溪岸蠼螋对棉铃虫的捕食能力

为明确棉田溪岸蠼螋 Labidura riparia 对棉铃虫的控害潜能, 在实验室条件下观察和测定了溪岸蠼螋不同龄期的若虫、雌雄成虫对棉铃虫幼虫、蛹和成虫的捕食能力以及其5龄若虫和雌雄成虫的捕食选择性。结果表明:不同发育阶段的溪岸蠼螋都不捕食棉铃虫完整的蛹体, 但对棉铃虫幼虫和成虫都具有较强的捕食能力。其中, 雌性溪岸蠼螋成虫的捕食能力最强, 对棉铃虫1龄幼虫日捕食量最大, 为(31.3±1.1)头。1龄溪岸蠼螋若虫也具有一定的捕食能力, 对棉铃虫1龄幼虫日捕食量为(1.7±0.7)头。不同龄期的溪岸蠼螋对相同龄期棉铃虫幼虫的捕食能力随龄期增加而增大。对1~3龄棉铃虫幼虫,溪岸蠼螋雌成虫捕食能力最强,其次是溪岸蠼螋雄成虫,再次是溪岸蠼螋5龄若虫。但是,对棉铃虫4~6龄幼虫和雌雄成虫,溪岸蠼螋雌雄成虫和5龄若虫的捕食量差异不显著。捕食选择试验表明:溪岸蠼螋5龄若虫和雌雄成虫对棉铃虫1～4龄幼虫均表现正喜好性, 对5～6龄棉铃虫幼虫和雌雄成虫表现负喜好性。     

新疆南部棉区麦蛾柔茧蜂对田间棉铃虫的防治效果

2006年,在新疆阿克苏市进行了利用麦蛾柔茧蜂Habrobracon hebetor Say防治麦田第一代棉铃虫和棉田第二代棉铃虫的田间试验。结果显示,在麦田按500头/亩的量释放麦蛾柔茧蜂,可使麦田棉铃虫幼虫的虫口减退57．7%;化蛹量较对照减少0．56头/m~2。在棉田按700头/亩的量释放麦蛾茧蜂,对棉铃虫幼虫的麻痹率是50．73%,对棉铃虫的防效达65．96%。     

Assessment of novel inhibitors of Helicoverpa aminopeptidases as anti-insect agents

Helicoverpa species present problems worldwide as pests on a variety of agricultural crops. In Australia, the costs of controlling H. armigera (Hübn.) and H. punctigera (Wall.) are a major burden on the cotton industry, and novel mechanisms are continually sought to combat these pests. Potential new targets for insecticides are the digestive proteases of the insect, including the aminopeptidases (APs). A variety of compounds, designed to be similar in structure to known AP inhibitors, were synthesized and screened for activity in inhibiting H. armigera larval growth and AP activity. The most effective compounds in both assays proved to be hydroxamic acids and methylphosphonic acids. Compounds that incorporated both of these groups were also found to have significant potential as control agents. The most inhibitory compounds included valine methylphosphonic acid and a leucine methylphosphonic acid/hydroxamic acid derivative. The valine methylphosphonic acid compound was tested further in vitro, with the aim of producing a new active capable of restricting the viability of Helicoverpa populations on commercial crops.     

华北棉区二代棉铃虫和叶螨为害棉花的动态复合防治指标研究

1993年在河南省郑州市进行二代棉铃虫和叶螨对棉花的复合为害和动态防治指标田间开放式小区试验。按“206”回归最优设计布置处理,以肩然感虫结合人工接虫形成棉铃虫量和螨害指数梯度组合,用协方差分析排除黄萎病干扰,以订正后的皮棉损失率为试验结果。主成分分析证明棉铃虫和叶螨的一次及二次型数值,尤其是二者的交互作用与皮棉损失率都呈显著正相关,得出二者复合为害二次曲线方程为: y=-0.13903 0.16901x_1-2.535×10~(-4)x_1~2 1.0502x_2-0.01185x_2~2 3.614×10~(-4)x_1x_2±0.63 由此推导出3％允许皮棉损失率的棉铃虫单独为害防治指标为29.5头3龄幼虫/百株,叶螨单独为害防治指标为3.11％螨害指数,以及一系列动态复合防治指标。     

