濒危植物新疆沙冬青遗传多样性的RAPD分析

以新疆乌恰县境内自然分布的6个新疆沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus(M.Pop.)Cheng f.)居群的120份样品为研究对象,采用RAPD分子标记对其遗传多样性水平和种群遗传结构进行分析。结果表明:从33个随机引物中筛选出8个多态性较高且扩增稳定的引物,共扩增出41条DNA条带,多态位点26个,多态性比率(PPB)占63.41%,物种水平遗传多样性相对丰富,居群水平遗传多样性水平较低,各居群间的遗传多样性水平差异不大,Nei's基因多样性(h)指数和Shannon's信息多样性指数(I)分别为0.1169和0.1707,居群间遗传分化系数Gst为0.4171,遗传变异主要存在于居群内,居群之间产生了一定的遗传分化,基因流Nm为0.6989。根据UPGMA聚类图,6个居群可划分为两支,一支是吾合沙鲁居群和2个肖尔布拉克居群,另一支是康苏居群、巴音库鲁乡的托帕尔居群和阿合其居群。新疆沙冬青6个自然居群的遗传距离的分子聚类结果与其地理分布位置密切相关。     

西双版纳自然保护区球孢白僵菌的遗传多样性

为了解西双版纳自然保护区球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana的遗传多样性,采用SSR分子标记技术对西双版纳自然保护区的240株球孢白僵菌的遗传结构、基因流、菌株分化以及遗传变异相关性进行了测定和分析。结果表明,9条引物扩增240株球孢白僵菌菌株多态位点数为77个,多态位点比率为97.40%。采集的240株球孢白僵菌的总体等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon信息多样性指数分别为1.97、1.31、0.18和0.29。从寄主居群来看,鞘翅目昆虫球孢白僵菌群体遗传多样性最高,螳螂目最低,其Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon信息多样性指数分别为0.20和0.30、0和0;总遗传变异的29.27%存在于寄主居群间。从生境水平来看,五十五生境中球孢白僵菌群体遗传多样性最高,丫口寨生境中最低,其Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon信息多样性指数最高分别为0.19和0.31、0.06和0.09;总遗传变异的14.92%存在于生境居群间。从季节水平来看,球孢白僵菌秋季居群的遗传多样性最高,夏季最低,其Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon信息多样性指数分别为0.20和0.32、0.17和0.26;总遗传变异的3.45%存在于季节居群间。表明西双版纳自然保护区球孢白僵菌在寄主昆虫、生境分布和季节间存在明显的遗传多样性,与寄主昆虫类群的关系密切。     

内蒙古白刺属植物遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增DNA多态性 (RAPD)技术对4种不同地理种群的白刺属(Nitraria L.)植物进行了遗传多样性分析.15个引物扩增出118个位点,其中多态性位点95个(80.5%),各引物的Nei's指数和Shannon's 多样性指数差别较大,利用UPGMA方法构建分子系统树.结果表明:白刺属植物的遗传分化程度和基因流因种而异,除球果白刺以外,其余3种白刺的种群间有很大的基因流,其遗传一致度在0.8561～0.9694之间,而种间遗传分化程度较低,故4种白刺有着相近的祖先,这与形态学和细胞学的分析结果一致,说明RAPD分析方法可从分子生物学角度为白刺属植物的系统学分类提供更为有利和可靠的证据.     

内蒙古地区黄柳遗传多样性的RAPD分析

黄柳是内蒙古中东部地区重要的固沙先锋植物。采用RAPD分子标记技术,对内蒙古境内黄柳4个天然种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。用13个引物对4个种群的36个个体进行扩增,共检测到153个位点,其中有128个多态位点,多态位点百分比(PPB)达83.66%,种群内的多态位点百分比变化范围为88.24%-96.08%,说明黄柳种群的遗传多样性较为丰富。遗传分化系数(Gst=13.79%)表明黄柳的遗传变异主要以种群内的遗传变异为主(86.21%),种群间的基因流较大(Nm=3.13)。对黄柳种群间的遗传距离与地理距离做相关性分析,发现二者呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.953,P<0.01)。黄柳的繁育方式和种群间频繁的基因流等因素可能是造成上述结果的主要原因。应就地保护和合理利用黄柳的遗传资源,以维持其较高的遗传多样性。     

