杀虫剂对橘小实蝇毒力测定方法的筛选和应用

应用药膜法、点滴法、圆筒滤纸法和饲喂法测定了敌百虫、高效氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素对橘小实蝇成虫的毒力。结果表明,不同的药剂所适用的毒力测定方法并不完全相同。4种方法均适用于敌百虫对橘小实蝇成虫的毒力测定,饲喂法不适用于高效氯氰菊酯,圆筒滤纸法不适用于阿维菌素。应用点滴法和药膜法测定了橘小实蝇广州种群对辛硫磷、敌百虫、氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲维盐、阿维菌素的抗性程度。药膜法所测得的橘小实蝇对拟除虫菊酯类农药的抗性倍数略低于点滴法。点滴法和药膜法的测定结果均能一致反映橘小实蝇田间种群对杀虫剂的抗性水平。     

橘小实蝇对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的抗性机制及对其他药剂的交互抗性

入侵害虫橘小实蝇严重为害蔬菜、花卉、水果等经济作物,目前在田间常使用杀虫剂进行防治。为探索甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)防控橘小实蝇的抗性风险,采用药膜法测定了橘小实蝇抗甲维盐种群(EB)对8种杀虫剂的交互抗性水平,并测定了橘小实蝇EB种群、金华田间种群(JH)和敏感种群(S)的解毒酶活性。历经33代筛选,橘小实蝇EB种群对甲维盐产生了43.4倍的中等水平抗性,对阿维菌素存在中等水平交互抗性,对吡虫啉、辛硫磷、马拉硫磷存在低水平交互抗性,对噻虫胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯、多杀霉素和虫螨腈未表现出交互抗性。胡椒基丁醚(PBO)、磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)均可显著提高甲维盐对橘小实蝇EB种群、JH种群和S种群的室内毒力。橘小实蝇EB种群细胞色素P450(3.9倍)和b₅含量(3.3倍)、O-脱甲基酶活性(4.2倍)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性(2.7倍)、羧酸酯酶活性(3.2倍)显著高于S种群。多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、羧酸酯酶活性显著增强可能是橘小实蝇对甲维盐产生高水平抗性的重要机制。     

深圳地区橘小实蝇田间种群抗药性监测

在长期、大量且不科学地使用化学杀虫剂形成的选择压力下,我国南方重要水果害虫橘小实蝇[Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)]田间种群产生了抗药性,杀虫剂防效降低。为明确该虫抗药性程度,采用药膜法测定了深圳地区橘小实蝇田间种群对高效氯氰萄酯、氯氟氰菊酯、敌百虫、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、故敌畏、灭多威、阿维菌素、多杀霉素、甲维盐等4类11种杀虫剂的抗性。结果表明,该地区橘小实蝇对高效氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、阿维菌素3种杀虫剂抗性倍数分别为18.95、18.72、16.59倍,达到中抗水平;对敌百虫、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、灭多威5种杀虫剂抗性倍数分别为5.58、6.81、7.90、3.88、4.95倍,为低抗水平;对马拉硫磷、甲维盐、多杀霉素3种杀虫利还较为敏感,抗性倍数分别为2.20、1.56、2.10倍。     

多种药剂对橘小实蝇的毒力及部分复配组合的增效作用

采用液体饲喂法测定了13种药剂对橘小实蝇成虫的毒力,以及多杀霉素分别与噻虫胺、氰戊菊酯、阿维菌素混配对橘小实蝇成虫的联合毒力。结果表明,噻虫胺、多杀霉素、氰戊菊酯对成虫的毒力最高,处理24 h后的LC_(50)分别为3.257、3.204、2.791 mg/L,48 h后的LC_(50)分别为1.002、0.936、1.560 mg/L。通过交互测定法和共毒系数法筛选得出,当多杀霉素分别与噻虫胺、氰戊菊酯、阿维菌素以有效成分44∶5、11∶10、7∶10复配时,增效作用最显著,共毒系数分别为169.8、155.9、175.1。     

山东省不同地区韭蛆种群对杀虫剂的抗药性

用胃毒触杀联合毒力法监测了山东省7个韭菜种植区的韭蛆种群对毒死蜱、辛硫磷、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉和噻虫嗪6种常用杀虫剂的抗性水平。结果表明:山东省各地区韭蛆种群对毒死蜱和辛硫磷的抗性已较为普遍,其中莘县种群对毒死蜱的抗性超过30倍;对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性为中等水平;泰安种群对供试的两种菊酯类药剂均产生了低水平抗性;而对吡虫啉和噻虫嗪,7个供试种群处于敏感或敏感性下降状态。     

10种杀虫剂对4种蓟马的毒力及对西花蓟马的田间药效评价

蓟马对农作物的危害逐年加重, 为筛选防治蓟马的高效低毒药剂, 采用叶管药膜法测定了10种常用药剂对4种蓟马的室内毒力, 并开展了田间防效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明, 6%乙基多杀菌素SC和10%虫螨腈SC对4种蓟马的毒力相对较高, 25%噻虫嗪WG和5%甲维盐EC的毒力较低, 西花蓟马和瓜蓟马对10种药剂的敏感性低于花蓟马和烟蓟马。田间药效结果表明, 25%噻虫嗪WG、10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC对西花蓟马的防效较高, 药后7 d药效最高达到90%以上。综合室内毒力和田间药效试验结果, 推荐4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC和10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC为防治蓟马的首选药剂, 可与25%噻虫嗪WG、48%多杀霉素SC、1.8%阿维菌素EC和10%吡丙醚SC等药剂轮换使用。     