郭予元院士在棉铃虫区域性综合防治技术体系研究及应用中的学术贡献——纪念郭予元院士诞辰90周年

郭予元院士带领团队研究人员通过多年协同攻关研究，解析了棉铃虫发生为害规律和自然种群生命表机制，明确了棉铃虫对多种农药抗药性动态并应用于棉田抗药性治理，揭示了黄河流域棉区棉花对不同世代棉铃虫为害的补偿生长规律和防治策略，基于不同世代棉铃虫为害阈值和防治指标创建了准确预报二代棉铃虫发生数量的一代麦田扫网法，开展棉花种质资源抗病虫性鉴定并指导选育多抗棉花系列新品种。通过整合诱杀、选择性杀虫剂、生物农药与化学农药次序使用和局部精准施药等绿色防治技术，组建区域性棉花主要病虫害综合防治技术体系，棉区棉铃虫为害得到有效控制，引领了我国农作物主要病虫害综合防治技术的发展。本文简要回顾了郭予元院士在该领域研究中做出的主要历史贡献。     

棉铃虫雌成虫对16种植物的产卵偏好性及幼虫取食后的生存表现

为研究棉铃虫成虫寄主偏好性和幼虫取食后生存表现之间的关系,明确两者在决定寄主过程中的作用,我们测定了交配后的棉铃虫雌成虫对16种植物(棉花、玉米、大豆、花生、番茄、辣椒、茄子、烟草、黄瓜、胡萝卜、西芹、杨树、月季、菠菜、包菜、大葱)的产卵偏好性和幼虫取食这些植物嫩叶后的存活和发育情况。棉铃虫雌成虫选择在烟草、茄子、棉花、胡萝卜、番茄、辣椒、玉米、西芹、大豆和花生等10种植物上产卵,但只有取食西芹、烟草、番茄、大豆、棉花和胡萝卜等6种植物叶片的初孵幼虫能够完成幼虫阶段的生长发育、化蛹并羽化,且取食植物嫩叶的幼虫的存活率、发育历期、蛹期和蛹重均差于取食人工饲料的幼虫。以上结果表明,棉铃虫雌成虫产卵寄主与其幼虫取食寄主之间存在并非一一对应的关系,幼虫的生存表现限定了棉铃虫的寄主范围。     

21种化学药剂对新疆棉田主要害虫毒力及对多异瓢虫的安全性

为明确现阶段棉田常用化学杀虫剂对新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）棉花主要害虫的毒力以及对新疆本地优势天敌多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata的安全性,于室内分别测定当前21种棉田常用化学药剂对新疆棉田3种主要害虫棉蚜Aphis gossypii、截形叶螨Etranychus truncatus和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera以及优势天敌多异瓢虫的毒力,比较不同药剂对各种害虫和天敌的相对毒力指数以及益害毒性比。结果表明,药剂处理24 h后,10种蚜虫防治药剂对棉蚜成蚜的半致死浓度LC₅₀由高到低依次为氟啶虫胺腈、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、环氧虫啶、噻虫嗪、丁硫克百威、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、螺虫乙酯和吡蚜酮,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有氟啶虫胺腈和螺虫乙酯;5种叶螨防治药剂对截形叶螨成螨的LC₅₀从高到低依次为阿维菌素、哒螨灵、四螨嗪、噻螨酮和炔螨特,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有四螨嗪、噻螨酮和阿维菌素;6种鳞翅目害虫幼虫防治药剂对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的LC₅₀由高到低顺次为甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（简称甲维盐）、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威、灭多威、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺。综合上述2个方面结果,氟啶虫胺腈、阿维菌素、甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺不仅对棉花害虫毒力效果强,而且对有益天敌安全性高。     

