低温胁迫下戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑种子包衣对玉米种子出苗和幼苗的影响

为研究低温胁迫下种子包衣对玉米种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响,以适宜温度(25℃/20℃,白天/晚上,下同)处理为对照,对不同剂量包衣的玉米种子进行低温胁迫。研究结果表明,戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑种子包衣在适宜温度下对玉米种子出苗具有促进作用,能提高玉米幼苗植株的叶绿素含量,对玉米幼苗的株高和鲜重没有抑制作用。但在17℃/6℃、15℃/0℃、10℃/0℃低温胁迫下,戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑均能抑制种子出苗和幼苗生长,加剧低温胁迫导致的膜脂质过氧化作用和对叶绿体的分解。但用苯醚甲环唑处理玉米种子比用戊唑醇更安全,前者能抑制低温胁迫导致的叶片细胞内电解质外渗,后者却会加剧电解质的外渗。比较玉米幼苗根系的呼吸作用也可以发现,苯醚甲环唑比戊唑醇更有利于玉米幼苗补偿和修复低温胁迫所致的伤害。     

外源一氧化氮对玉米幼苗抗低温胁迫的影响

利用盆栽试验,用不同浓度的外源NO处理低温胁迫下的玉米幼苗,研究外源NO对玉米幼苗抗低温胁迫的影响。结果表明:低温明显抑制了玉米幼苗的生长,与常温对照相比,玉米幼苗叶片相对含水量下降了46.7%,叶绿素含量降低了19.19%,细胞膜的通透性增大,相对电导率增加了44.2%,丙二醛(MDA)含量增加了35.1%,可溶性蛋白含量下降了22.0%,可溶性糖含量下降了72.3%;适当浓度的外源NO可缓解低温胁迫造成伤害,其中浓度为0.10 mmol·L-1SNP处理效果最明显,与低温对照相比,MDA含量和相对电导率分别减少了24.4%和11.1%,相对含水量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量分别增加了40.2%、11.0%、19.25%、123.0%;外源NO能有效改善低温胁迫下玉米幼苗的光合作用,其净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均较低温胁迫条件下未加NO处理有明显的增加,细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)则明显下降。表明适当浓度的外源NO可以缓解低温胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制效应。     

基于生理指标确定河套灌区玉米春霜冻的气象指标

霜冻是河套灌区发生频率较高的农业气象灾害之一。本文以河套灌区广泛种植的玉米中晚熟品种科河8号为试验材料,以常温(20℃左右)为对照,设置5℃~-5℃的低温环境,对玉米幼苗分别进行1 h、3 h、5 h处理,对比观测试验前后玉米各项生理指标的变化情况。逆境生理研究能更好地理解不同程度的低温胁迫下植物的生理生化变化,可基于此确定霜冻预报的气温指标。研究结果表明:随着处理温度的降低和低温胁迫时间的延长,玉米幼苗叶绿素含量呈稳定下降的趋势;可溶性糖含量、SOD活性、丙二醛含量先升高后下降,最高值出现在-2℃和-3℃。通过对以上3个指标变化特点的分析表明:4叶玉米幼苗比3叶的抗寒性更强;可溶性蛋白含量先下降后上升,最低值出现在-2℃;各低温处理均导致玉米幼苗的净光合作用速率、气孔导度、单叶水分利用率下降。参照本文及过冷却点的试验结果,制定河套地区玉米春霜冻的最低气温指标如下:轻霜冻,0℃~3.0℃;中霜冻,-2.5℃~0℃;重霜冻,-2.5℃。     

低温胁迫下氟唑环菌胺和戊唑醇包衣对玉米种子出苗和幼苗的影响

为比较低温胁迫下氟唑环菌胺和戊唑醇种子包衣对玉米出苗和幼苗的影响,以空白种子为对照,对2种药剂不同剂量包衣的玉米种子进行低温胁迫。研究表明,在低温胁迫下氟唑环菌胺包衣对玉米种子的出苗率和幼苗的生长无显著影响,而戊唑醇包衣对玉米种子的出苗率、出苗速率和幼苗的生长有不同程度的抑制作用;戊唑醇包衣能加剧低温胁迫导致的幼根细胞内电解质外渗,增加幼芽中脯氨酸的含量,而氟唑环菌胺包衣对幼根电解质外渗无显著影响同时对幼芽中脯氨酸的含量无显著影响。因此,在低温胁迫下氟唑环菌胺作为种衣剂比戊唑醇具有更高的安全性。     

