Changes in agronomic practices and incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019

In continuation of the annual national surveys of winter wheat, which began in 1970, samples from between 250 and 350 randomly selected wheat crops in England and Wales between 1999 to 2019 were visually assessed for disease symptoms during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75). Septoria tritici blotch was the most prevalent and severe foliar disease each year, although annual levels fluctuated considerably and there was no overall significant change over the two decades. Incidence of brown rust, yellow rust, take-all, and barley yellow dwarf virus also showed no significant overall change during the survey period, whereas glume blotch, powdery mildew, eyespot, and sharp eyespot all showed significant decline. Fusarium ear blight has significantly increased in both incidence and severity, causing a serious epidemic in 2012, when 96% of crops were affected. Tan spot has been the third most prevalent foliar disease since 2009 although severity is still very low. Regional disease levels were consistent over the two decades, providing reliable baselines to measure changes in seasonal disease severity. There were significant changes in agronomic practice with a rise to predominance of minimum tillage over the use of ploughing, decreases in overall disease susceptibility of cultivars grown, a major increase in the use of oilseed rape in the rotation and a long-term trend towards earlier sowing. Fungicide use increased considerably, with over 98% crops sprayed and an average of 3.5 applications made per crop each year since 2014. Implications of changes over the last 21 years are discussed.     

吡虫啉和百菌清在设施内外葫芦和黄瓜中的残留特性比较

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱法,分别研究了吡虫啉和百菌清在薄膜大棚设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中消解动态及其在葫芦和黄瓜中的残留量,并结合气象因子对产生残留差异的原因进行了分析。样品中的吡虫啉经乙腈和盐酸溶液提取,中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土层析柱净化后,用高效液相色谱检测;百菌清经乙腈提取,中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,用气相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中均消解迅速,施药7 d后,其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为90.4%和98.7%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为67.8%和85.9%;而百菌清在葫芦叶上的消解速率均比在黄瓜中的稍慢,施药7 d后其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为15.4%和38.1%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为87.8%和91.5%。表明2种农药在设施外2种蔬菜上的消解速率均快于设施内的。两种农药均是在设施外葫芦及黄瓜中的残留量低于设施内的,而降雨和光照强度可能是引起农药在设施内外蔬菜上残留差异的主要因子。     

Incidence of benomyl and iprodione resistance in isolates of Botrytis cinerea in tomato crops in England and Wales in 1986

In 1986, mass-mycelial isolates of Botrytis cinerea from 67 tomato crops in England and Wales were examined for benomyl and iprodione resistance. Of the 706 isolates obtained, 62.7% were resistant to benomyl at 2μg/ml and 43.2% were resistant to iprodione at 2 μg/ml. Iprodione resistance persisted in the absence of a dicarboximide spray programme. The incidence of benomyl resistance has not decreased since the last survey in 1984 in spite of a considerable reduction in the use of benzimidazole fungicides. There were no clear indications that the use of dichlofluanid influenced the incidence of benomyl or iprodione resistance. Disease control was poorer in crops with a higher incidence of iprodione resistance.     

Plant-pathogen interactions of sunflower and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and in vivo

The relative pathogenicity of isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was comparable both on sunflower tissue cultures and on mature plants and seedlings. The relative susceptibility of the different sunflower lines in vitro showed a similar pattern for cotyledon callus cultures, but not for immature embryo cultures. Although these protocols appear to be unsuitable for the selection of novel disease resistance, they do offer the potential for a rapid, non-destructive screen for resistant material.     

西部降水氢氧稳定同位素温度及地理效应

本文基于IAEA和WMO建立的GNIP网降水资料,得出中国西部地区大气降水线方程(LMWL)为δ2H=7.56δ18O+5.05‰(VSMOW)。分析了降水中氢氧稳定同位素温度效应、地理效应,确定了降水中δ18O和δ2H与月平均气温、降水量、海拔高度、纬度的相关关系。根据张掖站降水δ18O与温度之间的相关关系和民勤地下水14C年龄和δ18O特征,初步重建了晚更新世以来民勤盆地地下水补给温度,并与惰性气体补给温度(NGT)进行了比较,其相关系数为0.65,晚更新世地下水的补给温度(据δ-T关系)较大,可能是没有考虑降水量效应的缘故。     

Build-up and subsequent decline of residues of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene in lettuce in sequential crops

The build-up and decline of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene residues in protected lettuce, resulting from one to five treatments of the soil (each of 35 g m-2) with a quintozene formulation, have been studied. Residue levels were monitored in each experimental crop during growth until harvest. Residues in the soil at harvest were also determined. Quintozene residues in the harvested lettuce were in the range < 0.02–0.80 mg kg^?1 and those of hexachlorobenzene were in the range < 0.02–0.05 mg kg^?1 (expressed on a fresh weight basis). Residue levels in the soil were 5.4–231 mg kg^?1 for quintozene, and 0.20–5.4 mg kg^?1 for hexachlorobenzene (expressed on a dry weight basis). Under the experimental conditions of the trial there was no significant build-up of quintozene or hexachlorobenzene in harvested lettuce, even after five treatments to the same site.     

