确定农作物病虫害发生程度综合指标方法的研究

植保专业基础数字的统计标准化,是当前急待解决的问题。长期以来,植保部门积累了农作物病虫害的发生面积、发生程度、防治面积、挽回损失和实际损失等大量数据,但由于没有统计标准,影响了资料的科学性、可比性和应用价值。农作物病虫害发生程度过去多属单一病虫害进行统计,缺乏以作物为单位的多种病虫害发生程度的综合指标,因而很难测定农作物病虫危害减产损失。实现统计标准化,将数据输     

广西植物保护统计工作现状及应用

植物保护统计工作是农业统计工作的重要组成部分,它能真实地记录历年来各种病虫害的发生情况,能揭示农作物病虫害发生的内在规律。文章主要介绍了当前广西植物保护统计工作的现状和取得的工作成效。     

农作物病虫害绿色防控覆盖率评价指标与统计测算方法

为科学评价农作物病虫害绿色防控工作,提出了农作物病虫害绿色防控覆盖率的概念与定义,制定了农作物病虫害绿色防控覆盖率的评价指标与统计测算方法,旨在为农业绿色发展政策制定和病虫害防治决策提供参考指标和科学依据。     

如何划分病虫害发生程度

病虫害发生程度是测报、防治和植保专业统计中经常使用的一个重要指标。但是,如何划分病虫害发生程度,使其方法和内含相一致,则是十分重要的。目前病虫测报和植保专业统计中使用的病虫害发生程度,已不仅是     

农作物病虫害资料整理中分类与统计问题探讨

介绍了农作物病虫害资料的整理原则和分类方法,并针对农作物病虫害资料整理中常见的分类和统计问题进行了探讨,提出了解决办法,对一些容易混淆的概念进行了较为明晰的阐述。     

2015年春季农作物病虫害防治工作会议在湖北召开

<正>3月10日,全国农技中心在湖北省荆州市组织召开了全国春季农作物病虫害防治工作会议。会议分析了小麦、油菜等春季农作物主要病虫害发生趋势,交流了各地病虫发生和防控物资准备情况,明确了夏粮生产中病虫害防治任务,动员部署了春季农作物病虫防控工作。会议指出,受暖冬气候、降水等因素影响,预计今年小麦和油菜病虫害发生程度重于去年。据不完全统计,当前小麦主要病虫害发生面积近200万hm2,条     

晚稻病虫草综合危害损失评估试验研究

为了弄清在各种病虫草害并存状态下,农作物产量综合受害损失情况,总结出一套比较全面准确的病虫危害统计标准,以提高农作物病虫害统计的准确性,科学评估病虫害对农作物的危害,同时总结、探讨和评估各个单项病虫对综合危害损失的作用,为正确估测各病虫的单一危害     

枝江市农作物病虫害专业化统防统治服务体系的发展与思考

枝江市地处江汉平原与鄂西山区的过渡地带,适宜的气候、复杂的种植结构以及病虫害的多样性使我市农作物病虫害发生一直呈偏重趋势。据专业统计,2010年农作物病虫草鼠害发生面积49．7万hm2,防治面积63．9万hm2,挽回损失2．4万kg,折合经济效益约为1．2亿元。近几年来通过大力发展病虫害专业化统防统治组织,在农作物病虫害的防控上取得了一些长足的发展。     

2023年湖北省玉米病虫害防控植保贡献率评价报告

2023年湖北省开展了玉米病虫害防控植保贡献率评价试验,结果表明,在2023年玉米病虫害发生较轻于常年的情况下,经系统分析科学评估,2023年湖北省玉米病虫害(不包含草害和鼠害)防控植保贡献率为15.61%;另外,统计结果表明,严格防治和统防统治情况下,防控植保贡献率分别比农户自防高9.85个和5.92个百分点,表明我省玉米病虫防控还有很大提升空间。     

小麦条锈病蔓延势头得到有效控制

据农业部统计．条锈病等小麦主要病虫害正在部分粮食产区为害成灾,各级政府和农业部门正在加紧防治。     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