4种非生物胁迫下小麦幼苗表型及可溶性蛋白含量的变化

对小麦幼苗分别进行低温(4℃)、高温(42℃)、高盐(800 mM NaCl)及干旱(20%PEG)4种非生物胁迫,从麦苗生长表型及其根、茎、叶片总可溶性蛋白含量的变化方面分析不同胁迫对小麦幼苗生长及生理变化的影响。结果表明:经过4种胁迫处理后,小麦幼苗生长均处于不同程度的抑制状态,高温、高盐和干旱胁迫下植株干枯明显,低温下植株明显较对照矮小;高温胁迫后幼苗根长仅5 cm左右,比正常植株短8~9 cm,高盐、干旱及低温条件下植株根长比正常植株短4.83 cm;4种胁迫下叶片长度也明显小于正常植株。胁迫直接导致了小麦根、茎和叶中可溶性蛋白含量不同程度的增加,根中总蛋白含量较茎和叶中低,根对胁迫也最为敏感,高温胁迫12 h后,根中总蛋白含量达到最大3.92μg·mg~(-1),高温胁迫24 h后,茎中总蛋白含量接近15μg·mg-1,而叶片中总蛋白的含量却保持72 h持续增长的状态。     

植物根围促生细菌菌剂增强玉米干旱耐受性研究

选用植物根围促生细菌(PGPR)菌剂BBS处理玉米幼苗,研究干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片相关生理特性及基因表达差异。结果表明,干旱胁迫15 d后,BBS处理组玉米幼苗的萎蔫程度显著低于对照组;处理组植株叶片MDA含量仅为对照组的74.35%,叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别是对照组的3.39倍和1.07倍;处理组植株叶片ZmP5CS1的表达水平及SOD活性均显著高于对照组;BBS处理组植株叶片在干旱胁迫过程中一直保持较低的H_2O_2含量。研究得出,BBS处理能够有效减缓干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗造成的伤害,进而加速正常浇水后的恢复。处理组植株叶片NCED1和ZmDREB2.7的高水平表达也表明干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗与BBS的互作过程可能有依赖ABA信号途径及不依赖ABA信号途径的共同参与。     

甲哌鎓对甜椒幼苗抗寒性的诱导作用研究

以甜椒为材料,采用砂培法, 用不同浓度(50 ,175和500 mg/L)甲哌鎓灌根处理(10 mL/株)并于低温(10~15 ℃)下生长30 d后,研究低温(5 ℃,48 h)胁迫下幼苗生长、细胞质膜透性、渗透物质、内源激素平衡、植株体内活性氧代谢及其抗氧化酶活性的变化特征,探讨甲哌鎓对甜椒抗寒性的诱导作用及机理。结果表明,甲哌鎓灌根处理对甜椒幼苗生长和抗寒性有显著的调控作用,表现为超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性提高,从而能更加有效地清除体内的过氧化氢,并通过提高叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的含量,增加脱落酸(ABA)的积累,从而减轻低温胁迫造成的伤害,表现出相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量降低。因此,甲哌鎓对提高甜椒抗寒性有一定的应用前景,且其适宜的使用浓度在175~500 mg/L之间。     

低温胁迫下不同玉米自交系对外源甜菜碱的生理响应

为了探究外源甜菜碱(GB)提高玉米萌发期和苗期耐寒性的响应机制及比较外源GB对不同玉米时期低温伤害的缓解效果,采用不同浓度外源GB处理耐寒性不同的6份玉米自交系,研究10℃低温胁迫下外源GB对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫能明显抑制玉米种子萌发,其平均发芽势、发芽率、胚芽长、胚根长、胚芽鲜重和胚根鲜重分别降低了55.2%、45.4%、64.6%、61.3%、57.7%和71.0%;幼苗叶片明显受到伤害,其平均相对电导率、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、SOD活性、POD活性和CAT活性分别升高了282.7%、150.1%、140.6%、124.7%、374.4%、209.7%和211.3%。萌发期和苗期分别添加20μmol·L~(-1)和10μmol·L~(-1)外源GB对低温胁迫下玉米的缓解效果最佳,其能明显促进玉米种子萌发及减轻幼苗生理伤害,除相对电导率(42.4%)和丙二醛含量(30.5%)显著降低外,脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶活性均显著升高(12.6%～324.9%)。在此最佳低温缓解外源GB浓度下,以萌发和幼苗生理性状的低温缓解指数作为低温缓解评价指标,采用隶属函数法综合评价两时期不同自交系的低温缓解效果,发现萌发期外源GB对玉米的缓解效果(0.585)优于苗期(0.454)。     

