杀菌剂氰霜唑的合成进展

本文综述了氰霜唑的主要合成路线,并对各条路线作出了评述,从而选出一条适合工业化的路线。     

南亚与北非地区温度、降水量与沙漠蝗发生程度的相关性分析

为分析沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria发生程度与其发源地以及主要迁徙路线上气象因子的关系,本研究统计1992—2019年沙漠蝗发源地和2条主要迁徙路线上9个主要国家的年平均温度、年平均降水量及当年沙漠蝗灾害发生程度,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明,埃塞俄比亚、索马里和苏丹3个沙漠蝗发源地国家的沙漠蝗重度发生与轻度发生时的年平均降水量之间差异显著;沙漠蝗2条迁徙路线上的沙特阿拉伯沙、巴基斯坦、伊朗、阿尔及利亚、马里和毛里塔尼亚6个国家沙漠蝗重度发生时的年平均降水量显著高于轻度和中度发生时的年平均降水量,但中度发生时的年平均降水量与轻度发生时的年平均降水量之间差异不显著。在近20年中,沙漠蝗发源地和2条迁徙路线上9个主要国家沙漠蝗发生程度不同时,其年平均温度均无显著差异。因此年平均降水量为沙漠蝗发生的一个主要限制性因素。     

杀菌剂嘧霉胺的合成研究

本文介绍了杀菌剂嘧霉胺的发展状况,并在多种合成方法中选择一条较佳的合成路线,使产品总收率达到72.5%,纯度〉97%.     

新型杀菌剂辛唑嘧菌胺的合成研究

为了探索杀菌剂辛唑嘧菌胺的工艺路线和合成方法,并寻找一条适用于工业化生产的路线。以丙酰乙酸甲酯和溴代正辛烷为原料,经过取代、环合、氯化、胺化4步反应合成了目标化合物辛唑嘧菌胺。反应总收率为31.2%,含量为96.8%,产物经1H NMR进行表征。该方法操作简单,条件温和,适用于工业化生产。     

3-氨基-4,4,4-三氟丁烯酸乙酯的清洁合成新技术

旨在优化3-氨基-4,4,4-三氟丁烯酸乙酯的合成,并寻找一条适用于工业化的工艺路线。以三氟乙酸,正丁醇,乙酸乙酯,硫酸铵等为原料,通过酯化、缩合、胺化反应一锅煮法合成了3-氨基-4,4,4-三氟丁烯酸乙酯。反应总收率为71%,含量为99.6%。该路线条件温和,操作简便,收率较高,为工业化生产奠定了基础。     

基于牧民放牧行为的青海湖流域放牧路线研究——以刚察县为例

牧民对草地资源的利用在时间和空间维度上的移动形成了放牧路线,放牧路线决定草地资源的利用顺序,合理的利用顺序可提升牧民对草地资源利用的科学性,维护区域资源环境与经济的可持续发展,而当前却鲜有对放牧路线的探讨。文中以青海湖流域刚察县为例,提出了放牧路线的划定方法和原则:首先建立放牧优先等级评价指标体系评价草地资源的放牧优先等级;然后基于牧民的放牧行为调查划分四季牧场;最后以优先利用放牧优先等级高的草地和尊重牧民季节轮牧的放牧习惯为主要原则,结合交通路线、居民点、四季牧场面积等因素规划放牧路线。运用该路线可为牧民合理放牧提供依据,研究方法也可为其他牧区放牧路线的规划提供借鉴。     

西宁郊区唐菖蒲繁殖田杂草发生特点及化学防除

本文针对西宁区唐菖蒲种球繁殖田早期人工除草的困难，对田间杂草种类，发生特点，，危害程度进行了调查，对早期用２，４－Ｄ丁酯防除阔叶杂草的毒力，时间及剂量进行了研究。根据试验结果，为西末郊区种球繁殖田杂草防除提出了一条种源隔离，早期化学防除，中后期人工拔草相结合的综合防治技术路线。     

精异丙甲草胺的合成研究

精异丙甲草胺不同合成方法的介绍。重点介绍亚胺不对称加氢合成路线,并对合成路线进行了研究和优化,试验中优化了亚胺反应时间、胺醚反应温度和压力、酰化反应物料配比对中间体收率和产品质量的影响。     

