基于CT扫描的不同土地利用类型土壤大孔隙特征及其入渗能力研究

土壤大孔隙是土壤优先流的主要通道，其直接影响着土壤水分运移及污染物迁移，量化大孔隙三维特征，有助于深入理解土壤水分运移机理。因此，文中结合CT扫描及土柱水分穿透试验，对比了林地、草地两种土地利用类型下的大孔隙三维结构特征及其土壤入渗能力，并分析了大孔隙结构特征与土壤水力学特性之间的关系。主要结论如下：1)土地利用方式对土壤大孔隙特征影响显著，林地大孔隙发育程度相对更好，其土壤大孔隙度，大孔隙数量均大于草地，同种土地利用类型下不同种植物的根系特征对大孔隙的结构和分布也具有重要影响。2)植物根系能显著改变土壤入渗能力，林地土壤初始入渗能力较草地更强，大孔隙度在入渗初期会对渗透产生较大影响。然而在经过一段时间入渗后，两种土地利用方式下土壤入渗能力较入渗初期会发生较大的改变。3)大孔隙度与穿透时间之间为显著负相关关系；平均迂曲度、累计入渗量、累计节点数与各入渗指标之间相关关系不显著。     

排矸场植被恢复初期不同植被类型土壤优先流特征

以宁夏羊场湾排矸场草地(G)、灌丛(S)和乔木(A)为研究对象,通过染色示踪试验分析排矸场植被恢复初期不同植被类型的优先流特征。结果表明:1)A水分损失最严重,最大染色深度与优先流程度A>G>S。2)根长密度和根重密度均可促进优先流发育,且≤1 mm根长密度与根重密度的促进作用最明显。3)总染色面积比与最大和最小染色深度、基质流深度显著正相关,与优先流比显著负相关(P<0.05)。4)A和G以20~250mm染色路径为主,S的变化更为复杂。5)各样地以高相互作用大孔隙流为主;土层深度<13cm时,S均质流明显,G和A以非均质指流、高相互作用大孔隙流和混合作用大孔隙流交替出现。     

基于GIS的绿洲农田土壤养分现状及地力评价研究

在GIS支持下运用模糊评价法、层次分析法、地力综合指数法,对农五师81团耕地土壤养分现状及耕地地力进行自动化、定量化评价。结果表明:研究区6 291.65 hm2耕地,分为6级,1级地面积196.71 hm2占评价面积的3.13%,2级地面积480.37 hm2占评价面积的7.64%,3级地面积825.48 hm2占评价面积的13.12%,4级地面积1 709.68 hm2占评价面积的27.17%,5级地面积2312.05 hm2占评价面积的36.75%,6级地面积767.36 hm2占评价面积的12.20%。所建立的量化和半量化耕地地力评价指标体系,及获取的各耕地地力等级面积数据及其分布信息、改良措施,经实地调查分析,符合当地实际。     

种植年限对渭北旱塬苹果园土壤孔隙结构及水力特征的影响

为研究不同种植年限对苹果园土壤孔隙结构及其土壤水力特性的影响,采用时空转换的方法,选取渭北旱塬2 a、13 a及33 a苹果园开展土壤结构与水力特征测定,利用压汞法获取原状土壤孔隙结构特征。以20 cm及40 cm为界将果园0～100 cm土壤划分为耕作表土扰动层、潜在犁底层与心土层。结果表明：渭北旱塬苹果园20～40 cm土壤容重较高、导水能力差且水分对作物有效性较低,有形成犁底层的可能,且随植果年龄增加果园土壤容重呈增加趋势;同一果园中大孔隙（>75 μm）与中孔隙(30～75 μm)土壤百分含量最大值出现在表土层,占比分别为7.63%~10.32%及10.94%~13.14%;微孔隙(5～30 μm)土壤最大百分含量出现在心土层,占比为30.60%~47.85%;极微孔隙(0.1～5 μm)与超微孔隙(<0.1 μm)土壤含量最高值出现在潜在犁底层,占比分别达37.36%~52.55%及13.15%~19.08%。在频繁受到耕作扰动的表土层,2 a、13 a及33 a果园土壤之间各级孔隙占比非常接近;在不易受到耕作扰动的心土层,大孔隙与中孔隙土壤都表现出随耕作种植年限的增加而增加的趋势。土壤容重与其大孔隙含量呈显著负相关,与超微、极微孔隙土壤含量呈正相关,饱和导水率与容重呈显著负相关;5～30 μm微孔在土壤的导水及持水方面均有重要作用,其比表面积与田间持水量呈显著正相关,其孔体积分数与饱和导水率呈显著正相关;VG模型参数n与土壤大孔隙及中孔隙含量呈显著负相关。随耕作种植年限增加,果园土壤有机质含量每5 a降低0.425 g·kg^-1,田间持水量每5 a降低0.8% cm³·cm^-3。研究建立的土壤水力参数回归预测模型可为苹果园高效用水提供参考。     