宁夏草原蝗虫多样性及其对环境因子的响应

为明确宁夏四类主要草原的蝗虫物种组成、多样性和对天敌、植被、土壤及其气候等生物和非生物因子的响应,2019-2020年在宁夏温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠四类草原对蝗虫及天敌物种进行了调查采集,通过物种数、个体数、多样性指数、优势度指数、丰富度指数及均匀性指数分析蝗虫、天敌和昆虫的多样性,并就草原蝗虫优势种和多样性对天敌、植被、土壤及气候等生物和非生物因子的响应进行分析。结果表明,共采集鉴定草原蝗虫和天敌个体数分别有743头和3592头,物种数分别有27种和24种;温性草原上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最多,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为23种和21种,数量分别为432头和1682头;温性草原化荒漠上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最少,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为8种和7种,数量分别为34头和132头。蝗虫优势种有白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus和亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus三种,天敌优势种有直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri、麻步甲Carabus brandti和短翅伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis三种。温性草原无论是在草原蝗虫群落中,还是整个昆虫和天敌群落中,其丰富度指数均显著高于其他三类草原;草原蝗虫多样性指数和丰富度指数与天敌多样性指数和丰富度指数间均存在极显著正相关关系,与天敌优势度指数间存在极显著负相关关系;短星翅蝗和亚洲小车蝗发生均与天敌直角通缘步甲呈显著正相关关系,白纹雏蝗与禾本科植被盖度、高度、生物量,菊科植被盖度、生物量、频度、高度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、海拔和降水量间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH、平均气温和最高气温间均呈极显著负相关关系。     

蝗虫生物防治发展现状及趋势

自20世纪60年代以来，作为有害生物综合治理主要手段的生物防治取得了很多突破性成果，生物防治的比例逐年提高，其支配地位越来越明显。蝗虫是世界性的重大害虫，给发生地区的农牧业生产带来巨大威胁和损失。在蝗虫生物防治中，人们早期主要开展寄生性天敌和植物源药剂等在防治蝗虫中的应用，当前防治蝗虫的病原微物的研发和应用占据了越来越重要的地位，如真菌、蝗虫微孢子、杀蝗金线虫、蝗虫痘病毒、苏云金杆菌、类产碱假单胞菌、蜡状芽胞杆菌等可有效控制蝗虫的生物防治因子，这些杀蝗生物制剂在蝗虫防治中发挥了重要作用。但是与速效的化学农药相比，生物防治制剂快速致死作用较低，对种群的密度调节较慢，特别是可以完全替代化学农药的应急治蝗生物制剂品种相对较少、剂型相对较为单一、成本较高加之防治效果受环境影响较大等问题，在一定程度上制约了蝗虫生物防治技术的发展和应用。但生物防治制剂的环境友好、生态安全和对靶标不易产生抗性等优点越来越被重视，决定了生物防治制剂必然成为全球农药产业发展新趋势，推动了蝗虫生物防治朝低耗、多元化品种和绿色剂型方向发展，如可以垂直传播的蝗虫微孢子生物制剂、蝗虫信息化合物制剂、防蝗真菌制剂与经典的蝗虫天敌生物制剂和生态调控技术等协同应用，速效与长效结合，确保蝗虫的可持续控制。     

Rodent Control in India

Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions. Analysis of the information available on the damage and economic losses caused by rodents in rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, pearl millet, sorghum, oil seed, legume and vegetable crop fields, horticulture and forestry, poultry farms, and rural and urban dwellings and storage facilities clearly shows that chronic damage ranging from 2% to 15% persists throughout the country and severe damage, sometimes even up to 100% loss of the field crop, is not rare. Several traditional and modern approaches and methods of rodent control are being used. The existing knowledge of the environmental, cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical methods of rodent control in India is reviewed. Considerable variations exist in the susceptibility of the pest species to different methods, particularly to rodenticides and trapping, their field applicability, efficacy and economics in different crops, seasons and geographical regions, behavioural responses of the pest species to these methods in different ecological conditions and their adoption by farmers in different regions of India. Environmental and cultural techniques, such as clean cultivation, proper soil tillage and crop scheduling, barriers, repellents and proofing which may reduce rodent harbourage, food sources and immigration have long lasting effects but are seldom adopted. However, their significance in relation to normal agricultural practices, intensification and diversification are discussed. Rodenticides, which provide an immediate solution to the rodent problem, form the major component of rodent control strategies in India. Poison baiting of rodents with zinc phosphide and burrow fumigation with aluminium phosphide are common in agricultural fields and recently Racumin (coumatetralyl) and bromadiolone have been introduced for the control of both agricultural and commensal rodent pests in India. Methods and timings of campaigns and successes and problems in implementation of rodent control are also reviewed.     