陇南和阿坝地区小麦条锈菌传播的研究

 研究结果表明,甘肃陇南越夏区条锈菌源的主要传播路线是沿康县至略阳的近正西气流轨道和文县至广元的西北气流轨道,主要对汉中地区和绵阳的大多数地区小麦秋苗吹送,并可波及陕西安康地区和商洛部分地区及四川达县和万县等地。四川阿坝州越夏区菌源的主要传播路线是沿汶川至灌县的西北偏北气流轨道。其菌源与成都平原麦区的关系密切,对绵阳地区的北川、平武和绵竹等地也很重要,并可波及南充、内江及江汉流域等地区。湖北秋苗的初始菌源多来自西北越夏区。     

亚氨基二乙酸法草甘膦生产成本探讨和降低成本对策

通过对亚氨基二乙酸法生产草甘膦的路线进行分析,探讨了影响生产成本的主要因素及降低成本的对策。     

Monitoring and molecular mechanism of boscalid resistance of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Southwest China

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infects more than 400 plant species worldwide. Boscalid, an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase in...     

Design, synthesis and antifungal/insecticidal evaluation of novel nicotinamide derivatives

A series of nicotinamide derivatives based on Boscalid were prepared and tested for their activities against seven plant pathogenic fungi and two insects. The preliminary bioassays indicated that almost all of the synthesized target compounds displayed the antifungal activities and some of them also had certain insecticidal activities. And, compound 12 showed the strongest activity of all against Rhizoctonia solani (EC₅₀ = 0.010 mg L⁻¹) and Sphaceloma ampelimum (EC₅₀ = 0.040 mg L⁻¹), even stronger than Boscalid, a new nicotinamide fungicide. Additionally, both compounds 1 and 2 showed strong activities against Plutella xylostella (90% and 80%, respectively, at 1000 mg L⁻¹).     

Wirkung verschiedener Fungizide auf den Befall der D��rrfleckenkrankheit (Alternaria spp.) sowie auf den Ertrag der Kartoffel

Potato early blight caused by Alternaria solani and Alternaria alternata is a major disease of potatoes and other Solanaceae. By now, Alternaria species have established themselves as destructive pathogens. Due to considerable yield losses early blight is getting a serious problem in many German potato growing areas. Up to now, the management of this disease is achieved mainly through protective fungicide applications. By this, fungicides with different mode of actions have a considerable influence on the course of disease progress. For this, field trials were carried out in 2007 and 2008 and the efficacy of various active ingredients was determined. Marked differences were observed in the control of early blight disease due to the effectiveness of applied active ingredients. The application of potent fungicides, which are highly efficient, resulted in prolonged photosynthesis. As a result of this potato yield increased significantly. Our investigation show, that disease control can be better achieved with strobilurines like Azoxystrobin or Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin than with Mancozeb, Chlorthalonil or Fenamidon.     

Molecular and biochemical characterization of boscalid resistance in laboratory mutants of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

The plant‐pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has a broad host range and a worldwide distribution. Boscalid, an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase in the electron transport chain of fungi, is highly effective in controlling sclerotinia stem rot caused by S. sclerotiorum. The current study characterized the S. sclerotiorum boscalid‐resistant (BR) mutants obtained by fungicide induction. Among the bioactive fungicides against S. sclerotiorum, cross‐resistance was not detected between boscalid and dimethachlon, fluazinam or carbendazim; positive cross‐resistance was detected between boscalid and carboxin; and negative cross‐resistance was detected between boscalid and kresoxim‐methyl. Compared to their parental isolates, BR mutants had slower radial growth, no ability to produce sclerotia, lower virulence and oxalic acid content but higher mycelial respiration and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Moreover, BR mutants had decreased sensitivity to salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) but not to oxidative stress. All the results indicated that the risk of resistance to boscalid in S. sclerotiorum is low to moderate. DNA sequence analysis showed that all of the BR mutants had the same point mutation A11V (GCA to GTA) in the iron sulphur protein subunit (SDHB). Interestingly, expression of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene was reduced to different degrees in the BR mutants, and this might be correlated with the negative cross‐resistance between boscalid and kresoxim‐methyl. Such information is vital in the design of resistance management strategies.     