新疆蟾蜍的遗传变异与地理分化

分布在新疆境内的蟾蜍在长期适应性进化中,其表型差异较大。为了解新疆蟾蜍的遗传多样性和系统发育关系,采集了新疆26个地区254只蟾蜍,对其线粒体Cytb基因进行了扩增和测序,得到长度为880 bp的片段序列,群体单倍型多样度为0.900,核苷酸多样性为0.005 5,遗传分化指数Fst为0.695 61,基因流Nm为0.35,254条序列共定义了55种单倍型,其中H23、H15是群体共享最多的单倍型,分子变异分析(AMOVA)发现,种群间遗传变异为68.55%,种群内遗传变异为31.45%。26个地理种群中乌苏群体和尉犁群体发生过种群扩张事件,扩张时间约为10~22万年前。群体间遗传距离较小,与地理距离呈低度正相关,系统发育树显示55种单倍型分为2个支系。新疆蟾蜍具有丰富的遗传多样性,群体间的遗传分化很大,各地种群间的基因流较小,遗传变异主要来自于种群间,而非种群内,单倍型H23、H15可认为是新疆蟾蜍的原始单倍型,天山在各地理群体之间不但起屏障作用,在冰期还提供了避难场所。     

中国天山山区新疆贝母居群遗传多样性及其环境适应性

新疆贝母(Fritillaria walujewii)具较高的药学利用价值,但现存量稀少,被列为新疆Ⅰ级保护植物。通过选取3个叶绿体基因片段,分析新疆贝母18个居群的遗传多样性,检测18个居群样地的土壤因子,利用SPSS软件分析了遗传多样性与土壤因子的关系。结果表明:新疆贝母居群总的遗传多样性较高,单倍型多样性指数与土壤中的全盐、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、有机碳、有机质、全氮、全磷含量呈显著正相关;平均等位差异与土壤SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、有机碳含量呈显著正相关;核苷酸多样性指数与土壤中的全盐、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、有机碳、有机质、全N呈极显著正相关,与土壤pH呈显著负相关。对新疆贝母居群土壤因子进行主成分分析,得到3个主分量,占总信息量的80.22%,得出新疆贝母的分布主要与全盐、有机碳、有机质、全N、全P、Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)有关。土壤中硫酸盐和土壤有机质与新疆贝母居群遗传多样性显著相关,对新疆贝母居群的遗传多样性具有一定程度的选择性压力,在维持新疆贝母居群遗传多样性方面扮演较重要的角色,同时在一定程度上影响了新疆贝母目前的分布格局。     

喀什河谷密叶杨遗传多样性时间尺度变化研究

针对设定为国家重点公益保护林的新疆伊犁地区喀什河河谷的天然密叶杨(Populus talassica Kom.)种群遗传多样性变化问题,以河谷内随机选择的3个龄级共计288个树龄在10-100年间的密叶杨个体为对象,选用26对SSR引物从时间尺度上对喀什河河谷的天然密叶杨遗传多样性水平变化和遗传分化进行了分析,共检测到171个位点,多态位点比率为100%;利用POPGENE分析软件计算了密叶杨各龄级内的遗传多样性指数等指标。结果表明:喀什河河谷分布的密叶杨遗传多样性龄级间遗传距离(GD)<0.067、遗传一致度(GI)>0.896、遗传分化指数(Gst)=0.015,均表明喀什河河谷密叶杨在近100年间遗传多样性变化不明显,龄级间的遗传分化水平较低,密叶杨遗传多样性差异主要存在于龄级内。建议重视喀什河河谷密叶杨重点公益保护林的特殊地位并给予整体就地保护,同时开展密叶杨遗传改良工作,在充分利用优良基因资源的同时,实现密叶杨的迁地保护和种群自然恢复重建。     

大赖草种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

采用荧光AFLP标记对大赖草(Leymus racemosus(Lam.)Tzvel)的6个天然种群进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析,6对选择性扩增引物共扩增出1269条清晰的条带,其中多态性位点1203个(PPL=80.61％).在物种水平上,Nei's遗传多样性指数H=0.188,Shannon多态性信息指数I=0.313;在种群水平上,H =0.177;I=0.288.遗传分化系数Fst为0.1009,表明有10.09％的遗传变异存在于种群之间,基因流Nm为4.4554＞1,说明种群间基因交流可以阻止由于遗传漂变导致的遗传分化,遗传分化呈现均质化的趋势.PCoA聚类结果表明,大赖草种群间的遗传距离与地理距离有一定的相关性,但未达到显著水平.该研究结果显示,遗传多样性水平不仅与物种本身特性和研究方法有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低而濒危,还与人类活动与气候环境密切相关.     

