真菌防治喜旱莲子草研究进展

喜旱莲子草是一种危害严重的恶性入侵杂草,生物防治该杂草尤其是引入莲草直胸跳甲后取得很大进展。然而陆生型和高纬度地区的喜旱莲子草的防治仍是难点,利用真菌资源防治该杂草具有潜力。本文概述了对喜旱莲子草有一定生防潜力的真菌,并对其寄主专一性及作用机理进行了总结,提出了目前存在的问题及建议,以期为有效控制该杂草提供指导。     

真菌防治喜旱莲子草的研究进展

喜旱莲子草是一种危害严重的恶性入侵杂草,生物防治该杂草尤其是引入莲草直胸跳甲后取得很大进展。然而陆生型和高纬度地区的喜旱莲子草的防治仍是难点,利用真菌资源防治该杂草具有潜力。本文概述了对喜旱莲子草有一定生防潜力的真菌,并对其寄主专一性及作用机理进行了总结,提出了目前存在的问题及建议,以期为有效控制该杂草提供指导。     

莲草直胸跳甲羧酸酯酶基因AhCesB1的克隆、序列分析及表达特征

莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila是入侵杂草喜旱莲子草的专食性天敌。为进一步明确莲草直胸跳甲寄主专一性的分子机制,通过分析其转录组数据克隆羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterases,Car Es)基因,采用RT-PCR技术从其体内获得1个羧酸酯酶B簇基因并进行生物信息学分析,同时利用实时定量PCR方法检测其在不同身体部位及不同发育阶段的表达特性,并对饥饿处理、取食靶标植物喜旱莲子草和非靶标植物莙荙后该基因的表达水平进行比较。结果显示,克隆得到1条莲草直胸跳甲羧酸酯酶基因的cDNA全长序列,长度为1 851 bp,开放阅读框长度为1 647 bp,编码548个氨基酸,以该基因推导的氨基酸序列与其它物种的CarEs进行聚类分析,发现此基因为羧酸酯酶B簇家族成员,命名为AhCesB1(GenBank登录号KT032151)。实时定量PCR检测结果显示,AhCesB1基因在莲草直胸跳甲3龄期表达量最高,成虫期和蛹期表达量次之,卵、1龄和2龄期表达量相对较低。AhCesB1基因在头和中肠的表达量较低,在其余身体部分表达量较高。取食莙荙后AhCesB1表达量显著增高,为饥饿处理的13.7倍,而取食喜旱莲子草与饥饿处理并无显著差异。表明莲草直胸跳甲AhCesB1在不同发育阶段和成虫不同身体部位具有不同的表达水平,而非寄主植物莙荙可以诱导该基因的表达,推测羧酸酯酶在莲草直胸跳甲代谢次生物质中发挥着重要作用。     

喜旱莲子草次生代谢物对莲草直胸跳甲谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和淀粉酶活性的影响

为明确喜旱莲子草的次生代谢物对其专食性天敌-莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila成虫解毒酶和消化酶的影响,利用不同浓度的橙花叔醇、齐墩果酸和甜菜碱浸叶处理喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides,连续饲喂莲草直胸跳甲1~3 d后,测定莲草直胸跳甲谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和淀粉酶(AMS)的活性变化。结果表明,橙花叔醇、齐墩果酸和甜菜碱均能抑制莲草直胸跳甲的GSTs活性,0.1%橙花叔醇和20%甜菜碱处理24 h时的GSTs活性最低,分别为45.67 U/mg和53.95 U/mg,0.2%齐墩果处理72 h时的GSTs活性最低,为98.77 U/mg,且莲草直胸跳甲对橙花叔醇的刺激存在着一种适应机制;0.5%橙花叔醇和0.1%齐墩果酸处理24 h后的GSTs活性最高,分别为243.10 U/mg和250.22 U/mg,是对照的1.55倍和1.59倍,存在诱导激活现象。甜菜碱对莲草直胸跳甲的AMS活性有明显的抑制作用,20%甜菜碱处理72 h后AMS活性最低,为1.01 U/mg,是对照的55.92%。表明喜旱莲子草3种次生代谢物均能抑制谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性,其中橙花叔醇和齐墩果酸对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶有诱导激活作用,而甜菜碱对淀粉酶抑制作用较强。     