外源调节剂包衣对低温胁迫下棉花种子萌发及幼苗耐寒性的影响

为探讨外源调节剂包衣对低温胁迫棉花幼苗耐寒性的调控效应,通过室内砂培试验,研究了外源调节剂包衣处理对低温下棉花种子萌发的影响,分析了5℃低温胁迫下以及恢复常温后外源调节剂包衣对棉花幼苗耐寒性的生理响应。结果表明:低温胁迫下棉花种子的萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,水杨酸以及外源调节剂复配包衣处理均能显著提高低温胁迫下棉花种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,其中发芽指数和活力指数达到极显著水平,增幅分别为41.2%~44.4%和51.2%~63.9%;外源调节剂包衣处理叶片的相对电导率(REC)和MDA含量显著降低,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的含量显著提高,SOD、POD和CAT等抗氧化酶的活性也显著增强;5 mmol·L-1水杨酸+45 mmol·L-1氯化钙+60 mg·L-1亚硒酸钠复配包衣处理的叶片REC、MDA含量显著低于其它包衣处理,可溶性蛋白含量及其增幅显著高于其它包衣处理。说明水杨酸、氯化钙和亚硒酸钠三元复配包衣在缓解棉花幼苗低温逆境中具有协同效应,可以缓解低温胁迫对棉花种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高植物的耐寒性。     

一种土壤调理剂对玉米幼苗抗旱性的影响

为研究新型高效土壤调理剂M3T对作物抗旱性的影响,开展水分胁迫下不同浓度M3T对盆栽玉米幼苗的抗旱性影响的试验。结果表明:添加M3T可增强土壤保水能力;M3T处理延长玉米幼苗的存活时间3~11天,增加玉米幼苗的株高和生物量;玉米幼苗体内叶绿素、丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量及过氧化物酶和超氧化歧化酶活性的动态测定结果表明,未加M3T的处理玉米幼苗最早感受到水分胁迫而产生生理生化反应,M3T处理的玉米幼苗出现水分胁迫反应延迟。干旱胁迫下,0.01%~0.03%M3T处理有利于玉米幼苗生长,0.04%~0.05%M3T处理增强了玉米幼苗抗旱性,其存活时间更长;0.02%~0.03%M3T处理下农作物在干旱胁迫下可正常生长发育,且具有较好的抗旱性,为较佳处理。     

ABA signaling inhibits oxalate-induced production of reactive oxygen species and protects against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis>

Oxalic acid is an essential virulence factor of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that elicits wilting symptoms in infected host plants. Foliar wilting in response to oxalic acid is known to be dependent on an increase in stomatal conductance. To determine whether stomatal regulation controls susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum, abscisic acid-insensitive and open stomata mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana were analyzed. Whereas abscisic acid-insensitive mutants were hypersusceptible to S. sclerotiorum, open stomata mutants were as susceptible as wild type. It was concluded that stomatal regulation does not control susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum because open stomata mutants are known to only impair guard cells whereas abscisic acid-insensitive mutants also affect other cell types. Guard cell-independent processes also control sensitivity to oxalic acid because oxalic acid was more toxic to abscisic acid-insensitive mutants than to open stomata mutants. To explore a possible mechanism of toxicity, production of reactive oxygen species was measured in plant cells after exposure to oxalic acid. Oxalic acid was found to elicit reactive oxygen species production independently of abscisic acid. Nevertheless, cancellation of reactive oxygen species elicitation after co-stimulation of wild-type guard cells with oxalic acid and abscisic acid provided evidence for antagonistic interaction between both molecules.     

Ulvan-induced resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against Alternaria brassicicola requires reactive oxygen species derived from NADPH oxidase

The present work aimed to study the role of reactive oxygen species derived from NADPH oxidase in the ulvan-induced resistance against Alternaria brassicicola in Arabidopsis thaliana. Foliar spraying of ulvan, a water-soluble algal polysaccharide, reduced the colonization of host tissues and, consequently, the severity of A. brassicicola by 90% in both wild type and AtrbohF plants, and it increased NADPH oxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide levels. Ulvan also tended to enhance the activity of enzymes related to the removal of reactive oxygen species (APX, GSR, CAT and SOD) suggesting a tight control of the antioxidant system. Ulvan did not protect the AtrbohD mutant as well as wild type plants previously infiltrated with diphenyleneiodonium, both impaired in NADPH oxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Based on our results and those available in the literature, we propose a general model for ulvan-induced defense responses in plant tissues. Collectively, our results suggest that ulvan-induced resistance in A. thaliana against A. brassicicola requires reactive oxygen species derived from the respiratory burst oxidase homologue D (RBOHD) NADPH oxidase.     