啶酰菌胺在草莓和土壤中的残留及消解动态

通过两年两地的田间试验,采用分散固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用的分析方法,研究了50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂在草莓和土壤中的残留及消解动态,并探讨了不同农作物品种、环境气候条件对农药消解速率的可能影响。结果表明:在草莓中添加0.05、0.3和3 mg/kg的啶酰菌胺标准品时,其平均回收率为91%~121%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为5.8%~9.9%;在土壤中分别添加0.1、0.3和3 mg/kg的啶酰菌胺时,其平均回收率为91%~100%,RSD为5.4%~6.5%。草莓和土壤中啶酰菌胺的定量限分别为0.05和0.1 mg/kg。啶酰菌胺在草莓中的消解动态符合准一级动力学方程,半衰期为6.2~11.8 d,但在山东和北京土壤中的消解试验均未拟合出指数方程。试验表明,50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂以有效成分337.5 g/hm2的推荐高剂量分别施药3次,采收安全间隔期为3 d时,啶酰菌胺在草莓和土壤中的最大残留量分别为1.97及0.38 mg/kg,最终残留量符合残留要求,可以安全使用。     

Biological and molecular characterization of field isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternaria alternata</Emphasis> with single or double resistance to respiratory complex II and III inhibitors

Field isolates of Alternaria alternata collected from tomato processors were characterized for sensitivity to respiration inhibitors using in vitro mycelial growth assays. Pyraclostrobin (QoI), boscalid, fluopyram and isopyrazam (SDHIs) mean EC₅₀ values were 0.32, 1.43, 2.21, and 3.53 μg/ml respectively. Of the 42 isolates, 36 were sensitive to all respiration inhibiting fungicides tested whereas three isolates were less sensitive to boscalid, one to pyraclostrobin and two were simultaneously resistant to both inhibitors and isopyrazam. Correlation analysis between fungicide sensitivities revealed a positive cross-resistance between pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole, and between cyprodinil and mancozeb. There was no cross-resistance between QoIs, SHDIs or any other mode of action. Sequencing of the QoI and SDHI targets revealed the G143A cytochrome b resistance mutation in all pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates while analysis of the succinate dehydrogenase coding gene revealed point mutations in two of three of the gene subunits analyzed in boscalid-resistant isolates. Specifically, two isolates carried the H277Y and three the H133Q resistance mutations located in the sdhB and sdhD subunits of the respiration complex II, respectively. Isolates bearing the H277Y mutation also carried the G143A cytochrome b resistance mutation. Boscalid and pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates exhibited greater pathogenicity and sporulation compared to sensitive isolates, respectively. Isolates with cross-resistance exhibited greater pathogenicity and sporulation but slower mycelial growth compared to sensitive isolates. This is the first report of field isolates of A. alternata with single or double resistance to QoIs and SDHIs in Greece and should be considered in planning and implementing effective anti-resistance strategies.     

Distribution and molecular characterization of Corynespora cassiicola isolates resistant to boscalid

A total of 618 isolates of corynespora leaf spot fungus (Corynespora cassiicola) collected from 24 commercial cucumber greenhouses in 12 cities in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, were tested for their sensitivity to boscalid. Boscalid‐resistant isolates were detected in 17 out of 19 greenhouses with a history of use of this fungicide and detection frequencies of the resistant isolates exceeded 47% in nine greenhouses. Frequencies of very highly resistant (VHR) isolates with 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) values of boscalid exceeding 30 μg mL^?1 were higher than those of moderately resistant (MR) isolates with EC₅₀ ranging from 2·0 to 5·9 μg mL^?1 in 11 greenhouses. Additionally, highly resistant (HR) isolates with EC₅₀ from 8·9 to 10·7 μg mL^?1 were first detected. Furthermore, molecular characterization of genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits (SdhA, SdhB, SdhC and SdhD) was carried out to elucidate the amino acid substitution responsible for the resistance to boscalid. All 23 VHR isolates had the same mutation from CAC to TAC in the SdhB gene leading to the substitution of histidine with tyrosine at amino acid position 278 (B‐H278Y). At the same position, the substitution to arginine conferred by a mutation to CGC (B‐H278R) was detected in all four HR isolates. Some MR isolates showed a substitution from serine to proline at position 73 in SdhC (C‐S73P), from serine to proline or from glycine to valine at position 89 (D‐S89P) and 109 (D‐G109V), respectively, in SdhD. There was no common mutation in SDH genes of all MR isolates.     

Evaluation of Inhibitory Effect of Some Bicarbonate Salts and Fungicides Against Hazelnut Powdery Mildew