6个白榆种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

以科尔沁和浑善达克沙地的6个天然白榆种群为研究对象,采用RAPD分子标记技术,从35条引物中筛选出扩增多态性较多且扩增产物稳定的17条10bp引物。对6个白榆种群的180个叶片样品的基因组DNA进行扩增,共检测到181个位点,多态位点有96个,多态位点百分比为52.89%;不同种群内的遗传多样性水平差异不大,Nei’s多样性指数(h)和Shannon’s多样性指数(I)为0.2611和0.3814,遗传多样性主要存在于种群内;群间的遗传分化系数Gst为0.3768,种群内的遗传变异所占比例为62.32%;6个种群的遗传距离显示,科尔沁沙地和浑善达克沙地白榆各种群间的遗传距离不明显。     

内蒙古地区天然臭柏种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)标记法研究了内蒙古地区臭柏种群的遗传分化,所用的18条引物对4个臭柏种群的55个样本扩增出124个位点,其中多态位点100个,多态率达80.7%。种内的平均Nei's多样性指数和Shannon's多样性指数分别为0.286和0.428,种群内分别为0.232和0.347,基因多样性变化趋势为毛乌素沙地(0.258,0.386)>阴山山脉西部(0.258,0.376)>浑善达克沙地(0.231,0.345)>内蒙古贺兰山(0.184,0.281)。臭柏种群总的基因多样性(Ht=0.288),大于种群间的基因多样性(Hs=0.233)。种群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.183,种群内的遗传变异占总遗传变异的81.7%。臭柏种群间的平均遗传距离为0.086,平均相似性系数为0.918,4个种群之间有比较相似的遗传多样性,由于地理隔离,种群间也存在分化。     

不同干扰生境中荒漠小灌木红砂种群遗传多样性研究

应用RAPD标记技术对荒漠小灌木红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)种群在不同扰动下的遗传多样性进行了分析。18条随机引物对红砂6个种群的120个个体进行扩增,共检测102个位点,其中多态位点99个。研究结果表明:红砂种群的多态位点比率(P)为96.86%,显示了不同生境中红砂种群内存在较高的遗传多样性。Shannon多样性指数(0.5007)、Nei基因多样性指数(0.3307)和基因分化系数(Gst=0.1952)揭示了红砂种群遗传变异多存在于种群内,种群间的遗传分化则较小。聚类分析表明:红砂种群遗传距离与地理距离之间存在一定相关性;遗传多样性水平与物种特性和不同干扰生境有关,与生态因子无相关性。     

不同生境臭柏种群的遗传多样性分析及其与环境因子的相关性

毛乌素沙地臭柏群体是一个生态过渡带。为了进一步阐明分子变异和基因流与生境或生态过渡带的联系,应用RAPD标记开展了臭柏群体的分子生态学研究。采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法对臭柏(Sabina vulgaris.)的3个种群进行了研究.用11个随机引物扩增出129条清晰谱带,其中117条为多态性谱带。利用POPGENE3.2软件对数据进行处理,结果如下:(1)臭柏有着较丰富的遗传多态性,多态位点百分率达90.70%,各种群多态位点百分比在69.77%~72.87%之间.(2)臭柏的种群间分化较小Gst=0.1872,81.38%的遗传变异存在于种群内,各种群的遗传一致度都在86.22%.(3)聚类分析显示,生境相近的种群被聚到了一起,反映了臭柏种群的遗传分化和生境有着一定的相关性.又利用Nei,s指数统计了RAPD数据,也证实了大部分的遗传变异存在于群体之内。臭柏群体内的遗传多样性与土壤总钾呈显著的负相关。     

Genetic Variability and Structure of Canadian Populations of the Sapstain Fungus Ceratocystis resinifera