Increased free amino acid contents of the invasive weed Ageratina adenophora and the effects on its specialist herbivore Procecidochares utilis

In order to verify the escape‐from‐enemy hypothesis from the changes of nutrient substance and fitness of natural enemies on alien plants, contents of free amino acids in native and invasive plant populations of Ageratina adenophora and life history parameters of specialist herbivore Procecidochares utilis reared on these plants were investigated. Our results showed that the contents of glycine, valine, γ‐aminobutyric acid, proline, serine, alanine, and arginine in the invasive plants were higher than those in the native plants of A. adenophora. There was a shorter developmental duration and higher fecundity of P. utilis when fed on the invasive plants. The results indicated a possible fitness tradeoff of natural enemies between invasive and native plants arose from nutrient substance changes.     

莲草直胸跳甲气味结合蛋白鉴定及其在触角中的表达分析

为阐明莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila对其寄主植物喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides的专一性识别过程中气味结合蛋白(odorant-binding protein,OBP)的作用,基于莲草直胸跳甲三代全长转录组测序结果筛选获得其所有OBP基因并进行生物信息学分析,以最大似然法构建莲草直胸跳甲OBP的系统进化树,并通过定量PCR分析这些OBP基因在其触角中的表达量。结果表明,全长转录组测序结果中共鉴定得到53个莲草直胸跳甲AhygOBP基因,所编码蛋白有36个属于Minus-C家族,11个属于Classic家族,5个属于Plus-C家族,1个属于Atypical家族。进化分析结果显示,大部分莲草直胸跳甲AhygOBP与其它目昆虫OBP为直系同源。莲草直胸跳甲AhygOBP基因在触角中的表达分析结果显示,将表达量最低的AhygOBP31作为基准1,表达量最高的依次为AhygOBP53、AhygOBP32、AhygOBP13、AhygOBP28、AhygOBP44、AhygOBP45、AhygOBP29、AhygOBP37、AhygOBP24,其中AhygOBP53的表达量是AhygOBP31的106 000倍。推测这些触角中高表达的AhygOBP可能在宿主植物识别中发挥重要作用。     

The effects of natural and manipulated density regimes on Alliaria petiolata survival, growth and reproduction

Knowledge of the ecology of Alliaria petiolata, an alien invasive species in the USA, is essential to predict the efficacy of introduced biological control agents. Accordingly, we examined the growth and reproduction of second‐year A. petiolata rosettes under natural and manipulated density regimes. Plant survival was also studied under natural conditions. Similar survivorship patterns were observed for high‐ and low‐density populations, although survival in the low‐density populations was c. 10% higher. Under natural conditions, low‐density plants were larger and more fecund, on average, than high‐density plants; however, on a per‐area basis, high‐density populations were much more productive. When plant density was experimentally reduced, average seed production and plant size increased with thinning intensity, suggesting that thinning released plants from intra‐specific competition. Additionally, plants in thinned plots were able to recover from past competition and could approach production of the plants in un‐thinned lower density plots that had not experienced prior competition. However, seed production per unit area was lower in thinned versus un‐thinned plots of the same initial density. Results suggest herbivore‐induced plant mortality late in the life cycle, as might occur following the introduction of biological control agents, may reduce the contribution to the A. petiolata seedbank.     