西安夏、秋季降水与太阳黑子的关系

基于西安市1960-2007年的降水数据和太阳黑子相对数,采用一元线性回归、Mann Kendall检验等方法,对西安降雨量进行分析,然后采用小波分析方法研究了西安夏、秋两季降水量与太阳黑子之间的关系。结果表明：夏、秋两季降水量约占西安全年降水量的80%;西安夏季降水量呈上升趋势,秋季降水量则呈下降趋势;降水量的变化与太阳黑子数多少密切相关,在太阳黑子出现极值年及2 a左右,降水量也出现极值;西安夏季降水量有10 a左右的周期,秋季降水量有9 a左右周期;太阳黑子在9 a时间尺度上与降水量有很强的相关性,且夏季降水量与太阳黑子相差1～2 a的正相关,秋季降水量则与太阳黑子提前2 a左右的负相关关系。     

Comparative ecophysiology of grain sorghum and Abutilon theophrasti in monoculture and in mixture

Selection of crop genotypes that are more competitive with weeds for light interception may improve crop yield stability in the presence of weeds. The effects of interference on ecophysiological characteristics of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. and three morphologically diverse grain sorghum hybrids was evaluated to determine the relative tolerance and suppressive ability of the three hybrids and specific traits that may contribute to those differences. A tall hybrid was more tolerant to A. theophrasti interference than two medium stature hybrids. Early leaf area growth of two medium-stature sorghum hybrids was reduced by A. theophrasti interference, whereas early growth of a tall hybrid was unaffected. The height of A. theophrasti was greater than two moderate-stature hybrids but lower than the tall hybrid. Greatest leaf area density (L_D) of the tall sorghum hybrid was above that of A. theophrasti , whereas greatest L_D of medium-stature hybrids was below that of the weed. In monoculture, the partitioning of new biomass to various plant organs was similar among sorghum hybrids, whereas the tall sorghum hybrid partitioned less biomass to leaves and more to stems than medium hybrids in mixture. The results indicate that the three hybrids differ in their susceptibility to A. theophrasti competition. Crop traits that may contribute to greater crop competitiveness include greater maximum height and its growth rate and greater height of maximum leaf area distribution.     

我国化学肥料和农药减施增效综合技术研发顶层布局与实施进展

化学肥料和农药是保障国家粮食安全和主要农产品有效供给不可替代的投入品,2015年我国以占世界7%的耕地面积,投入了超过世界总量33%的化肥农药。因此,围绕解决我国化肥农药过量施用带来的生态环境污染、农产品质量安全、耕地质量下降、生物多样性破坏、农产品生产成本持续升高等问题已成为关注重点。2016年至今,"化学肥料和农药减施增效综合技术研发"试点专项以突破减施途径和创新减施产品与技术装备为抓手,聚焦粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜、果树等重要农产品,依托农业产业政策进行了一体化实施。本文综述了此专项的整体布局、实施效果、科技产出、推广成效和管理经验,统计分析了研发、试验、转化、推广过程中的年度任务部署、中央财政资金分布、主持单位及课题单位分布、参与人员结构层次等相关数据,并总结了基础理论研究、共性关键技术、集成示范推广3个研究领域的阶段性成效,以期为减肥减药领域相关科研人员、推广机构、管理部门、技术用户、经营主体等提供参考。     

Movement and distribution of ethylene in plants in relation to the regulation of growth and development

Work is described showing that ethylene does not move about the plant in physiologically significant amounts due to resistance in the longitudinal direction and loss by emanation from the surface of the plant. Nevertheless, changes in ethylene concentration in one part of the plant may influence concentrations in other parts. It is shown that the partition coefficients for ethylene between air and various plant organs are relatively high and may change in the course of development. These results are discussed in relation to compartmentation of ethylene within the plant and the possible implications of such compartmentation for the control of plant growth and development.     

毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在土壤中的吸附与迁移

为评估被用作白蚁预防药剂的毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在土壤中的移动性,采用平衡吸附法和薄层层析法分别测定了两种农药在浙江宁波地区的东钱湖土(粉砂质壤土)、青岭土(粉砂质壤土)和象山土(粉砂质黏壤土)3种土壤中的吸附常数(Kd)和迁移率(Rf)。结果表明,两种供试药剂在东钱湖土中的吸附等温线线性化程度均较高,而在青岭土和象山土中的吸附等温线均近似于 "L"型。从Kd和有机质吸附常数Koc的数值看,氰戊菊酯在土壤中的吸附作用主要受土壤有机质因素影响,而毒死蜱的吸附并非只受土壤有机质因素的影响。毒死蜱在3种供试土壤中的Kd和Rf值均高于氰戊菊酯。这表明由Kd值推测不同农药在土壤中的相对移动性可能会存在一定偏差。毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在3种土壤中的Rf值由大到小的顺序为:东钱湖土>青岭土>象山土;而Kd值由大到小顺序为象山土>青岭土>东钱湖土。对Kd和Rf值与土壤理化性质的多元线性回归分析表明:1)土壤有机质含量和阳离子代换量在决定Kd和Rf值中所起的作用相互重叠;2)土壤有机质含量(或土壤阳离子代换量)和土壤黏粒含量是影响Kd和Rf值的关键因素,而土壤pH值对于Kd和Rf值无决定性影响。     

Uptake and translocation of dimefox and schradan in hops

During the 1971 growing season an experiment was carried out to study the uptake, translocation and residue levels of dimefox and schradan in hope after applying a soil drench of Terra-Sytarn (222 g/litre dimefox-20 g/litre schradan) at various times in varying concentrations. Residue analysis shows that the dimefox concentration in the hop plants reaches a peak about one week after application, which increases with the amount applied. Then a gradual breakdown sets in so that at the time of harvesting the differences between the dosages have virtually disappeared. Translocation of dimefox in the hop plant is very rapid, but the breakdown is faster at the top of the plant. Schradan concentrations were usually very low and residues at harvest time negligible.     

Distribution and diversity of geminiviruses in trinidad and tobago

ABSTRACT Seven crop and eight weed species from 12 agricultural locations in Trinidad and Tobago were assayed for the presence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (WTGs) by using dot blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the N-terminal coat protein sequence with degenerate primers. The amplified fragments were cloned and analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion to determine fragment length polymorphism among the cloned fragments. Representative clones were then sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to determine the sequence similarity to known WTGs. WTGs were found in every location sampled and in 10 of the 15 species investigated: Lycopersicon esculentum(tomato), Capsicum annuum (pepper), Capsicum frutescens (sweet pepper), Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), Phaseolus vulgaris (beans), Alternanthera tenella, Desmodium frutescens, Euphorbia heterophylla, Malva alceifolia, and Sida acuta. The geminiviruses infecting these plants were closely related to potato yellow mosaic virus from Venezuela (PYMV-VE) and tomato leaf curl virus from Panama (ToLCV-PA). However, in pepper, sweet pepper, okra, Alternanthera tenella, Euphorbia heterophylla, Des-modium frutescens, and in one sample of tomato, a PYMV-VE-related virus was found in mixed infections with a virus related to pepper huasteco virus. Full-length infectious DNA-A and DNA-B of a tomato-infecting geminivirus from Trinidad and Tobago were cloned and sequenced. DNA-A appears to be a recombinant derived from PYMV-VE or ToLCV-PA, and Sida golden mosaic from Honduras. The implications of these findings in the control of WTGs are discussed.     

噻虫胺在番茄和土壤中的残留及消解动态

通过两年3地的田间试验,采用分散固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法,研究了50%噻虫胺水分散粒剂在番茄和土壤中的残留及消解动态。结果表明:在0.005、0.01和0.05 mg/kg添加水平下,噻虫胺在番茄中的回收率为90%～121%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.0%～4.5%（n=5）,在土壤中的回收率为88%～92%,RSD为3.6%～5.8%（n=5）,番茄和土壤中噻虫胺的定量限均为0.005 mg/kg,可满足现有限量标准的要求。噻虫胺在番茄中的消解动态符合准一级动力学方程,半衰期为3.5～17.3 d。当50%噻虫胺水分散粒剂以推荐剂量（有效成分）60 g/hm2在番茄生长到成熟个体一半大小时施药3次,施药间隔7 d时,噻虫胺在番茄上的最终残留量在< LOQ～0.32 mg/kg之间,远低于日本规定的最大允许残留量（MRL）值3 mg/kg,推荐采收安全间隔期为1 d。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蔗及土壤中的残留消解动态

建立了氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蔗和土壤中残留的高效液相色谱检测方法,应用该方法对氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蔗和土壤中的残留消解规律进行了研究。样品用乙腈提取,经Florisil固相萃取柱及N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化,紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。结果表明:当添加水平为0.05~2 mg/kg时,氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蔗植株地上部分(包括茎秆和叶片)、茎秆(去除叶片后的地上至肥厚带部位)和土壤中的平均回收率为77%~97%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.4%~11.6%。氯虫苯甲酰胺在3种基质中的最小检出量(LOD)均为0.2 ng,最低检测浓度(LOQ)均为0.05mg/kg。两年两地的田间残留试验结果表明:0.4%氯虫苯甲酰胺颗粒剂在甘蔗下种时一次沟施后覆土,以有效成分用量120和180 g/hm2施药时,在土壤中的原始沉积量在1.18~3.57 mg/kg之间,半衰期为12.4~18.2 d;成熟时采收,甘蔗茎秆中氯虫苯甲酰胺的残留量低于0.05 mg/kg。参照我国制定的甘蔗上氯虫苯甲酰胺的临时最大残留限量(TMRL)值0.05 mg/kg,按照推荐剂量及推荐剂量的1.5倍分别施药1次,成熟时采收甘蔗是安全的。     

