山东省小麦根腐病病原菌的分离鉴定

为明确山东省小麦根腐病的病原菌种类,于2012—2014年从山东省10个地市采集小麦病株,通过组织分离法获得了185株分离物,利用形态学鉴定方法,结合基于5.8S r DNA-ITS序列或TEF-1α基因序列分析的分子鉴定方法对分离物进行了鉴定。结果表明:分离物中共得到135株麦根腐平脐蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana,占分离病原菌总数的72.97%,属优势种群;50株镰孢属Fusarium菌株,其中14株尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum、19株层出镰孢菌Fusarium proliferatum和17株黄色镰孢菌Fusarium culmorum;按照柯赫氏法则进行致病性测定,证实了4种病原菌对鲁麦21号具有致病性,麦根腐平脐蠕孢的致病力较强,病情指数显著高于镰孢菌属真菌。研究表明,山东小麦根腐病主要是由麦根腐平脐蠕孢和镰孢属真菌侵染引起的,麦根腐平脐蠕孢为优势菌群。     

环介导等温扩增技术快速检测麦根腐平脐蠕孢

 为建立麦根腐平脐蠕孢简单快速的分子检测方法,基于环介导等温扩增(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)技术,以核糖体DNA的ITS为靶标序列,设计和筛选出一组麦根腐平脐蠕孢的特异性引物,成功开发可快速准确检测麦根腐平脐蠕孢的LAMP方法。甜菜碱作用测试显示LAMP体系中是否添加甜菜碱对扩增结果无明显影响;特异性测试显示该LAMP方法能够从14种植物病原菌中特异地检测出麦根腐平脐蠕孢;灵敏度测试显示该LAMP方法的检测极限为10^-3 ng·μL^-1,是常规PCR检测方法灵敏度的100倍;通用性测试显示该LAMP方法能够准确检测洛阳、安阳、开封和邯郸等不同地理来源的麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌株;发病组织检测显示该LAMP方法能够准确地从人工接种的小麦发病组织中检测出麦根腐平脐蠕孢,检出时间为侵染12 h及以上。这些研究结果表明所建立的麦根腐平脐蠕孢LAMP检测方法特异性好、灵敏度高、适用性强,可用于小麦根腐病的早期快速诊断。     

安西县玉米茎基腐病的研究

甘肃省安西县玉米茎基腐病病原鉴定为小麦根腐平脐蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana(Sacc.) Shoemaker.玉米品种Sc704比中单二号感病:玉米小麦间作田病株率61.7％单播玉米3.4％。     

江苏水稻旱育秧“黄枯”病原鉴定及致病力研究

 从江苏13个市采集肥床旱育秧"黄枯"标本1030份,分离后获784株菌。经鉴定和致病性测定,752株为致病菌,分属4属11种真菌:(1)镰孢属(Fusarium),占74.0%,有6个种,分别为禾谷镰孢(F.graminearum Schw.)、尖孢镰孢(F.oxysporum Schlecht.)、木贼镰孢[F.equiseti (Corda) Sacc.]、串珠镰孢(F.moniliforme Sheld.)、半裸镰孢(F.semitectum Berk.et Rav.)和雪腐镰孢[F.nivale (Fr.) Ces.],其中禾谷镰孢最多,占病菌总数的25.3%;其次是尖孢镰孢、木贼镰孢和串珠镰孢,分别占16.2%、13.3%和10.2%;而雪腐镰孢仅占1.1%。(2)丝核属(Rhizoctonia),有立枯丝核(R.solaniKühn),占14.6%。(3)平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris),占7.4%,主要是麦根腐平脐蠕孢[B.sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.],占7.0%,而稻平脐蠕孢[B.oryzae (Breda.de Haan) Shoem.]仅为0.4%。(4)腐霉属(Pythium),占4.0%,有瓜果腐霉[P.aphanidermatum (Eds.) Fitzp.]和链状腐霉(P.catenulatum Matth.)。病菌种类及其比例因地区和苗床土类型的不同存在一定差异。接种试验表明,不同病菌致病力和引起的症状类型差异较大。腐霉、禾谷镰孢、串珠镰孢和麦根腐平脐蠕孢引起的发病率均为100%,而半裸镰孢和雪腐镰孢仅40%左右。多数病菌能够引致稻苗的"黄枯",并且茎基部有褐色病斑。引起死苗的主要是腐霉、麦根腐平脐蠕孢和禾谷镰孢,而串珠镰孢往往引起稻苗的徒长或矮化。     