萜烯同系物DMNT和TMTT的研究进展

近年来,学者对植物挥发性物质在功能和合成代谢方面的关注度越来越高。许多植物在被害虫侵袭后能够产生一些挥发性化学物质,而这些化学物质可以趋避害虫或吸引害虫天敌以达到间接防治害虫的目的。其中,(E)-4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯((E)-3,8-dimethyl-1,4,7-nonatriene,DMNT)和(E,E)-4,8,12-三甲基-1,3,7,11-十三碳四烯((E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene,TMTT)在高等植物中广泛存在。这2种物质能够在植物受植食性昆虫侵害后诱导产生,并起到吸引相应的害虫天敌前来从而达到控制害虫的作用。同时,它们还具有吸引授粉昆虫、诱导邻近植物防御反应和趋避害虫等功能。本文主要从这2种物质的发现、生态学功能、生物合成、研究展望与应用前景等方面进行探讨,综述近年来植物中DMNT和TMTT的研究进展。     

Herbicide efficacy for aquatic Alternanthera philoxeroides management in an early stage of invasion: integrating above‐ground biomass,below‐ground biomass and viable stem fragmentation

Alternanthera philoxeroides is a problematic invasive plant in many regions of the world that is difficult to control once naturalised. It poses a threat to agricultural productivity, biodiversity and social amenity values of aquatic environments. Significant research has been conducted internationally, regarding the efficacy of different herbicides for control of A. philoxeroides. However, no studies have looked at key aspects of control for effective management in an early stage of invasion of aquatic environments, hindering eradication and control programmes. This study evaluates the efficacy of herbicides and surfactants on key A. philoxeroides response metrics, including control of above‐ground biomass, below‐ground biomass and production of viable stem fragments. This study concluded that glyphosate (isopropylamine salt) minimises viable stem fragment production post‐herbicide application, compared with imazapyr and metsulfuron, thus reducing the potential for dispersal throughout catchments and waterways. In contrast, imazapyr and metsulfuron provided more effective control than glyphosate for A. philoxeroides growing on exposed embankments. We propose that an effective management strategy for early invasion of aquatic A. philoxeroides, using herbicides, would be to conduct initial applications of glyphosate to control overwater biomass and limit dispersal of viable stem fragments. Once infestations have been forced back to the embankment, imazapyr or metsulfuron treatments will provide longer term control.     

显花植物在提高节肢动物天敌控制害虫中的生态功能

由于农业集约化生产引起的非作物生境减少和农业化学品的过量使用减弱了农田生态系统中害虫天敌的自然控制作用。合理而有效地利用显花植物可以为害虫天敌提供食物来源和庇护场所,从而能有效地提高天敌对害虫的自然控制能力、减少化学农药的使用量。本文综述了显花植物对天敌种群的促进作用及其在果园、蔬菜和粮食作物等害虫防治中应用的最新进展,同时对进一步利用显花植物提高农业生态系统稳定性的发展方向进行了讨论。     

Insect Enemies of Aquatic Weeds

Abstract

The Agricultural Research Service of the USDA has been actively engaged in research on the biological control of aquatic weeds since 1959. Research emphasis until 1967 was on alligatorweed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. As a result of this research, three species of insects from Argentina were released in the southeastern United States. Alligatorweed control with these natural enemies has been variable; but indications are that control will be substantial over most of the range of the weed.

One species of weevil, Neochetina eichhorniae Warner, has been released against water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, in the USA as a result of research in Argentina. A second closely related species, N. bruchi Hustache, is presently undergoing final clearance procedures. Several other arthropods are being studied in Argentina as possible biological control agents of water hyacinth.

A USA sponsored programme in Yugoslavia under the direction of Dr M Leki? resulted in the discovery of two insect species that show potential as control agents for eurasian watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L. Further testing for host specificity of these insects will be carried out in the USA in quarantine in Florida.

A USA sponsored Pakistan programme under Dr M. A. Ghani is investigating insects and other phytophagous organisms attacking Hydrilla verticillata Royle. The results are encouraging. PANS 20: 444–450, 1974.     