菌核净在土壤和烟草中残留消解动态研究

为评价菌核净在烟草上的安全性,采用气相色谱法检测,研究了菌核净在湖南湘西地区土壤及其烟叶上残留消解动态。结果表明：以100ga.i./hm2施药,菌核净在土壤中消解较慢,半衰期为14.6d,在烟草中消解较快,半衰期为5.6d。     

陕西秦岭南北旱涝灾害时空变化趋势分析

根据1961-2009年秦岭南北57个站点的月降水资料,采用区域旱涝指标和Z指数,运用Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析、Kriging插值等方法,对秦岭南北旱涝时空变化趋势进行分析。结果表明：①关中地区年平均气温倾向率大于陕南,气温突变年均为1996年。②近49年来,关中地区暖干化及春旱、夏涝的趋势较陕南显著。气...     

The Distribution and Spread of Sorghum Downy Mildew in Sorghum and Maize Fields in Nigeria and Zimbabwe

Sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi, SDM) is a damaging disease of sorghum and maize crops in Africa. Runs analysis was used to study the distribution of systemically infected sorghum and maize plants in Nigeria and Zimbabwe. The temporal and spatial development of local lesions of SDM on sorghum in Zimbabwe was investigated by assessing the local lesion symptoms caused by conidia in plots with a single point source of inoculum. With ordinary runs analysis, there was evidence of clustering of disease in some fields in the humid areas of Nigeria and the semi-arid areas of Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Clustering was found in two of the eight runs analyses performed on maize in the humid south of Nigeria, and in only one of the eight runs in Zimbabwe, which was interpreted as a predominance of random infection at the time of assessment and at the spatial scales assessed. Symptoms of local lesions of SDM developed rapidly across plots from an introduced point source of infection. After 9 days-exposure to the source of inoculum, the incidence of diseased leaves was 1.2%, and after 50 days it was 74.5%. A disease gradient which initially developed flattened as the plot became uniformly diseased. The predominant wind direction was NNE, and most rapid spread of disease was towards the SSW and WSW. In conclusion, local lesions can spread rapidly in sorghum crops, suggesting that they may be an important source of conidial inoculum for further local and systemic infections during the growing season.     

贵州地区茶叶及茶汤中氯氰菊酯残留量检测及其摄入风险分析

采用气相色谱建立了茶叶样品中氯氰菊酯残留量检测方法;通过对贵州省市售茶叶样品中氯氰菊酯的残留情况进行抽检,以了解其市售茶叶的安全性;通过田间试验制备浸泡实验用茶叶样品,设计正交实验研究了影响茶汤中氯氰菊酯浸出率的因素。结果表明,市场抽检茶叶样品中氯氰菊酯残留量平均值为0.919 mg/kg,最高残留量为1.52 mg/kg,低于茶叶中氯氰菊酯的最大残留限量(MRL)标准20 mg/kg;正交实验表明,浸泡次数和浸泡时间是影响氯氰菊酯浸出率的主要因素,茶汤中氯氰菊酯的最高浸出率为5.76%。按人均最高泡茶用量13 g/d计算,由饮茶而进入人体 的氯氰菊酯的最大量为1.5×10-2 mg/d,按氯氰菊酯每日最大允许摄入量(ADI)为0.05 mg/kg bw、 平均体重60 kg计,则其安全系数(K)为200。     

2012年河南省宜阳县烟草病虫害预测预报分析

烟草病虫害是影响宜阳县烟叶产量和质量的重要因素。按照河南省病虫害预测预报站的要求,试验选取张深、孔昌2个测报点为基准,采用系统调查和普查2种方法,主要对烟草病毒病、黑胫病、赤星病、根结线虫病、角斑病及野火病等病害进行系统调查和普查,虫害主要对烟蚜、烟青虫及地下害虫进行调查。结果表明：2012年宜阳县有翅蚜发生时间与往年比较来的晚一些,但数量非常多;病毒病的发病时间与往年基本一致,较往年稍微偏早,病毒病初发期症状表现明显,由于旱情蔓延,总体来说,2012年病毒病的发病率轻于2011年;烟青虫出现时间与正常年份基本一致,由于用药及时,2012年全年,烟青虫并未对烟叶造成很大危害。根结线虫病保持稳定,使用生物碳肥对根结线虫病有很好的抑制作用。