Effect of milbemectin on the sweetpotato whitefly,Bemisia tabad

Milbemectin has a chemical structure close to the group of avermectins, which are derived fromStreptomyces avermitilis, and is considered primarily an efficient miticide. Effects of milbemectin on the sweetpotato whitefly,Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, were investigated under laboratory and field conditions. In bioassays conducted under controlled chamber conditions, the compound affected 1st instars ofB. tabaci, resulting in a LC₉₀ of 0.06 mg a.i. I-1. Later stage larvae were much less affected. Milbemectin is highly photodegradable in sunlight. In laboratory assays, when treated cotton seedlings were subjected to 3 h of sunlight before being exposed toB. tabaci adults, no mortality of the whiteflies was observed. Milbemectin at a concentration of 2 mg a.i. I-1 applied in combination with 0.2% ‘Ultra Fine’ mineral oil showed a residual activity of 67% adult mortality 10 days after application, whereas milbemectin alone had no appreciable activity. The effect of milbemectin on whitefly populations in a cotton field was compared with that of cypermethrin and of untreated control. Although milbemectin was not applied with mineral oil, it was more effective than cypermethrin in controlling the whitefly populations. This insecticide/miticide seems not to affect appreciably natural enemies ofB. tabaci. Milbemectin may be considered a compound with the potential for controllingB. tabaci populations. Mineral oils enhanced the potency of milbemectin on both whitefly larvae and adults. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 27, 1999. Contribution No. 501/99 from the Inst. of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization.     

草地贪夜蛾与玉米灌浆期3种常见夜蛾科害虫的形态特征比较

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是全球预警的一种重大迁飞性农业害虫。2019年1月入侵我国,目前已扩散蔓延至我国24个省份。田间调查发现,在玉米灌浆期,草地贪夜蛾与黏虫Mythimna separata(Walker)、劳氏黏虫Leucania loreyi(Duponchel)和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)等夜蛾科害虫常常混合发生,且形态相近,容易混淆,给调查和测报工作带来很大困难。本文详细描述了草地贪夜蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的外部形态特征,比较了其与黏虫、劳氏黏虫和棉铃虫4个虫态在形态特征上的差别,以期为玉米灌浆期草地贪夜蛾的准确鉴别和田间调查提供依据,并为其精准测报奠定基础。     

Toxicity of emamectin benzoate to Cydia pomonella (L.) and Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): laboratory and field tests

BACKGROUND: Emamectin benzoate is a novel macrocyclic lactone insecticide derived from naturally occurring avermectin molecules isolated by fermentation from the soil microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis Kim & Goodfellow. The present study aims to evaluate the toxicity of emamectin benzoate to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, C. molesta (Busck), under laboratory and semi‐field conditions. RESULTS: Dose response bioassays showed that emamectin benzoate had a high level of intrinsic toxicity to early‐stage larvae of both species, and that contact activity might contribute significantly to mortality. In the semi‐field trials, residual toxicity lasted for more than 1 week. Ovicidal activity was recorded only for C. pomonella (approximately 30%), irrespective of the concentrations tested. Field trials confirmed the efficacy of emamectin benzoate on codling moth when applied at 7 day intervals. Fruit damage, both from the first and second generations, was comparable with that on treatment with chlorpyrifos‐ethyl, used as a chemical reference. CONCLUSION: Emamectin benzoate may be considered a valuable tool for the control of codling moth as a component of an IPM programme. Its collective advantages are: high efficacy, lack of cross‐resistance with currently used products, control of secondary pests such as oriental fruit moth and selective toxicity that spares beneficials. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

转基因棉和常规棉叶片对抗Cry1Ac近等基因系棉铃虫生长发育的影响

利用室内饲喂法,以抗Cry1Ac近等基因系棉铃虫为材料,比较转基因棉花33B和SGK321及其对照亲本DP5415和石远321对抗、感棉铃虫生长发育的影响。结果表明,抗性棉铃虫在取食常规棉叶后表现出一定的适合度代价。取食DP5415和石远321两种常规棉花后,抗性品系棉铃虫的幼虫存活率显著低于敏感品系,取食33B和SGK321两种转基因棉花的抗性棉铃虫,不仅其幼虫存活率显著高于敏感品系,而且致死中时间也比敏感品系延长。取食9天后,抗性品系在常规棉花石远321和DP5415上发育到3龄和4龄幼虫的比例显著低于敏感品系,取食33B和SGK321转基因棉花的抗性品系发育到3龄幼虫的比例均显著高于敏感品系。抗性品系在常规棉上的蛹重均显著低于敏感品系,部分取食转基因棉花的抗性品系棉铃虫可以化蛹,而敏感品系不能在转基因棉花上化蛹。     

施氮量对棉田主要害虫种群动态的影响

通过不同施氮肥量对棉田主要害虫种群动态影响的研究结果表明,在低、中、高3种施氮肥水平处理条件下,随着氮肥量的增加,棉田棉铃虫落卵量增加,棉苗蚜、棉叶螨种群数量减少,发生为害减轻,但棉伏蚜种群数量增加。中等施氮肥条件下,第二、三代棉铃虫幼虫数量高于低和高施氮肥处理,对棉铃虫幼虫的生长发育和存活较为有利。     