浑善达克沙地药用种子植物区系分析

本文应用植物区系地理学的基本原理,对浑善达克沙地药用种子植物的科、属组成和属的地理成分进行了统计分析,结果表明:(1)本区有药用种子植物78科,270属,504种。(2)优势科现象明显;单种属、寡种属数量最多,属级水平的多样性丰富。(3)该区系包含14个分布区类型,温带性质的成分占绝对优势,热带性质的成分不多,特有程度低。(4)资源区域间分布差异大;有一定的古老成分。     

Delayed seed dispersal species and related traits in the desert of the United Arab Emirates

The ability of plants to safely retain seeds in the mother plant is an adaptive mechanism described in many desert plants. However, research about delayed seed dispersal species in the desert of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is lacking. This study aims to identify these delayed seed dispersal species and assess the relationships of the presence of delayed seed dispersal with plant growth form, habit, spatial dispersal, antitelechoric mechanism, and seed release time. The relationships between the presence of delayed seed dispersal and the above studied traits were assessed by using the Pearson Chi-square test and Nonlinear Principal Components Analysis (NLPCA). Results showed that a total of 46 delayed seed dispersal species were recorded (15.0% of 307 studied species) and the highest incidence occurred in the Fabaceae family (17.4%). Delayed seed dispersal species were predominantly perennial plants (73.9%) with spatial restricted dispersal (67.4%), which released seed in the dry season (45.7%). The dominant groups of delayed seed dispersal species were persistent fruits species and synaptospermy (28.3%). All graminoids showed persistent lignified fruits, while prostrate annuals were basicarpic species with myxospermy. Sandy habitats had the highest number of delayed seed dispersal species (54.3%), whereas salt flats had the lowest (23.9%). In the desert of the UAE, delayed seed dispersal species spread seeds until the end of the dry and windy season, thus breaking seed dormancy at this time and ensuring seed germination in the next arrival of the rainy season. This morphological and ecological adaptation of delayed dispersal species is essential to the survival and sustainable development of vegetation in desert environments.     

The effect of silicon on antioxidant metabolism of wheat leaves infected by Pyricularia oryzae

This study investigated whether the increase in wheat resistance to blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, potentiated by silicon (Si) is linked to changes in the activity of antioxidative enzymes. Wheat plants (cv. BR 18) were grown in hydroponic culture with either 0 (–Si) or 2 mm (+Si) Si and half of the plants in each group were inoculated with P. oryzae. Blast severity in the +Si plants was 70% lower compared to the ?Si plants at 96 h after inoculation (hai). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activities were higher in the leaves of the ?Si plants compared with the +Si plants at 96 hai. This indicates that other mechanisms may have limited P. oryzae infection in the +Si plants restricting the generation of reactive oxygen species, obviating the need for increased antioxidative enzyme activity. In contrast, glutathione reductase (GR) activity at 96 hai was higher in the +Si plants than in the ?Si plants. Although the inoculated plants showed significantly higher concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) than the non‐inoculated plants, lower MDA concentrations were observed in the +Si plants compared with the ?Si plants. The lower MDA concentration associated with decreased activities of SOD, CAT, POX, APX and GST, suggest that the amount of reactive oxygen species was lower in the +Si plants. However, GR appears to play a pivotal role in limiting oxidative stress caused by P. oryzae infection in +Si plants.     

Comparison of growth,survivorship, seed production and shedding of eight weed species in a wheat crop in Western Australia

Development of integrated weed management strategies is dependent on a thorough knowledge of the demography of individual species. The current research established eight winter or summer weed species in a winter annual wheat cropping system at Wongan Hills, Western Australia, and investigated emergence of the first cohort of each species, survivorship, plant size, seed production and seed shedding over three years (2016–2019). The winter weeds Bromus diandrus and Lolium rigidum emerged at the same time as the wheat crop, and the initial cohort of marked plants had 100% survival to seed production in each year. By comparison, other winter weed species like Hordeum leporinum, Rumex hypogaeus, Sonchus oleraceus and Polygonum aviculare frequently emerged later than the crop and had a lower percentage of plants surviving to seed production. However, individual S. oleraceus and P. aviculare plants had the greatest seed production compared to other species. All winter weeds had variable patterns of seed shedding between years, with the exception of L. rigidum. Summer weed species emerged at the same time, but plants in the initial cohort of each species did not always survive to produce seed. The early emergence and high survivorship of B. diandrus indicates high competitive ability, but shedding commenced at a similar time to L. rigidum and harvest weed seed control may be a viable control method for this species.     