耕作方式对黑土耕层孔隙分布和水分特征的影响

为探索耕作方式对黑土孔隙度分布和土壤水分特征的影响,以2010年吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行了9年的田间定位试验小区土壤为研究对象,对免耕和秋翻两种耕作处理下耕层土壤孔隙度和土壤水分特征曲线进行分析。结果表明不同耕作处理对黑土孔隙度影响较大。与秋翻相比,免耕减小了土壤总孔隙度,增大了0～5cm和20～30cm10%～16%的>100μm大孔隙,减小了耕层5～20cm的100～30μm次大孔隙,两种处理不同深度的中孔隙和微孔隙数量相近。不同耕作方式对土壤水分特征的影响存在较大差异,免耕0～5cm和20～30cm的持水能力高于秋翻,而5～20cm表现出相反的变化趋势。实施免耕后,改变了土壤孔隙分布和持水性能,对土壤通气透水和作物根系发育具有重要作用。     

活性炭对农田土壤孔隙结构的影响

分析了农田土壤中施用不同用量活性炭(活性炭用量分别占土壤质量的0、0.1%、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和1.2%)对土壤总孔隙的影响,及其随着时间(0、30、60 d和90 d)的变化;利用DE双指数模型计算了土壤毛管度和非毛管孔隙度,定量评价了活性炭对土壤不同大小等级孔隙状况的影响。结果表明:活性炭对土壤的毛管孔隙影响不大,主要增加了土壤的非毛管孔隙,培养90 d时,相比对照处理,活性炭处理(从低到高)的土壤非毛管孔隙度分别增加5.8%、2.5%、8.7%、9.1%和14.7%;活性炭处理减小了土壤容重,增大了土壤总孔隙度,培养90 d时,活性炭处理(从低到高)的总孔隙度比对照处理分别增加1.9%、1.8%、2.3%、2.7%和4.3%;活性炭处理显著减小了土壤毛管孔隙孔径(P0.05),而显著增大了土壤非毛管孔隙孔径(P0.05)。活性炭对土壤孔隙的影响随着时间的延长越来越明显,这可能主要与活性炭自身特性和添加活性炭所引起的有机质和微生物变化有关。     

容重及含水率对土壤电导率的影响研究

土壤电导率能够间接反映田间养分或盐分含量,通过监测土壤电导率可以掌握土壤养分或盐分运移和利用情况。本文通过2种土壤容重、5种含水率条件下土柱入渗试验,利用5TE传感器对土壤体积含水率、体积电导率、温度等参数进行连续监测,分析容重及含水率对土壤电导率的影响。结果表明：在入渗过程中,含水率和电导率均先增大后逐渐减小,最后趋于平缓;电导率开始减小的时间较含水率开始减小的时间略有提前;当体积含水率一定时,孔隙水电导率随体积电导率的增加基本呈线性增加;随含水率的增大,孔隙水电导率随体积水电导率增大的速率变慢;当体积电导率一定时,随着含水率的增加,孔隙水电导率逐渐减小,容重为1.35 g·cm^-3时减幅为9.52%～55.51%,容重为1.3 g·cm^-3时减幅为9.72%～54.62%;孔隙水电导率一定时,体积电导率随含水率的增加而增大,容重为1.35 g·cm^-3时增幅为10.51%～124.75%,容重为1.3 g·cm^-3时增幅为10.76%～120.35%。对于2种容重情况,相同含水率下孔隙水电导率与...     

排土场土体裂缝特征对土壤物理性质的影响

以内蒙古胜利东二号露天煤矿南排土场为研究对象,研究排土场不同土体裂缝区土壤机械组成、孔隙状况、水分空间分布以及饱和导水率的特征和差异。结果表明：3个样地土壤机械组成以砂粒为主,土壤质地为砂质土壤,具有质地疏松、通气透水能力强、蓄水能力差等特点;3个样地土壤容重为1.22~1.45 g·cm^-3,且随着土层深度的增加先增大后减小;3个样地土壤含水率偏低,且随着土层深度的增加而减小;土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和土壤有效水含量呈先减小后增大的变化规律,凋萎系数呈先增大后减小的变化规律,且不同土层之间存在差异。随着土层深度的增加,3个样地各个土层（0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~50、50~60 cm）土壤饱和导水率平均值依次为1.16、1.02、0.95、0.71、0.47、0.27 mm·min^-1;土壤饱和导水率与土层深度之间具有较好的幂函数关系。土体裂缝的出现改变土壤容重、孔隙状况和土壤水分空间分布等土壤物理性质,进而影响排土场水分入渗、地表径流及产流产沙等水土流失过程。     