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) which is intensively grown in the Black Sea region is the most important agricultural product of Turkey. Hazelnut production and quality are negatively affected by several diseases and pests. Powdery mildew is nowadays one of the most common diseases in almost whole hazelnut producing areas. The disease is caused by two different species, Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr. et Lev.) Fr. and Erysiphe corylacearum U. Braun & S. Takam. For the last 4 years, E. corylacearum, a newly invasive fungus in Turkey, has been caused significant economic losses. In the present study, the efficacy of ammonium, potassium and sodium bicarbonates, and two fungicides were evaluated in field trials against powdery mildew on hazelnuts in Samsun in 2016. The application rates of compounds used in the experiment were as follows: ammonium, potassium and sodium bicarbonates (Sigma-Aldrich, Seelze, Germany) at 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6% (w/v); Collis® SC (100?g/l Kresoxim methyl +200?g/l Boscalid, BASF, Spain) at 30?ml/100?l and Sulflow® 80 WG (Sulphur 800?g/l, Agrofarm, Turkey) at 400?g/100?l. Of the compounds tested, except for fungicides, sodium was found to be the most effective in controlling the powdery mildew on hazelnuts, followed by potassium and ammonium, respectively. Among those three, ammonium bicarbonate was ineffective against fruit infections of the disease. There was also no significant difference between inhibitory effects of 6% sodium bicarbonate, Collis and Sulflow against the disease (P < 0.05). In addition, bicarbonate salts was phytotoxic to hazelnut leaves at concentrations greater than 1.5%. The results indicate that sodium or potassium bicarbonate solutions seems to be a useful biocompatible fungicide for controlling the powdery mildew on hazelnuts.     

Characterization of Laboratory Mutants of Botrytis cinerea Resistant to QoI Fungicides

Mutants of Botrytis cinerea with moderate and high resistance to pyraclostrobin, a Qo inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport at the cytochrome bc ₁ complex, were isolated at a high mutation frequency, after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis and selection on medium containing pyraclostrobin and salicylhydroxamate (SHAM), a specific inhibitor of cyanide-resistant (alternative) respiration. Oxygen uptake in whole cells was strongly inhibited in the wild-type strain by pyraclostrobin and SHAM, but not in the mutant isolates. Cross-resistance studies with other Qo and Qi inhibitors (QoIs and QiIs) of cytochrome bc ₁ complex of mitochondrial respiration showed that the mutation(s) for resistance to pyraclostrobin also reduced the sensitivity of mutant strains to other QoIs as azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, trifloxystrobin and picoxystrobin, but not to famoxadone and to the QiIs cyazofamid and antimycin-A. An increased sensitivity of pyraclostrobin-resistant strains to the carboxamide boscalid, an inhibitor of complex II, and to the anilinopyrimidine cyprodinil, a methionine biosynthesis inhibitor, was observed. Moreover, no effect of pyraclostrobin resistance mutation(s) on fungitoxicity of the hydroxyanilide fenhexamid, the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil, the benzimidazole benomyl, and to the phenylpyridinamine fluazinam, which affect other cellular pathways, was observed. Study of fitness parameters in the wild-type and pyraclostrobin-resistant mutants of B. cinerea showed that most mutants had a significant reduction in the sporulation, conidial germination and sclerotia production. Experiments on the stability of the pyraclostrobin-resistant phenotype showed a reduction of resistance, mainly in moderate resistant strains, when the mutants were grown on inhibitor-free medium. However, a rapid recovery of the resistance level was observed after the mutants were returned to a selective medium. Studies on the competitive ability of mutant isolates against the wild-type parent strain, by applications of a mixed conidial population, showed that, in vitro, all mutants were less competitive than the wild-type strain. However, the competitive ability of high resistant mutants was higher than the moderate ones. Pathogenicity tests on cucumber seedlings showed that all mutant strains tested exhibited an infection ability similar with the wild-type parent strain. Preventive applications of the commercial product of F-500 25EC (pyraclostrobin) were effective against lesion development on cotyledons by the wild-type, but ineffective, even at high concentrations, against disease caused by the pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates. Boscalid (F-510 50WG) was found equally effective against the disease caused by the wild-type or pyraclostrobin-resistant mutants. This is the first report indicating the appearance of B. cinerea strains resistant to QoI fungicides by the biochemical mechanism of site modification and the risk for field resistance.     

甘肃省森林生态服务功能及价值评估

根据森林生态系统服务功能的内涵,采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法,使用影子工程法、市场价值法、生产成本等方法,定量评价了甘肃省森林生态系统服务功能的经济价值。估算结果表明:甘肃省森林生态系统涵养水源的经济价值为2.56×108元/a;森林保持土壤的经济价值为47.48×108元/a;森林净化水质的价值为2.48×108元/a;固定CO2的价值为115.32×108元/a;释放O2价值为131.24×108元/a;吸收SO2价值为3.88×108元/a;滞尘价值为156.39×108元/a;甘肃森林涵养水源、保持土壤、净化水质、固定CO2、释放O2、吸收SO2、滞尘7种生态服务功能价值共447.12×108元/a;其中灌木林贡献率最高占41.64%,而未成林造林和薪炭林贡献率较低。