光周期对莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila Selman et Vogt的生态适应性,提高其对恶性杂草喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides(Martius)的生物防治效率,研究了7组不同光周期对其生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:不同光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲卵的孵化历期差异显著,在L∶D=12 h∶12 h时孵化历期最短,为4.33 d;其化蛹率无显著差异。相较于短光期,长光期条件更适合其幼虫生长发育。随着光照时数的增加,莲草直胸跳甲成虫寿命、产卵历期、雌虫产卵量呈明显单峰趋势,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,成虫寿命和产卵历期最长,分别为41.8 d和34.0 d;光周期为L∶D=8 h∶16 h时,雌虫产卵量最高,为98.5块。不同光周期处理下其成虫后代的孵化率均高于85%,各处理间均无显著差异。在7组光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲均未出现生长与生殖停滞及大量死亡现象。生命表分析结果显示,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,莲草直胸跳甲种群的净增殖率、平均世代周期及内禀增长率均最高,分别为386.88、45.36和0.13;而种群增殖时长最短,为5.27 d。表明光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时最适合莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖。     

Site‐specific management is crucial to managing Mikania micrantha

Increasingly, weeds have been taking on global distributions. With the proliferation of invasive weeds has come the challenge of managing these species over broad geographical regions, with diverse habitats and political jurisdictions. Here, we review the management of Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae; mile‐a‐minute) throughout its invaded range, extending through most of the Pacific islands and southern and south‐east Asia. Context matters when determining the best course of action for managing M. micrantha, as it has invaded a large variety of agricultural and natural systems. In Queensland, Australia and Florida, USA, M. micrantha has been targeted in relatively successful eradication campaigns, highlighting the importance of early detection and rapid response methods, while elsewhere in its invaded range, populations are either still increasing or showing limited signs of decline. An inter‐regional approach to research and management should incorporate successful management strategies employed throughout the invaded range including, but not limited to, chemical and cultural control practices, manual and mechanical control, classical biological control using the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii, plant–plant competition and integrated approaches utilising two or more control methods concurrently. Additional knowledge of M. micrantha genetics is required to determine if management approaches could be fine‐tuned for particular populations. Countries bordering the Mekong River formed a network in 2011 to co‐ordinate the management of invasive species such as M. micrantha. Expanding such a collaborative approach to other regions could further reduce populations of M. micrantha and limit its spread.     

Effects of weed control practices on surface-dwelling arthropod predators in tomato agroecosystems

Weed control, an important practice in agroecosystems to protect crop production, is usually achieved with herbicides. However, these pesticides are expensive, pose potential risks to the environment, may affect some beneficial organisms indirectly, and decrease overall arthropod biodiversity, including pests and their natural enemies, by removing weeds that might act as hosts or shelters for many organisms. The activity density response of important surface-dwelling arthropod predators (ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae], ants [Hymenoptera: Formicidae] and spiders [Arachnida: Araneae]) to herbicides (trifluralin and paraquat), and to two alternative weed management practices (rye straw mulch and mechanical treatment to maintain weeds below threshold levels, in comparison with an untreated check), was assessed using pitfall traps. The mulch treatment had the greatest effect on activity density, reducing the number of predators trapped significantly (P<0.05). Herbicide use resulted in significant (P<0.05) reductions in the activity density of ground beetles. Most predators were trapped in the check plots — which had the highest weed biomass, followed in turn by numbers trapped in the threshold weed control treatment, the full herbicide application and the mulch treatment plots. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 10, 2002.     

不同功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌的影响

为明确功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌的调控作用,通过田间系统调查和室内选择行为反应试验测定4种功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌种群动态的影响。结果显示,4种功能植物均可涵养多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata、中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica和东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri等捕食性天敌,其中蛇床草Cnidium monnieri上的捕食性天敌总数最多,达821头。蛇床草种植区棉花上多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉的种群数量均显著高于对照区棉花,而棉蚜Aphis gossypii、棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossypii和棉黑蚜Ap.craccivora的种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花;油菜Brassica napus种植区棉花上的中华通草蛉种群数量显著高于对照区棉花,棉长管蚜种群数量则显著低于对照区棉花;薄荷Mentha haplocalyx种植区棉花上的多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉种群数量均显著高于对照区棉花,棉蚜和棉长管蚜种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花;罗勒Ocimum basilicum种植区棉花上的棉长管蚜和棉黑蚜种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花。此外,棉蚜和棉长管蚜种群数量与捕食性天敌总数之间呈显著负相关;蛇床草和罗勒植株的挥发物显著吸引多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉,罗勒和薄荷植株的挥发物显著驱避有翅棉蚜。表明功能植物蛇床草、油菜、薄荷和罗勒可为棉田涵养捕食性天敌,而薄荷和罗勒还能驱避棉花蚜虫,可用于棉田害虫及天敌的生态调控。     