Retention and degradation of metribuzin in sandy loam and clay soils of Lebanon

The retention and degradation of metribuzin herbicide were studied under two environmental conditions. Field studies were carried out on two soils, a sandy loam soil (soil A) and a clay soil (soil B). Metribuzin was applied with a jet sprayer at 1060 g a.i. ha^?1 and 1960 g a.i. ha^?1 on soils A and B respectively. Reconstituted soil columns were used to study the herbicide movement and metabolism in the two soils. Analyses of metribuzin and its metabolites were carried out using standardized methods. The results indicated a very weak capacity of adsorption of metribuzin in the two soils, and the weak adsorbed fraction is easily desorbed. Degradation and mobility of metribuzin in the field and laboratory soil columns were very intense and rapid. Soil A favoured reductive deamination whereas soil B favoured oxidative desulphuration and the respective metabolites deaminometribuzin and diketometribuzin yield the same product deaminodiketometribuzin. Both leaching by rainfall and degradation were important in the disappearance of metribuzin from the soils.     

硝磺·莠去津550克/升悬浮剂高效液相色谱分析方法研究

本文采用高效液相色谱法,以乙腈＋0.05%H3PO4为流动相,使用ZORBAX80魡Extend-C18色谱柱和二极管阵列检测器,在222nm波长下对硝磺草酮和莠去津进行同柱分离和定量分析。结果表明,该方法测得硝磺草酮、莠去津的线性相关系数为1.0000、0.9998;标准偏差为0.05、0.14;变异系数为1.05%、0.30%;平均回收率为99.8%、100.0%。     

40%福美双·戊唑醇可湿性粉剂的液相色谱分析

本文叙述了采用反相高效液相色谱法即以甲醇 乙腈 水(40 30 30)为流动相, C18柱和紫外检测器同柱一次分离测定混剂中的福美双和戊唑醇。结果表明:福美双、戊唑醇的标准偏差分别为0．118、0．038;变异系数分别为0．390％、0．368％;平均回收率分别为 99．35％、99．86％;线性相关系数分别为0．999 6、0．999 8。     

药液表面张力和黏度对草甘膦药效的影响及其机理研究

通过添加有机硅助剂和丙三醇调节草甘膦药液的表面张力和黏度,测定其对草甘膦药液液滴的物理性状及生物活性的影响。结果表明：降低药液的表面张力,雾滴的铺展直径增加,干燥时间缩短,药液的黏度以及在杂草叶片表面的最大稳定持留量没有显著性变化;草甘膦对杂草的防效表现为先升高后降低,对阔叶杂草最高目测防效和鲜重防效可提高42%和41%,对禾本科杂草防效可提高37%和37%。增加草甘膦的药液黏度,药液在杂草叶片上的最大稳定持留量增加,表面张力降低,对雾滴的干燥时间和铺展直径影响很小;草甘膦对阔叶杂草最高目测防效和鲜重防效可提高42%和41%,对禾本科杂草的防效可提高42%和42%。适当降低草甘膦药液的表面张力或增加其黏度均可提高其对杂草的防除效果。     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.     

甘肃省草地资源禀赋与贫困关系的量化研究

本研究以甘肃省草地资源丰富县和贫困县的数据为基础,应用SPSS统计分析软件中的相关分析和回归分析方法,研究了草地资源禀赋与贫困之间的相关性,得出的结论是草地资源禀赋与贫困之间无相关性。政策体制因素是导致草地退化和贫困之间的恶性循环的根源。因此,要打破草地退化和贫困之间的恶性循环,要从政策体制方面解决问题。