ABSTRACT Genomic DNA was extracted from 129 isolates of Ceratocystis resinifera, a species belonging to the C. coerulescens complex, and 19 polymorphic random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to study the population genetic structure of this fungus. The analysis suggested a moderate value for genetic diversity (H(S) = 0.209). However, when monomorphic markers and rare alleles, representing 89 markers, also were included in the calculation, the genetic diversity of Canadian populations of C. resinifera appeared to be much lower (H(S) = 0.045). This could be explained by two hypotheses: (i) recent introduction of this species into North America and (ii) clonal reproduction (by selfing). No specialization by C. resinifera for coniferous tree species was observed based on genetic differentiation index between isolates sampled from Pinus and Picea spp. and on phylogenetic analysis using Dice coefficient of association. In spite of a low genetic diversity, a very high genetic differentiation was observed among the nine geographical populations studied (F(ST) = 20.8%). The genetic differences were especially striking when populations from Eastern Canada were compared with populations from Western Canada (phiST = 0.27%; P < 0.001), suggesting that a geographic reproductive barrier occurs in Central Canada. This barrier may be the consequence of a weak migration of insect vectors of C. resinifera due to reduced presence of hosts in the Canadian Great Plains, where extensive agriculture occurs. However, results from pairwise F(ST) matrix and phylogeny of haplotypes suggest that the barrier is not totally impenetrable because some gene flow occurred from the west and from the east in the Big River (Saskatchewan) population located in the middle of the Great Plains.     

Genetic Diversity and Structure of the Apiosporina morbosa Populations on Prunus spp

ABSTRACT Populations of Apiosporina morbosa collected from 15 geographic locations in Canada and the United States and three host species, Prunus virginiana, P. pensylvanica, and P. padus, were evaluated using the sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) technique to determine their genetic diversity and population differentiation. Extensive diversity was detected in the A. morbosa populations, including 134 isolates from Canada and the United States, regardless of the origin of the population. The number of polymorphic loci varied from 6.9 to 82.8% in the geographic populations, and from 41.4 to 79.3% in the populations from four host genotypes based on 58 polymorphic fragments. In all, 44 to 100% of isolates in the geographic populations and 43.6 to 76.2% in populations from four host genotypes represented unique genotypes. Values of heterozygosity (H) varied from 2.8 to 28.3% in the geographic populations and 10.2 to 26.1% in the populations from four host genotypes. In general, the A. morbosa populations sampled from wild chokecherry showed a higher genetic diversity than those populations collected from other host species, whereas the populations isolated from cultivated chokecherry, P. virginiana 'Shubert Select', showed a reduction of genetic diversity compared with populations from wild P. virginiana. Significant population differentiation was found among both the geographic populations (P < 0.05) and populations from different host genotypes (P < 0.02). In the geographic populations, most of populations from cultivated and wild P. virginiana were closely clustered, and no population differentiation was detected except for the populations from Morris, Morden, and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Furthermore, the populations from P. virginiana in the same geographic locations had higher genetic identity and closer genetic distance to each other compared with those from different locations. Four populations from P. virginiana, P. pensylvanica, and P. padus, were significantly differentiated from each other (P < 0.02), except there was no differentiation between the Shubert Select and wild chokecherry populations (>P> = 0.334). Indirect estimation of gene flow showed that significant restricted gene flow existed between populations from different regions and host species. Gene flow rates (Nm) varied from <1 to 12.5, with higher gene flow rates among population pairs from the same host species (P = 1.000). The analysis of molecular variance revealed that a major genetic variance source came from the genetic variation among isolates within populations regardless of the origin and host genotype of the population. Although some locations had a limited number of isolates, the results of this study clearly showed that the genetic diversity and population differentiation of A. morbosa were closely associated with host genotypes and geographic locations, but mostly with the former.     