Biocontrol potential of Alternaria sp. PMK2, against a devastating weed: Parthenium hysterophorus L

Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) is known as one of the most aggressive invasive weeds, causing severe economic, environmental, human and animal health problems in India and around the world. During a series of extensive surveys for natural enemies of P. hysterophorus, a leaf spot pathogen was isolated from the affected parts of the parthenium following the standard isolation techniques using potato dextrose agar (PDA) and parthenium dextrose agar (PeDA) media. Koch's postulates were performed and found satisfactory for the isolate and proved to be pathogenic to this weed. On the basis of cultural, morphological and molecular characteristics, the pathogen was identified as Alternaria sp. PMK2. The growth of the pathogen was studied on eight selected media and it exhibited varying degrees of growth on different media. Phytotoxicity of fungal cultural filtrates was also confirmed on parthenium leaves in laboratory conditions. Due to the virulent nature of the isolated pathogen, it may be selected for further studies to develop mycoherbicide for control of this devastating weed.     

Pathogens and their products affecting weedy plants

There are many natural enemies of weedy plants; among them are plant pathogens. Plant pathogens are capable of affecting plants, in part because of the phytotoxins they produce. Phytoloxins of weedy pathogens are produced in culture media by most of the phytopathogenic fungi of weeds that we have studied. In most cases the phytotoxin(s) usually belongs to a family of related compounds produced by the pathogen. Phytotoxin production in the medium can be optimized by placement of the host extract into the medium. Lethal activity is usually observed in the concentration range of 10^-3-10^-6M. The concept of using these molecules, or derivatives thereof, or related compounds as herbicides, should be explored.     

Ecology and Control of Erinnyis ello and E. alope,Important Insect Pests in the New World

Abstract

The sphingid moth Erinnyis ello L. is an important pest of cassava and the most serious pest of the rubber tree in the New World; E. alope Drury is sometimes a serious pest of papaya. Information on the known food plants, life cycle, behaviour, natural enemies, seasonal abundance and present methods of control of these two lepidopterous pests is reviewed. The perspectives for improved control of E. ello with special reference to rubber plantations in Brazil, through the manipulation of natural enemies, a more rational use of insecticides and the adoption of certain cultural methods, are discussed.     

Impacts of mowing and bud destruction on Centaurea solstitialis growth,flowering, root dynamics and soil moisture

Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) has invaded rangelands and natural areas in the western USA. There is evidence that mowing is a more effective method of reducing growth and seed production, compared with the well‐established and distributed bioagents. To test this hypothesis we measured C. solstitialis's growth and reproduction following two treatments (late spring and early summer bud/capitula destruction and shoot mowing) and measured C. solstitialis's growth and reproduction. We measured changes in soil moisture content to test the hypothesis that these manipulations differentially affect water usage by the invasive plant. Mowing produced shorter plants that weighed less. Bud damaged plants were not statistically different from untreated controls. The number of developed capitula was reduced 67% by mowing but was unaffected by bud damage. Mowed plants redistributed resources from root to flower production. Both treatments reduced mean capitulum diameter. This resulted in reductions of 76% and 21% in estimated seed number for mowed and bud damaged plants respectively. Root abundance decreased and root life‐span was reduced by both treatments. Soil moisture depletion was greatest from mid‐May to mid‐July (from 21% to 9%) and occurred after maximum root abundance. Mowing resulted in a delay in soil moisture depletion compared with the bud damaged plants or the untreated controls. Bud/capitula damage did not affect C. solstitialis's requirement for soil water. Overall, this study supported the hypothesis that mowing reduced C. solstitialis growth and reproduction more than bud damage alone. This information will aid managers in selecting a strategy for managing C. solstitialis in a particular habitat.