几种杀虫剂对斑翅果蝇室内毒力测定

在实验室条件下,选取6种常用杀虫剂,采用胃毒触杀联合毒力测定方法测定了室内成虫种群对这几种药剂的敏感性。毒力测定结果表明:藜芦碱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的毒力相对较高,而阿维菌素、氟虫腈、异丙威的毒力较低。藜芦碱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯可作为防治斑翅果蝇的候选药剂。     

陕西关中地区小麦田禾谷缢管蚜对7种杀虫剂的抗性监测

为明确陕西关中地区麦蚜田间种群对杀虫剂的抗药性现状,采用浸叶法测定了兴平、礼泉、凤翔、岐山、扶风地区麦田禾谷缢管蚜种群对高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、异丙威、毒死蜱、阿维菌素、氟啶虫胺腈等7种杀虫剂的抗性水平。结果表明,禾谷缢管蚜对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性水平最高,其中凤翔种群对高效氯氰菊酯达到高水平抗性(抗性倍数为72.5),岐山和扶风种群对该药产生中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为31.4、29.9);5个地区的禾谷缢管蚜对溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、异丙威和阿维菌素的抗性水平较低,表现为敏感、敏感性下降或者低抗性;5个地区的试虫对氟啶虫胺腈均表现为敏感。分析认为,高效氯氰菊酯不适合用于关中地区禾谷缢管蚜防治,氟啶虫胺腈作为一种新型杀虫剂,可以在该虫防治中推广使用,吡虫啉、阿维菌素等其他几种杀虫剂可以在禾谷缢管蚜的防治中交替使用。     

河北省不同地区棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的抗性动态

为了明确河北省不同地区棉蚜种群对主要杀虫剂的抗性水平及其发展趋势,采用浸渍法,于2014—2020年分别测定了河北省保定、沧州和邯郸地区棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明:与国内历史敏感基线相比较,河北省棉蚜对高效氯氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈的抗性均达到高抗至极高抗水平,抗性最高分别达到242、13353、1367和205倍;对氧乐果和噻虫嗪的抗性也达到中等至高水平抗性。应用Pearson相关性分析评估各药剂的logLC₅₀值的相关性,发现保定种群对吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.77, p = 0.041)、噻虫嗪和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) 的抗性呈显著正相关;沧州种群对高效氯氰菊酯和丁硫克百威 (r = 0.81, p = 0.027)、高效氯氰菊酯和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.90, p = 0.006)、丁硫克百威和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.91, p = 0.005) 的抗性呈显著正相关;邯郸种群对高效氯氰菊酯和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.83, p = 0.022)、高效氯氰菊酯和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.97, p < 0.001)、丁硫克百威和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.77, p = 0.045) 的抗性呈显著正相关。本研究结果表明,河北省棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的抗性显著,且可能存在严重的交互抗性。     

不同杀虫剂对橘小实蝇幼虫的毒力及混配联合作用

采用幼虫饲料混毒法测定了8种内吸性杀虫剂对橘小实蝇幼虫的毒力,以及噻虫嗪与氯虫苯甲酰胺、虫螨腈混配对幼虫的联合毒力。结果表明,新烟碱类杀虫剂对橘小实蝇幼虫的毒力较高,其中噻虫胺、噻虫嗪处理24 h后的LC50分别为0.116、0.308 mg/L。利用共毒因子法筛选出共毒因子大于20的配比后,进一步利用共毒系数法筛选出共毒系数大于120的混配组合。当噻虫嗪与氯虫苯甲酰胺虫螨腈以3∶11、15∶11混配以及噻虫嗪与虫螨腈以1∶140、1∶14混配时具有增效作用,共毒系数分别为131.3、157.9、138.7和131.1。试验结果可为确定防治橘小实蝇幼虫的药剂组合提供参考。     

Genetically engineered viral insecticides: New insecticides with improved phenotypes

Baculoviruses are natural pathogens of insects which have been used as biopesticides. In contrast to many chemical agents, baculoviruses affect only a limited number of insects and so can be used to target particular insect species. Unfortunately, unless the host receives a very high virus dose, the insect continues to feed and causes damage to crops, because the virus takes several days to kill it. This lag is unacceptable in the protection of many crops, especially where cosmetic damage seriously reduces the value of a crop (e.g. fruit). Strategies have been devised recently to circumvent this problem. The baculovirus genome has been modified, using genetic engineering techniques, to incorporate foreign genes encoding insect-specific toxins, or hormones or enzymes. Expression of some of these genes in the virus-infected host insect has been shown to reduce both the feeding damage to crop plants and the time taken to kill the insect pest. The current status of this developing field is described, together with an assessment of the possible risks involved in using such genetically modified agents in the environment.     