亚洲玉米螟为害对玉米镰孢穗腐病发生程度的影响

为了明确亚洲玉米螟[Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)]在玉米雌穗不同发育期为害对玉米镰孢穗腐病发生程度的影响,分别在春播和夏播玉米吐丝、灌浆和乳熟期,以亚洲玉米螟为试虫,以轮枝镰孢菌为供试菌,单独或复合接种侵染。结果表明,无论春播还是夏播玉米,镰孢穗腐病病情指数均以复合处理最高,为31.57～88.80,单独接虫处理为16.27～55.00,单独接菌处理为19.02～59.47;玉米镰孢穗腐病的发生程度受玉米雌穗发育期和亚洲玉米螟为害程度的影响,其玉米螟为害级别为吐丝期>灌浆期>乳熟期;受螟害的介导作用,春播玉米雌穗被害率、螟害级别和镰孢穗腐病的发病率均显著重于夏播玉米,但夏播玉米镰孢穗腐病的病情指数高于春播玉米。螟害的介入明显加重了玉米镰孢穗腐病的发生,严重程度与雌穗发育时期密切相关。     

我国北方玉米上平脐蠕孢属和弯孢属真菌及其所致叶斑病

平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)和弯孢属(Curvularia)真菌可引起多种玉米叶斑病。为了解当前玉米生产上此类病害的发生情况,2014年8-9月对我国玉米主产区北京、河北、河南、黑龙江和吉林5省市玉米上疑似由该两属真菌引起的叶部病斑样品进行了采集,随后进行了真菌的分离和鉴定。共采集样品42份,根据其形状特点归为4类:长条形、椭圆形、小点状和梭形病斑。经组织分离获得平脐蠕孢属和弯孢属真菌28株,基于形态学和rDNA-ITS序列的系统发育分析共鉴定出5个种:玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢(B.maydis)、玉米平脐蠕孢(B.zeae)、玉米生平脐蠕孢(B.zeicola)、新月弯孢(C.lunata)和穂状弯孢(C.spicifera)。从长条形病斑和椭圆形病斑上分离到的主要是B.maydis和B.zeicola,从小点状病斑分离到的主要是C.lunata,其次是B.zeae。分离出C.lunata的样品病斑较为稀疏、颜色略浅、呈苍白色,分离出B.zeae的样品病斑更为密集、颜色较深。从梭型病斑分离到的是C.spicifera。有少数样品可分离到上述两种菌。采用孢子悬浮液喷雾法对温室玉米苗接种,上述5种真菌均可致病。以接种B.maydis发病最快,发病最重;接种B.zeicola、C.lunata或C.spicifera发病较慢,症状明显;接种B.zeae发病最慢,仅引起小点状病斑。研究结果可为玉米叶斑病的正确诊断提供资料和依据。     

玉米圆斑病病原的快速检测

玉米生平脐蠕孢菌(Bipolaris zeicola)是引起玉米圆斑病的病原菌。本研究通过对玉米生平脐蠕孢菌及其近似种的EF-1α基因(elongation factor 1α)部分序列进行比对,设计出玉米生平脐蠕孢菌的特异性引物Y-EF-F和Y-EF-R,利用该引物可以从B.zeicola中扩增出137 bp的特异片段,而其余的17个参试菌株扩增结果为阴性。灵敏度实验表明该对引物可以检测到目标DNA的浓度为1 pg·μL~(-1)。用B.zeicola接种玉米叶片、苞叶以及玉米粒,然后以接种发病的病组织DNA为模板,利用引物Y-EF-F和Y-EF-R进行PCR扩增,可以扩增出137 bp的特异性条带,而健康玉米组织DNA中未能扩增出任何条带。用B.zeicola孢子悬浮液接种大田玉米叶片,接种第3 d可以检测到未发病组织中有B.zeicola病原菌,第5 d可以看到明显的病斑。研究结果表明该方法可用于快速、准确和灵敏地检测玉米组织中的潜伏期玉米生平脐蠕孢菌,为玉米圆斑病的快速检测,进而及早采取防治措施提供积极的指导。     

