大,裸露流动沙丘和乔木覆盖沙丘含水量波动差异较小。沙丘上生长的灌木和乔木明显地改变了沙丘含水量的变化特征,灌木比乔木对沙丘含水量及其垂向变化的影响更显著。灌木对地表大气中的粉尘有较强的拦截能力,灌木沙丘平均的粉砂和黏土含量高,灌木的覆盖有利于沙地的土壤化进程和保持沙地水分,在沙地绿化过程中,应充分考虑灌木植物的作用。     

基于SRTM-DEM和TM的流动沙丘提取方法研究

以塔克拉玛干沙漠的流动沙丘地貌为例,进行数字地貌形态提取方法研究。首先,利用高精度Srtm-DEM数据派生出坡度和起伏度两个地形因子数据,并参考坡度和起伏度的分类指标,实现沙地和沙丘边界线的自动提取,将风成地貌按照形态特征区分出沙地和沙丘两种地貌类型。其次,利用数学分析方法,根据斑块指数值的大小初步确定复合流动沙丘的类型。最后,基于高空间分辨率的遥感影像的色调、纹理、结构等特征,建立典型流动沙丘地貌特征的遥感影像特征图谱,依据遥感图谱进一步确定复合流动沙丘的类型,实现典型复合流动沙丘地貌形态和成因特征的计算机智能化提取方法。研究结果表明:该方法目前可以实现流动沙丘中的复合型链垄状沙丘、复合型沙垄、穹状沙丘和蜂窝状沙丘的智能化提取。     

沙丘部位对聚乳酸纤维沙袋沙障降解速度的影响

掌握聚乳酸纤维沙障的降解速度对于沙障防护效益的发挥具有重要意义。在毛乌素沙地的流动沙丘迎风坡设置聚乳酸沙障,采用测定力学性能、质量损失及观察表面形态等多种手段对毛乌素沙丘迎风坡底部、中部和沙丘顶部铺设5a的聚乳酸纤维沙障的降解速度进行了研究。结果表明:与原始聚乳酸纤维沙障相比,从沙丘迎风坡底、迎风坡中到坡顶,沙障的降解速度逐渐增大。障格内纬向障体(垂直于主风向)的整体降解速度较经向障体(平行于主风向)的严重。单根沙障暴露面障体的降解速度均较贴地面的大,且二者的差异随坡位的上升越来越大。表明沙丘不同部位的风沙活动、光照、土壤水分含量等环境因素分布的差异对于聚乳酸纤维沙障降解速度有着重要的影响,在设置沙障或后期维护时应当注意加强。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地横向沙丘表面紧实度分异特征

沙丘表面紧实度是量化沙丘紧实程度的一个综合性指标,紧实度指标与沙丘的风蚀与堆积成因关系密切,对风成沙丘的形成具有重要意义。基于对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地垄间平地的4种简单横向沙丘〔饼状沙丘(PD)、盾状沙丘(SD)、雏形新月形沙丘(PCD)、新月形沙丘(TCD)〕表面紧实度、容重、孔隙度和平均粒径的测量,通过最小显著差异法(LSD)分析和多重比较,对简单横向沙丘表面紧实度的空间分异特征及其形成机制进行了分析。研究结果表明:1 4种沙丘的沙面紧实度均具有较大的空间差异性,并且此差异性具有方向性,纵向差异性最大,横向差异较小;2 4种沙丘表面紧实度平均值表现为:盾状沙丘饼状沙丘雏形新月形沙丘新月形沙丘,而紧实度空间差异性却表现为:饼状沙丘盾状沙丘雏形新月形沙丘新月形沙丘,最大值和最小值点出现的位置也不同;3沙丘表面紧实度和容重、孔隙度具有很好的相关性,在质地相似的沙物质中,容重和孔隙度均可以作为衡量紧实度的指标。     

PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响

选取风季和雨季两个典型时期,对铺设不同规格PLA沙障沙丘迎风坡不同坡位0-60cm土层的土壤含水量进行测定,并以裸沙丘为对照,探究PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响.结果表明:1m×1m和2m × 2m沙障在不同时期对沙丘迎风坡整体和坡位间土壤水分影响明显,而菱形沙障作用效果差;1m×1m、2m×2m沙障使风季形成迎风坡浅层(5-20cm)土壤含水量低于裸沙丘的水分特征,雨季形成迎风坡表层(0-10cm)土壤含水量优于裸沙丘的水分特征,从而影响了植物的入侵与定居方式;不同时期1m×1m和2m×2m沙障对迎风坡中部和下部土壤水分的影响均较上部明显,迎风坡中部和下部应为重点关注区域,而在上部应采取相伴措施弥补不足.     

不同沙丘部位和不同结皮类型对土壤种子库的影响

采用萌发法对古尔班通古特沙漠沙垄不同部位生物结皮类型的种子库进行研究,发现不同沙丘部位和结皮类型种子分布特征有一定的规律性:藻类结皮的种子数量、丰富度和多样性均显著高于地衣和苔藓结皮。生物结皮从藻类到地衣和苔藓的演替,有降低种子数量和种子多样性的现象。在不同沙丘部位,沙丘顶部流沙的种子数量和多样性较低,与丘顶流沙相比沙丘底部的藻类结皮显示出较高的丰富度和多样性,但沙丘底部的地衣和苔藓结皮与丘顶流沙相比未表现出明显的差异。背风坡中部的藻类结皮种子多样性较高,显著高于迎风坡中部的藻类结皮。     

科尔沁沙地坨甸交错区土壤水分的空间变异规律

科尔沁沙地沙丘-草甸相间地区,地貌形态多样、土地利用类型众多,从而导致土壤水分空间分布的复杂性。通过对科尔沁沙地典型沙丘-草甸相间地区的调查取样与试验分析,运用统计学理论和方法,研究土壤水分的空间变异性及其空间分布规律。结果表明：水平方向上,土壤水分总体表现为草甸地大于沙丘地,过渡带介于两者之间。就草甸地而言,植物生长越好,其土壤水分越高,保水持水性能也越好;沙丘地则与之相反,植被最稀疏的流动沙丘,其土壤含水量大于半流动半固定沙丘与固定沙丘,且有良好的储水条件。垂向上,高覆盖草甸、低覆盖草甸和农田（草甸）土壤含水量在地表下0～40 cm波动最大,40～160 cm随深度增加而递增;流动沙丘、半流动沙丘和固定沙丘土壤含水量随深度增加呈微弱加大趋势。林地、撂荒地、农田（沙丘）变化程度居中。从空间分布看,研究区中东部土壤水分偏大,且向南北两侧区域递减。     

Pattern analysis of a linear dune field on the northern margin of Qarhan Salt Lake,northwestern China

In terms of formation mechanisms of linear dunes,there are open arguments for their widespread distribution and multi-morphological diversities.In order to clarify the formation mechanism of linear dunes of Qarhan Salt Lake,we used pattern analysis method to analyze the statistical characteristics and spatial variation of their pattern parameters.Except at the west-northwest margin,the pattern parameters showed regular spatial variation from the up-middle part towards the downwind end of the dune field.Based on the cumulative probability plots for inter-crest spacing and crest length,we divided the linear dunes into three groups,which corresponding to the three evolution stages of these dunes.The first group comprises erosional relics,with shorter crests,smaller inter-crest spacing and more random dune orientation.The second group comprises dunes whose sand supply is just sufficient to maintain stability and these dunes are approaching the net erosion stage.The crest length and inter-crest spacing of these dunes are much larger than those of the first group,and dune orientation is closer to the resultant drift direction (RDD) .The last group comprises linear dunes that are still undergoing vertical accretion and longitudinal elongation,which follows the RDD of the modern wind regime.The presence of regular spatial variation of pattern parameters and a similar geometry with the vegetated linear dunes suggest that deposition and erosion coexist in the development and evolution of linear dunes of Qarhan Salt Lake,i.e.deposition predominates at the downwind end of linear dunes in the vertical accretion and longitudinal elongation stage,whereas erosion mainly occurs at the upwind end of linear dunes in the degradation stage.Therefore,the formation mechanism of linear dunes in Qarhan Salt Lake can be reasonably explained by the combination of depositional and erosional theories.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒县沙丘移动规律的初步研究