湖南棉田害虫捕食性天敌发生规律及保护利用研究初报

湖南省棉田害虫捕食性天敌昆虫、蜘蛛多达24科80种以上。瓢虫和蜘蛛类占捕食性天敌总量的85%,对棉铃虫种群有重要控制作用。试验表明,棉田实行免耕栽培法,前作茎秆留存,因地制宜开展棉花与大豆、西瓜、玉米、甜叶菊、无架豆角等作物间套作,改进用药模式,选用生物农药和对害虫高效、对天敌杀伤力小的农药品种及安全的施药技术,能有效保护天敌。     

蠋蝽成虫对两种烟草害虫卵及3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应

为探究蠋蝽对两种烟草害虫烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾的捕食能力,在室内可控条件下开展了蠋蝽雌雄成虫对烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾卵及3龄幼虫的捕食试验,利用HollingⅡ功能模型拟合蠋蝽雌雄成虫对烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾的捕食功能反应。结果表明,蠋蝽雌成虫对烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾的瞬时攻击率为:烟青虫3龄幼虫(1.056)>斜纹夜蛾卵(1.055)>烟青虫卵(1.035)>斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫(0.973);控害效应高低为:烟青虫卵(152.21)>斜纹夜蛾卵(124.18)>烟青虫3龄幼虫(15.09)>斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫(9.63);蠋蝽雄成虫对烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾的瞬时攻击率为:烟青虫卵(1.060)>斜纹夜蛾卵(1.056)>烟青虫3龄幼虫(0.825)>斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫(0.760);控害效应高低顺序为:斜纹夜蛾卵(111.16)>烟青虫卵(101.92)>烟青虫3龄幼虫(8.87)>斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫(7.04)。随着烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾密度的增加,蠋蝽成虫的搜寻效应会逐渐下降。研究结果表明蠋蝽雌雄成虫对烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾具有良好的防控能力,因此,可结合害...     

河西走廊棉田主要害虫发生动态及植物源杀虫剂防治技术

为了解甘肃省河西走廊棉区5种常见害虫的田间种群消长动态,明确防治适期并提出以植物源药剂为主的棉花害虫绿色防控技术,于甘肃省敦煌市和瓜州县棉田连续3年采用人工调查和性诱剂诱捕器监测棉蚜Aphis gossypii、棉叶螨、棉蓟马Thrips tabaci、烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci及棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的发生动态,同时开展以植物源农药为主的不同类型杀虫剂的田间药效筛选试验,建立科学防控用药技术流程。结果表明,棉蚜全年有6月中旬和7月中下旬2个发生高峰期,建议防治适期为7月上中旬;棉叶螨全年有7月上旬和7月下旬（2017年除外）2个发生高峰期,建议防治适期为6月下旬和7月中旬;烟粉虱全年只有8月中旬至9月中下旬1个高峰期,建议防治适期为8月上中旬;棉蓟马全年只有7月上旬至8月上旬1个高峰期,建议防治适期为7月上旬;棉铃虫1年发生3代,幼虫在7月下旬、9月上旬和9月中旬各有1个发生高峰期,成虫在7月上中旬、8月中下旬和9月中旬各有1个高峰期,建议防治适期应为7月上旬。软皂水剂、藜芦碱、苦参碱、啶虫脒和吡虫啉可用于防控棉蚜,药后14 d防效达76.93%~91.25%;藜芦碱、苦参碱、矿物油、软皂水剂、松油、阿维菌素、阿维·哒螨灵、螺螨酯和硅藻土+有机硅助剂可用于防控棉叶螨,药后10 d防效达72.39%~92.81%;软皂水剂、藜芦碱、印楝素、硅藻土+有机硅助剂、阿维菌素和噻虫嗪可用于防控烟粉虱,药后7 d防效达65.84%~84.29%;除虫菊素、苦参碱、多杀霉素、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉可用于防控棉蓟马,药后14 d防效达72.92%~90.93%。表明在该地区棉田主要害虫防治适期,建立以植物源农药替代传统化学药剂的防控技术,可用于我国河西走廊棉区棉花害虫的绿色防控。     