呼和浩特市苜蓿根腐病病原菌鉴定及致病性测定

为确定引起呼和浩特市苜蓿根腐病的病原菌种类,采用常规组织分离法对采集的疑似苜蓿根腐病病样进行病原菌分离与培养,利用形态学观察结合分子生物学方法对分离物代表菌株进行鉴定,并采用土壤接种法对代表菌株的致病性进行测定。结果表明,共分离获得6类形态学特征不同的分离物,各随机选择1株代表菌株进行鉴定,结合分子生物学鉴定结果确定呼和浩特市苜蓿根腐病病原菌有6种,分别是麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌Bipolaris sorokiniana、立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti、变红镰刀菌F. incarnatum、锐顶镰刀菌F. acuminatum和织球壳枯萎菌Plectosphaerella cucumerina,分别分离到1、7、14、26、7和14株菌株,占总分离菌株数的1.45%、10.14%、20.29%、37.68%、10.14%和20.29%。其中,立枯丝核菌的致病力最强,接种苜蓿幼苗发病的病情指数达82.67,其次为木贼镰刀菌、变红镰刀菌、锐顶镰刀菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌和织球壳枯萎菌,病情指数分别为72.67、62.67、58.67、52....     

河南省小麦黑胚病菌的分离鉴定及致病性测定

 为明确我国小麦主产区河南省小麦黑胚病菌的主要类群,为该病的防治工作提供理论依据,对河南省不同地区种植的50个小麦品种(系)的黑胚籽粒进行了分离鉴定和致病型测定。鉴定结果表明：河南省小麦黑胚籽粒病原分离物包括链格孢(Alternaria alternate)、麦根腐蠕孢（Bipolaris sorokiniana）、细极链格孢(A. tenuissima)和小麦链格孢（A. triticina）,平均分离频率分别为63.0%、18.0%、12.2%和6.8%,不同品种小麦黑胚籽粒各种病原菌分离频率有一定差异。扬花后10 d利用孢子悬浮液接种进行分离物的致病性测定,结果表明链格孢(A.alternate)和麦根腐蠕孢（B. sorokiniana）致病力较强。结合分离频率和致病性测定结果,确定链格孢(A. alternate)是河南省小麦黑胚病的优势病原菌。     

东北地区四种常见禾本科杂草病原真菌资源调查及其致病性测定

为了解我国东北地区常见禾本科杂草病原真菌资源状况,于禾草生长季节对东北三省19个县市的稗草、狗尾草、马唐和虎尾草的发病情况进行了调查和采样。对病害样品用组织分离法分离获得186个真菌菌株,经形态学观察和rDNA ITS序列比对分析,鉴定到10个属的真菌。对其中分离率较高具代表性的或来自发病严重样品的31个菌株用人工接种法进行了致病性测定,明确了新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)对稗草、狗尾草、马唐和虎尾草均有较强致病性,梭形凸脐蠕孢(Exserohilum fusiforme)和尖角凸脐蠕孢(E. monoceras)对稗草具有较强致病性,麦根腐平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、狗尾草平脐蠕孢(B. setariae)、嘴突凸脐蠕孢(E. rostratum)和链格孢(Alternaria spp.)对狗尾草具有较强致病性。不同菌株致病性有差异,一般来讲,对原寄主的致病性强于对其他寄主的致病性。研究结果丰富了禾草的病菌资源和信息,为真菌除草剂的研发奠定了基础。     

一种由麦根腐平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)引起的柳枝稷叶斑病

<正>柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)属禾本科(Gramineae)黍属(Panicum)是多年生C4草本植物。该植物原产于北美,环境适应性极强,具有耐旱、耐盐碱、耐贫瘠等特点。它不仅是国际上公认的作为生物燃料的能源作物,还是一种优质牧草。截止2010年,柳枝稷在我国北方种植面积已达115.8 hm~2[1]。随着种植面积的不断扩大,柳枝稷病害问题越来越严重,病害造成柳枝稷生物量下     