关于塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒县的沙丘移动速度,从已经发表的材料来看,存在着两种不同的判断。一种认为“塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒、和田之间……沙丘移动强度也不大”,并且把策勒绿洲西南沙丘移动列为“快速的类型(6—10米/年)”;另一种判断,策勒县“五十年代以来,在县城西北的沙漠,每年前移蔓延80—100米,1957—1980年在策勒乡、     

Aeolian transport over a developing transverse dune

The spatial and temporal changes in aeolian transport over a dune are fundamental factors that control the morphology of the dune.In the present study,we obtained direct field observations of aeolian transport over a developing transverse dune at the Shapotou Aeolian Experiment Site in the southeastern part of China’s Tengger Desert.The transport rate versus wind speed relationship is complicated over a developing dune compared with the relationships over flat surfaces and over dunes that are in equilibrium with the wind.We obtained trend lines for transport rate over the transverse dune versus distance.The transport rate generally increased from the toe to the crest above the stoss slope,but the difference in transport rate between the crest and the toe was smaller than those that have been proposed for taller dunes.The crest/toe ratio for transport rates therefore seems to depend greatly on dune height.Flux density profiles for different points above the dune at different wind speeds were well described by the exponential decay law,as has been proposed for saltation flux density profiles.Coefficients in the flux density profile function can be defined in terms of the transport rate and wind speed.However,the dependence of relative decay rate with height and average saltation height on wind speed was weaker than that observed in a wind tunnel and above a flat surface.The preliminary results obtained in this study require more evidence from field observations to fully describe aeolian transport above developing dunes.     

Grain size distribution at four developmental stages of crescent dunes in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert,China

Although scientists have performed many studies on crescent (barchan) dunes in the Taklimakan Desert,few studies reported the changes in grain size at different development stages of crescent dunes.In order to evaluate the changing trends of surface sediment grain size with dune development,we investigated the grain size characteristics at four developmental stages (oval sand pile,shield dune,incipient crescent dune and mature crescent dune) of crescent dunes by measuring the morphology of sand dune and observing the near-surface wind regime.The dunes have developed in a wide inter-dune corridor between high compound longitudinal ridges in China's Taklimakan Desert.The surface sediments at four developmental stages of the crescent dunes were primarily composed of fine sands,followed by very fine and medium sands.Mean grain sizes ranged from 2.8 to 3.1 φ,with a unimodal distribution.The sands were moderately well-sorted,their distribution varied from platykurtic to very platykurtic,and symmetrical or skewed towards the fine particles.From oval sand piles through shield and incipient crescent dunes to mature crescent dunes,incipient grain size gradually increased,particles became finer,sorting became better,kurtosis and skewness increased.Grain sizes on the surface layer became coarser upwards from the toe of the windward slope and then became finer towards the bottom of the leeward slope.We found that the coarsest particles at different positions at the four developmental stages were different.The coarsest particles were distributed at the top of the oval sand piles and shield dunes,versus at the middle of the windward slope of the incipient and mature crescent dunes.Correlations between the mean grain size and other grain size parameters showed that as mean grain size became finer,sorting became better and kurtosis became wider,but skewness changed only slightly.In addition,grain size variation in the surface sediments correlated with the movement speed of the dunes in the study area.In the open ground among tall-complex longitudinal ridges in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert where aeolian environment is characterized by comparatively strong wind and unsaturated sand flow,faster dune movement corresponded to coarser grain size.     