雷公藤总生物碱对几种昆虫的生物活性

为进一步确定雷公藤总生物碱的杀虫作用谱和作用方式,评价其应用前景,采用室内生测法研究了对小菜蛾、菜青虫、棉铃虫、黏虫、玉米象、桃蚜、山楂叶螨、家蝇的生物活性。结果表明,雷公藤总生物碱对小菜蛾3龄幼虫、黏虫3龄幼虫、菜青虫5龄幼虫、桃蚜无翅成蚜、山楂叶螨雌成螨和棉铃虫3龄幼虫48 h的毒杀活性LC50分别为228.28、306.39、307.61、0、435.90、622.17、653.00 mg/L,72 h后LC50分别为136.67、216.12、238.18、309.67、485.36、463.00 mg/L;对家蝇成虫也有较好的毒杀作用;对棉铃虫幼虫生长有明显抑制作用;对玉米象有较强的种群抑制作用。     

昆虫病毒重组增效蛋白的广谱增效活性

室内生物测定表明 ,大肠杆菌表达的粉纹夜蛾颗粒体病毒重组增效蛋白P96可显著或极显著提高棉铃虫核型多角体病毒、苏云金杆菌和阿维菌素对棉铃虫幼虫的致死率 ,分别提高1 6 9.78%、73.90 %和 36 .0 4 % ;对苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒感染甜菜夜蛾幼虫也有明显增效作用。Na2 CO3 溶解的P96对棉铃虫初孵幼虫有一定致死作用。     

Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton

BACKGROUND: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B is one of the most important pests on cotton around the world. Laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against B. tabaci on cotton. RESULTS: Under laboratory conditions, the two treatments caused whitefly adult mortality, reduced oviposition and increased mortality of nymphs at 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after germination (DAG). The longer the adults fed on plants from treated seeds, the higher the mortality. The two treatments did not have any effect on eggs. The efficacy of the treated seeds against B. tabaci gradually decreased from 10 to 40 DAG, being the lowest at 40 DAG. In laboratory experiments, the efficacies between the two treatments were similar. In greenhouse experiments, the two treatments were equally effective with lower numbers of whiteflies than untreated controls. With both treatments the concentrations of the active ingredient were gradually reduced with aging of the plants and from the bottom to the top leaves of the plants. Numbers of live whiteflies were well correlated with the dosage of active ingredients. Under field conditions, the seeds treated with both insecticides exhibited similar efficacy against B. tabaci for up to ～2 months. CONCLUSION: Cotton seeds treated with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were effective against B. tabaci for up to 45 days under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, and up to ～2 months under field conditions. Use of imidacloprid‐ and thiamethoxam‐treated seeds can be an important alternative for management of whiteflies on cotton. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

10种中草药提取物对棉铃虫、绿盲蝽触杀活性研究

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum是两种重要的经济作物害虫。为寻找一种安全高效的防治新手段,本文对10种中草药提取物触杀活性开展了研究。结果表明,在10种中草药提取物中,苦杏仁杀虫活性最高,药后7 d棉铃虫、绿盲蝽校正死亡率分别为65.4%和100%。发现苦杏仁粗提物经不同溶剂萃取后发现,氯仿萃取时析出物对绿盲蝽触杀活性最高,药后7 d校正死亡率可达96.9%。硅胶柱分离结果表明,流分L36-48具有较高的触杀活性,药后7 d校正死亡率为84.7%。本研究评价了10种中草药提取物对棉铃虫和绿盲蝽的触杀活性,并对苦杏仁有效成分开展了初步的分离鉴定,以期为两种害虫高效安全的新型药剂开发提供理论基础。     

Control of three major bollworm pests of cotton in Pakistan by a single application of their combined sex pheromones

Abstract

In the Punjab province of Pakistan, cotton is subject to attack by three major bollworm pests: Pectinophora gossypiella, Earias vittella and £ insulana. Because of the difficulty of controlling these pests once their larvae have penetrated the bolls, early season control is essential. A non‐toxic method is desirable if beneficial insects are not to be destroyed. Tests with a Mitsubishi ‘twist‐tie’ pheromone formulation containing the major components of Pectinophora and the two Earias spp. achieved almost complete trap suppression of all three species for up to eight weeks duration following a single application at the pin‐square stage. Visual observations confirmed a complete lack of moth activity indicating that control by mating disruption was attainable.