外引玉米种质对3种玉米叶斑病的抗性鉴定与评价

2012-2013年,应用田间人工接种的方法对引进的165份国外玉米种质进行了玉米大斑病、灰斑病、弯孢菌叶斑病等3种病害同步抗性鉴定与评价,结果表明:引进的国外玉米种质对3种玉米叶斑病的抗性表现均存在差异,表现抗病的种质较少,大部分种质表现感病或高度感病;抗性种质均以中抗为主,表明国外玉米种质对3种叶斑病的抗病能力较低。筛选出一批单抗性种质和兼抗2种或3种叶斑病的多抗性种质37份,为抗病育种提供了重要基础材料。     

甘肃玉米主要病害发生动态调查

为了掌握甘肃玉米病害的发生动态,明确主要病害的流行趋势,采用随机抽查法调查了甘肃庆阳、平凉、天水、陇南、定西、武威和张掖7个市/地区的玉米病害类群。结果表明,普通锈病、红叶病和穗腐病普遍发生并较严重,在7个市/地区的平均病株率分别为81.6%、80.6%和77.3%;大斑病、纹枯病、交链孢叶斑病、茎腐病、小斑病、瘤黑粉病和鞘腐病局部发生较重,在7个市/地区平均病株率分别为83.3%、44.9%、29.1%、27.5%、25.6%、14.4%和8.3%,矮花叶病和丝黑穗病普遍发生但发病较轻,在7个市/地区病株率分别为3.1%和1.1%,但矮花叶病在旱作区平凉市依然严重,丝黑穗病在武威市和张掖市的玉米制种田发病率依然较高。调查表明,甘肃玉米叶部病害、穗腐病和茎腐病有加重趋势,今后应该加强多病害抗性品种选育和防治用化学药剂的筛选研究。     

玉米细菌性叶斑病-上升中的玉米病害

2003-2008年,从全国21个省（自治区、直辖市）采集玉米细菌性叶斑病材料,先后分离并保存了187株病原物,根据病原物在NA培养基上的菌落特征,可将病菌分为黄色圆形菌落、白色圆形菌落和乳白色不规则形菌落3类。根据调查数据和初步研究结果,将目前我国发生的玉米细菌性叶斑病归纳为4种主要症状类型：枯死斑型、褪绿斑型、条斑型和褐斑型。鉴于我国玉米细菌性叶斑病呈现逐年加重的趋势,对我国玉米生产具有潜在威胁,本文对玉米细菌性叶斑病提出了防治建议。     

75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂对玉米大斑病和灰斑病的防治效果

为了更好地防治玉米大斑病和灰斑病,于2013年和2014年采用75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂对其进行了两年田间试验。结果表明,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂各处理对玉米大斑病的防效与对照药剂70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂有效成分用量1 050g/hm~2的处理防效相当;对玉米灰斑病,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂有效成分用量168.75和225g/hm~2处理的防效显著高于对照药剂70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂有效成分用量2 250g/hm~2的防效。第2次药后14d对玉米大斑病两年的防治效果分别为61.9%~79.7%和66.2%~83.7%;对玉米灰斑病两年的防效分别为67.0%~78.9%和69.5%~84.2%。此外,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂对玉米还有显著的保产效果,采用75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂225g/hm~2防治玉米大斑病,两年挽回产量损失分别为6.0%~9.2%和6.1%~13.2%;防治玉米灰斑病,两年挽回产量损失分别为1.7%~8.9%和13.6%~18.1%。本研究结果显示,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂是在生产中防治玉米大斑病和灰斑病的优良药剂。     

云南蓝莓叶斑病的病原菌鉴定

<正>蓝莓(Vaccinium spp.)属于杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)越橘属(Vaccinium)多年生小浆果类果树,广泛应用于医药、保健、化妆品和环境保护等领域,联合国粮农组织将其果实列为世界五大健康食品之一。我国已有10多个省份开始大面积的蓝莓商业化栽培[1],这也是南方酸性土丘陵地区值得发展的经济作物。随着栽培面积的不断扩大,蓝莓病害日趋突出,严重影响和制约蓝莓产业的发展。     

Impact of intercropping on epidemics of groundnut leaf spots: defining constraints and opportunities through a 7‐year field study