新疆艾比湖流域植物区系研究

艾比湖流域目前生态环境问题很严重,突出表现在:盐尘暴天气增多、艾比湖湖面缩小、沙漠化、生物多样性降低、水资源利用不合理、水体污染等。这些对天山北坡经济带会产生威胁,所以对艾比湖流域进行生物多样性研究有重大意义,是非常必需的。对此我们在艾比湖流域进行野外调查,并整理和鉴定植物标本,艾比湖流域共有高等植物1178种,隶属79科440属,其中蕨类植物7科,9属,15种,裸子植物3科,4属,7种,被子植物69科,427属,1156种,其中有2个特有种:艾比湖桦(Betula ebinuricum),艾比湖沙拐枣(Calligonum ebi-nuricumIvanova)。对艾比湖流域的植被进行了地理区系成分分析,结果表明:艾比湖流域治污区系成分复杂,分属于20个类型,以中亚成分、欧亚成分和北温带成分占优势,表明新疆种子植物区系特征与本地区所处的气候带、地理位置及其地史变迁是一致的。这可为艾比湖流域生物多样性研究、生物资源的合理开发和流域生态环境治理提供参考依据。     

Tumbleweeds in the Western Australian cropping system: seed dispersal characteristics of Salsola australis

Salsola australis, like other agricultural weed species of the Salsola genus, produces a mobile seedbank. Aspects of this mobile seedbank were investigated in three field trials, including total seed production, rate of seed shedding, rate at which seeds lose germinability and the distance and directionality of plant movement. Total seed production was highly variable (ranging from 138 to 7734 seeds per plant), but was directly related to aboveground plant biomass at maturity. Following senescence, mature plants broke free of their root system and the wind driven plants moved considerable distances (1.6–1247.2 m). Half of the mobile plants moved <100 m, as they became entangled with other S. australis plants within the stand. Seed shedding commenced before the plants became mobile and increased with movement, but was also related to the aging and weathering processes experienced by stationary or mobile plants. All plants retained a proportion of their seed in spite of movement, weathering and ageing of the plants, although germinability of retained seed dropped to <2% after 2 months. Salsola australis engages in broad scale seed dispersal similar to that observed in other species of the Salsola genus, allowing this species to maintain a high rate of invasion and range expansion.     

Management of bakanae and bacterial seedling blight diseases in nurseries by irradiating rice seeds with atmospheric plasma

The control of seedborne rice seedling diseases in the seed beds is important to avoid epidemics in rice nurseries and paddies, which may result in severe yield loss. Recently, irradiation with plasma containing electrons, creating positive or negative ions and neutral species, has been shown to have an antimicrobial effect, probably via generation of reactive oxygen species. This study examines whether two seedborne rice seedling diseases, bakanae disease caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi, and bacterial seedling blight caused by Burkholderia plantarii, are suppressed by irradiation of infected rice seeds with atmospheric plasma. Seed germination and seedling growth were not inhibited in plasma‐treated healthy seeds. When F. fujikuroi‐infected rice seeds were irradiated with plasma after being immersed in sterile distilled water, bakanae disease severity index and the percentage of plants with symptoms were reduced to 18.1% and 7.8% of non‐irradiated control, respectively, depending on the duration of plasma irradiation. The bacterial seedling blight disease index was also reduced by plasma irradiation in vacuum‐inoculated seeds to 38.6% of the non‐irradiated control, and in infected seeds harvested from spray‐inoculated heads of rice plants to 40.1% of the control. Therefore, plasma irradiation seems to be effective in controlling two independent seedborne rice seedling diseases.     

The effect of pre-germination chilling on subsequent growth and flowering in three arable weeds

This experiment investigated the effect of pre-germination moist chilling of seeds (for 3 weeks at 2^C) of 10 common arable weeds on the subsequent growth and flowering of the plants. In only three of the species (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds., Veronica persica Poir. and Trifolium dubium Sibth.) was flowering markedly increased by the seed chilling treatments. At 3 months, the mean number of flowers and seed heads per plant on the treated plants was greater than that on the controls by factors of 13.9, 2.02 and 1.74 respectively. Shoot lengths of the seed-chilled plants were also significantly greater in all three species, though dry weights did not differ significantly from those of the controls. Thus, the plants showed morphological changes associated with reproduction but no significant alteration in total dry weight. The ecological implications of the data are discussed in relation to possible effects of climatic change on species which require seed vernalization.