陕西省苹果树腐烂病菌基因多态性的ISSR分析

为了从分子水平上揭示苹果树腐烂病菌的群体遗传多样性,采用正交设计对ISSR-PCR体系进行了4因素3水平的筛选,并从47条ISSR引物中筛选出11条多态性较好的引物。对供试的87个分离株进行扩增的结果显示,11条引物在129个位点扩增出稳定的条带,其中多态性位点119个,多态性位点率为92.25%。POPGENE分析显示,病菌种群的遗传多样性和基因多态性丰富,群体间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.109,群体内为0.891,群体内多样性大于群体间多样性。两个地理种群间的居群每代迁移数(Nm)为2.046,两者之间存在广泛的基因交流。在遗传相似系数为0.88时,可将21个自然种群划分为9个不同的类群,表明陕西省苹果树腐烂病菌的各个自然种群之间的遗传亲缘关系与其地理来源之间无明显的相关性。     

Genetic Variation Among Natural Populations of Tilletia controversa and T. bromi

ABSTRACT Isolates of Tilletia controversa and T. bromi were sampled from wheat and two Bromus species hosts, respectively, in the Pacific Northwest, and genetic variation within and among populations was determined. Fifty-one random amplified polymorphic DNA markers from eleven primers were treated as phenotypic 1 and 0 character state data to estimate similarities and analyze molecular variance (AMOVA) among populations and as putative genetic loci to carry out analyses of gene diversity. Phenotypic analysis of T. controversa and T. bromi isolates revealed two distinct clusters that were 37% similar. The T. bromi cluster was subdivided further into two groups, corresponding to host, with 40% similarity. Cluster analysis based on allele frequencies produced similar results and also supported two T. bromi groups based on host. No evidence of natural hybridization and introgression was detected between the T. controversa and T. bromi populations. Both AMOVA and gene diversity analyses detected moderate levels of differentiation among T. controversa populations, whereas T. bromi populations were highly differentiated. The level of genetic differentiation observed between the T. bromi populations on different Bromus species hosts supports the hypothesis that a high degree of host specificity exists in the wild grass-infecting smuts. We speculate that the higher level of genetic differentiation among the T. bromi populations compared with the T. controversa populations on wheat may be due to selection by a more genetically diverse host population.     

内蒙古亚洲小车蝗种群遗传多样性和遗传分化的ISSR分析

亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus Bei-Bienko是我国北方草原和农牧交错区的主要害虫。为评价内蒙古地区亚洲小车蝗种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化,应用ISSR标记方法对内蒙古15个亚洲小车蝗种群遗传多样性及遗传分化进行了分析。结果表明,7条引物扩增出85条ISSR条带,均为多态性条带。多态性比例（P）、Nei''s遗传多样性指数（H）和香农多样性指数（I）分别为82.59%、0.2319和0.3421,表明亚洲小车蝗种群具有较高的遗传多样性。基因流（Nm）和基因分化系数（Gst）分别为1.2298和0.3352,表明亚洲小车蝗不同地理种群具有明显的遗传分化。遗传距离与地理距离呈极显著正相关关系。表明地理距离和地形差异可能是形成亚洲小车蝗种群遗传分化的主要原因。     

Genetic diversity and structure of the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini populations on linseed (Linum usitatissimum) in China

The genetic diversity of specific Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini from six provinces in China was investigated using molecular markers, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Based on the morphological features and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, 96 isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum. The 96 isolates were amplified by PCR with 12 ISSR primers. The number of bands amplified by each primer ranged from 43 to 142, with sizes ranging from 250 to 4,500 bp. A total of 800 bands were observed, out of which 797 were polymorphic (99.62%). The percentage of polymorphic loci varied from 17.25% in Gansu and Inner Mongolia to 33.75% in Sinkiang. Nei’s gene diversity index (h) ranged from 0.0428 in Gansu to 0.0666 in Sinkiang, and Shannon’s information index (I) ranged from 0.0675 in Gansu to 0.1117 in Sinkiang. The genetic identity using the Nei’s genetic identity varied from 0.9643 between the populations from Hebei and Gansu to 0.9844 between the populations from Sinkiang and Shanxi. Unweighted pair group mean analysis (UPGMA) cluster analysis, as indicated by the Nei’s genetic distance, showed the distances ranging from 0.0158 between the populations from Sinkiang and Shanxi to 0.0364 between the populations from Hebei and Gansu. The six populations were clustered into three subgroups. The Gansu population was clustered into one subgroup, the same as the Inner Mongolia population. The four other populations were clustered into the third subgroup. The Nei’s GST (0.2972) and gene flow among populations (Nm =1.1825) revealed large gene exchanges among populations.