Sand source and formation mechanism of riverine sand dunes: a case study in Xiangshui River,China

Riverine sand dunes develop as a result of fluvial-aeolian interactions. The primarily barchan dune chains along the Xiangshui River (a branch of the Xar Moron River in the western part of the Horqin Sandy Land of China) form a typical riverine dune field. We collected a series of samples from the riverine sand dunes parallel to the direction of the prevailing wind and investigated the sand sources and formation mechanisms of these dunes by determining the grain size, heavy mineral content and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of the samples. The sand of the near-river dunes was coarser than the sand of the dunes distant from the river, indicating that coarse sand of the valley mainly deposited on near-river dunes. The heavy mineral analysis suggested that wind-sand activity levels were intense on the upwind dunes, but relatively weak on the downwind dunes. This indicated that the sand sources for the near-river dunes were more abundant than those of the distant dunes. Our OSL analysis of samples suggested that the deposition rates on dunes near the river were greater than the deposition rates on dunes distant from the river. The development of dunes along the river indicated that the river played an important role in dune formation and development. In addition, airflow fluctuation and the formation of the waveform dunes had a type of feedback relationship. Grain size, heavy mineral and OSL analyses are widely used methods in wind-sand research. Sand dune grain size characteristics reflect the effects of airflow on the transport and separation of sand materials, as well as the physical characteristics of the sand sources. Heavy mineral characteristics are often used to investigate the relationships between sediments and sand sources. OSL indicates dune age, revealing formation of dunes. Therefore, it is useful to explore dune sand sources, as well as the mechanisms underlying dune formation, by determining grain size, heavy mineral content and OSL. This study investigated the sand sources of riverine dunes and provided new information about riverine dune formation and development.     

巴丹吉林沙漠第四纪研究评述与讨论

近20年来巴丹吉林沙漠第四纪研究倍受地学界的关注,取得了较大的进展,但在一些主要问题的认识和结论上,分歧和争论极大。在综合分析大量研究成果的基础上,对第四纪研究进行了系统的评述和讨论,指出了这些研究中存在的问题、以及出现分歧和相互矛盾的原因。在沙漠形成的时代上,现有的研究主要是对沙漠部分地区的地层断代和沙丘浅部的测年,尚没有系统的工作,为此这里特别对影响沙漠时代研究的几个主要因素进行了详细的讨论。关于高大沙山和其间湖泊的形成机制,前者有多因素理论和地下水理论,后者有沙山间负地形理论说和断裂构造理论。尽管这些理论的依据和手段主要是运用不同的地球化学元素来示踪水源,但得出的结论迥异。通过对这些结果的分析,认为彼此的适用性还需进一步的证实。湖泊水源争论的原因主要是缺乏对沙漠地貌、下部地质、沙山钙结层和植物根套的综合研究所致,沙漠下部地质的进一步研究是解决这些问题的关键。在沙漠气候及其演化的研究上,西风环流和东亚季风对沙漠的形成和演化的影响程度还不清楚。最后对巴丹吉林沙漠的未来研究进行了展望。     

科尔沁城镇化过程对沙地景观的影响

城镇空间扩展所表征的城镇化过程及其对区域景观的影响,是景观生态学研究中的重要方向之一,也是景观生态学中格局-过程研究的重要组成部分。以1985—2013年遥感数据为基础,GIS技术与景观格局分析方法为手段,采用主要指标构建的城镇化指数定量分析了城镇化过程对科尔沁沙地景观的影响。结果表明:近28 a来,区域城镇化发展较快,年均提高0.64%,并呈现阶段性特征,研究区景观变化明显。在斑块水平上,农田、固定沙丘、林地、居工地的面积增加,其余景观类型的面积减少;农田、居工地与林地的破碎化程度增加;农田、固定沙丘最大斑块面积增加最显著,在区域中的优势作用增强。在景观水平上,区域景观破碎化程度减轻,空间集聚程度增加,景观类型组成趋于简单。区域内城镇化过程对不同类型景观的影响存在差异性,其特征表现为城镇化对农田、居工地的影响最大,对其他类型景观的影响较小。城镇化指数与斑块数量、散布与并列指数、香农多样性指数之间存在显著的负相关关系,城镇化指数与蔓延度指数为显著的正相关关系,表现为研究区景观破碎化程度、空间散布程度、异质性均随城镇化水平提高而减小,反映出城镇化与景观变化存在一定的内在联系,选取的景观指数能够反映城镇化过程对区域景观的影响。