Toxicology of insecticides to mammals

Many insecticides target structures or functions in non-target species, including mammals. This is particularly true of those that target the insect nervous system, such as the organochlorines, anticholinesterases and GABA antagonists. Another group of insecticides target structures or functions not present in mammals, and this group of insecticides has considerable target species specificity, but there are often potential targets in mammals. Octopamine is closely related to adrenaline and amitraz (an octopamine receptor agonist) and acts in mammals at α2-adrenergic receptors. Although there are potential targets in mammals for juvenile hormone mimics and ecdysone receptor agonists, there is no evidence that the mammalian toxicity of either group is related to their insecticidal activity. Nor do chitin synthesis inhibitors have high mammalian toxicity. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

柑橘木虱防控药剂筛选及矿物油对其增效作用评价

为了筛选柑橘木虱高效防控药剂,提高药剂防治效果,本文探索了10种杀虫剂对柑橘木虱的田间防效及矿物油对杀虫剂的增效作用。结果表明：对柑橘木虱成虫,22%噻虫·高氯氟悬乳剂(SE)、70%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂(WP)、6%联菊·啶虫脒微乳剂(ME)和5%高效氯氟氰菊酯ME的速效性好,药后1 d防效94.61%～100%;22%噻虫·高氯氟SE、70%吡虫啉WP、10%氯噻啉WP和28%阿维·螺虫酯乳油(EC)的持效性好,药后7 d防效75.97%～85.54%。对柑橘木虱若虫,22%噻虫·高氯氟SE和5%高效氯氟氰菊酯ME的速效性好,药后1 d防效94.68%～94.93%;其中22%噻虫·高氯氟SE速效性和持效性均表现突出,药后7 d防效达到100.00%。除22%噻虫·高氯氟SE外,70%吡虫啉WP、28%阿维·螺虫酯乳油也具有较好的持效性,药后7 d防效85.50%～88.07%。矿物油分别与上述药剂混配,对70%吡虫啉WP和10%氯噻啉WP具有显著增效作用。综合考虑,建议田间防治柑橘木虱选用22%噻虫·高氯氟SE、70%吡虫啉WP、28%阿维·螺虫酯EC,使用吡虫啉时可与矿物油结合使用...     

Some alternatives to insecticides

Results of work in progress on the elucidation of insect responses to attractant substances of various kinds is reviewed, and the possibility of developing practical alternatives to insecticides is discussed.     

Mechanism of transfer of insecticides in Musca domestica

The onset of symptoms of toxicity in houseflies treated with poisons of the central nervous system (CNS) is shown to be delayed by measures which block metabolic activity such as depriving the insects of oxygen or decreasing the temperature. The indications from this work are that these measures also delay the penetration of the insecticide into the CNS. This suggests that the movement of the insecticide is mediated by a process which requires the expenditure of metabolic energy in a living tissue. The tissue most likely to be involved in insecticide transport is the epidermis.     

The photoreactions of carbamate insecticides

The photochemical reactions of the O-phenyl-N-methyl carbamates are reviewed. Most of the members of this series absorb radiation available in the solar region on the surface of the earth. The bulk of the work in this area has been carried out in the laboratory although some field experiments have also been reported. The products of the photolysis of carbamates in solution suggest that the reaction proceeds via a photo-Fries mechanism. Methods, based on emission properties for distinguishing between different carbamates in a mixture, are discussed and extensions are proposed.     

Metabolic chemistry of pyrethroid insecticides

This review of studies on 20 pyrethroids with nine different acid moieties and ten different alcohol moieties reveals a diversity of functional groups undergoing metabolism in mammals, insects, other organisms, and microsomal esterase and oxidase systems. Seventy-nine metabolites are identified from the cis-isomer of permethrin and transpermethrin but fewer from other pyrethroids examined in less detail. The sites and rates of metabolic attack on each pyrethroid depend on the organism or system. Metabolism of pyrethoids by esterase and oxidase action usually limits their toxicity to mammals more than to insects, thereby conferring useful selective toxicity properties.     

Insect resistance to insecticides

The past 40 years have seen insect resistance to insecticides develop from a scientific curiosity to an immense practical problem that threatens man's ability to control not only the insect pests of agriculture but also the insect vectors that transmit major human and animal diseases. The spread of genes for cross and multiple resistance among insect pests has rendered most of our present insecticides obsolescent and very few novel insecticides are under development as substitutes. The most feasible strategy to maintain adequate control of insect pests is integrated pest management or I P M, in which insecticide management is a useful component. However, much of our present planning for the future of insect control is carried out in ignorance of past failures. We must learn from the past if we are to retain the use of chemical insecticides as a viable component of IPM.     

Role of insect haemolymph in translocation of insecticides

A ligature round the “waist” of the housefly was shown to block effectively the flow of haemolymph between the abdomen and the rest of the body, but it did not prevent the toxic action of certain contact insecticides. These included representatives of four major chemical types. The ligature appeared to have little effect on the speed of action of these compounds, suggesting that the haemolymph is not important in their transport to the site of action.