Plant diversity can have a profound impact on disease dynamics, with important applications for enhancing sustainability. Disease is often reduced by intercropping, but variability can be high. This study investigated integration of several management approaches to stabilize this variability for early leaf spot (ELS) and late leaf spot (LLS) of groundnut, over seven seasons in three phases. In phase 1, monocrops and alternating row and strip intercrops with maize were artificially inoculated with ELS in an area with little groundnut production. Reductions in AUDPC of 37–73% in strip treatments compared to monocrops prompted testing of the efficacy of intercropping in intensive production areas for phases 2 and 3. Additional treatments included cotton strip intercrops, and integration of intercropping with reduced fungicide treatments and partial resistance to leaf spots. In phase 2, the use of cotton strip intercrops lowered natural ELS epidemics by 25–41% (AUDPC) through delayed disease onset, but maize had inconsistent effects. Intercropping was not effective against LLS, which dominated in phase 3. Reduced fungicide regimes and partial resistance lowered disease, and in one case interacted with intercropping to enhance disease suppression. Groundnut yields generally were inversely proportional to disease levels and not significantly reduced by intercropping. Separate studies to determine maize impacts on ELS infection implicated disruption of dispersal as the mechanism of disease reduction. This work demonstrates that intercropping may be most effective where low levels of ELS are present, using strip patterns with cotton, and combined with other tools such as resistance and reduced fungicide application.     

一种玉米新型细菌性褐腐病的病原鉴定

本研究从河北省武邑、献县、阜城和永年采集感病玉米植株。病株症状为叶梢枯死卷曲,叶脉产生黄色病斑,茎秆处黄褐色干腐。从发病植株中分离得到了10株疑似病原细菌菌株,经过回接验证和16SrDNA和gyrB基因的序列分析,结果表明,引起该病害的病原物为菠萝泛菌(Pantoea ananatis)和分散泛菌(Pantoea dispersa)。这是国内首次报道菠萝泛菌和分散泛菌引起玉米细菌性病害。     

Biological Control of Bipolaris sorokiniana on Tall Fescue by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strain C3

ABSTRACT Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain C3 was evaluated for control of leaf spot on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. In growth chamber experiments, C3 inhibited conidial germination on leaf surfaces and reduced lesion frequency and percent diseased leaf area compared with nontreated controls. The amount of leaf spot suppression was related to the C3 dose applied. The highest dose tested, 10(9) CFU/ml, prevented nearly all B. sorokiniana conidia from germinating on treated leaf surfaces and provided nearly complete suppression of lesion development. When colloidal chitin was added to C3 cell suspensions of 10(7) or 10(8) CFU/ml, biocontrol efficacy was significantly increased over C3 applied alone, whereas addition of chitin to a C3 cell suspension of 10(9) CFU/ml had no effect. In field experiments, application of C3 to tall fescue turf resulted in significant reductions in infection frequency and disease severity compared with nontreated controls. Strain C3 applied at 10(9) CFU/ml was more effective than C3 applied at 10(7) CFU/ml, and amendment of the lower dose with colloidal chitin enhanced its efficacy. Populations sizes of C3 established on foliage in a growth chamber and in the field were directly related to dose applied. Chitin amendments did not affect C3 population size.     

Fungicide responses of maize hybrids to grey leaf spot

Grey leaf spot disease of maize (Cercospora zeaemaydis) has seriously decreased grain yields in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and has spread to infect maize in neighbouring provinces. No commercial hybrids, resistant to the disease have so far been identified, and fungicides have been shown to reduce disease severity. The response of sixty-four commercial hybrids to grey leaf spot under fungicide treatment were studied over two seasons. Overall, fungicides reduced disease severity and linear regression of gain in yield against disease severity enables the identification of hybrids with optimum responses to fungicides. Under low disease levels hybrids responded less to fungicides than under high disease levels. The most susceptible hybrids had the highest responses in control of leaf-blighting and gain in yield. Hybrids with lower-than-predicted leaf-blighting also had lower-than-predicted yield responses, indicating these to be less susceptible to grey leaf spot. These less susceptible hybrids are likely to require fewer fungicide treatments than more susceptible hybrids and are at lesser risk of serious yield losses.Abbreviations GLS grey leaf spot - AUDPC area under disease progress curve