准噶尔盆地大赖草分布格局及关键因子分析

模拟、预测新疆准噶尔盆地沙丘禾草大赖草的生态适宜性及其空间分布特征,以及对未来气候变化的可能响应,指导该濒危植物的保护。研究基于大赖草的24个自然分布点和8个环境因子,利用GIS空间分析和MaxEnt模型,分析基准气候（1970—2000年）和社会经济路径SSP2下2050时段（2041—2060年）和2070时段（2081—2100年）大赖草的适宜分布范围及分布格局变化,并利用多元环境相似度面和最不相似变量探究影响大赖草分布的关键气候因子。结果表明：（1）基准气候下,大赖草的适宜分布面积占新疆总面积的5.57%,主要集中于额尔齐斯河流域附近的低覆盖度草地;（2）与基准气候相比,2050时段和2070时段大赖草的适生区呈显著减少趋势,占比分别为0.99%和1.33%,适宜生境高度破碎化,适生区的质心向西北方高纬度和高海拔地区迁移;（3）最干月降水量、降水量季节性变化和温度季节性变化是影响准噶尔盆地大赖草适宜分布的关键气候因子。     

艾比湖湿地盐生植物区系研究

对艾比湖湿地盐生植物区系和常见群落的土壤盐分特征进行了分析。结果表明:艾比湖湿地盐生植物物种多样性较为丰富,共有31科73属144种,分别占新疆盐生植物39科128属358种的79.5%、57.0%和40.2%,占中国盐生植物73科239属566种的42.5%、30.5%和25.4%;艾比湖湿地盐生植物地理成分在科的分布有4个类型4个变型;属的分布有9个类型7个变型,其中古地中海成分明显,没有区系特有成分。常见盐生植物群落冠下土壤盐分含量均显著低于裸地,能有效改良盐碱地。     

Application of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to pesticide fate and transport: an overview

Pesticide transport models are tools used to develop improved pesticide management strategies, study pesticide processes under different conditions (management, soils, climates, etc) and illuminate aspects of a system in need of more field or laboratory study. This paper briefly overviews RZWQM history and distinguishing features, overviews key RZWQM components and reviews RZWQM validation studies. RZWQM is a physically based agricultural systems model that includes sub-models to simulate: infiltration, runoff, water distribution and chemical movement in the soil; macropore flow and chemical movement through macropores; evapotranspiration (ET); heat transport; plant growth; organic matter/nitrogen cycling; pesticide processes; chemical transfer to runoff; and the effect of agricultural management practices on these processes. Research to date shows that if key input parameters are calibrated, RZWQM can adequately simulate the processes involved with pesticide transport (ET, soil-water content, percolation and runoff, plant growth and pesticide fate). A review of the validation studies revealed that (1) accurate parameterization of restricting soil layers (low permeability horizons) may improve simulated soil-water content; (2) simulating pesticide sorption kinetics may improve simulated soil pesticide concentration with time (persistence) and depth and (3) calibrating the pesticide half-life is generally necessary for accurate pesticide persistence simulations. This overview/review provides insight into the processes involved with the RZWQM pesticide component and helps identify model weaknesses, model strengths and successful modeling strategies.     

黄土高原藓结皮覆盖土壤导水性能和水流特征

生物结皮具有特殊的水文物理性质,为探究其对土壤水分渗透性和水流特征的影响,以黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土上3种典型地表覆盖类型(裸地、藓结皮、藓结皮-草本植物混合)为对象,采用环刀法和染色示踪法对其导水性质与水流特征进行探究。结果表明:藓结皮对2种土壤类型0~5 cm土层土壤理化性质影响较大,与裸地相比土壤容重降低了9.85%~10.00%,土壤黏粒含量增加了1.01~1.29倍,表层有机质含量提高了2.73~3.02倍;藓结皮使0~5 cm土层土壤饱和导水率降低了61.32%~88.89%,而在5~10 cm土层饱和导水率则有明显上升。另外,由于草本植物的影响,藓结皮-草本植物0~5 cm土层与藓结皮土壤相比土壤饱和导水率提高了1.32~6.43倍;黄绵土藓结皮与藓结皮-草本植物的染色面积比均高于裸地,且水分下渗深度增加了10 cm,而风沙土藓结皮与风沙土裸地的染色面积比差异不明显。综上所述,藓结皮和藓结皮-草本植物的存在改变了表层土壤水分渗透性以及水流运动特征和水分下渗深度,影响着黄土高原土壤水分保持和生态恢复。     

Simulation of movement of pesticides towards drains with a preferential flow version of PEARL

BACKGROUND: As part of the Dutch authorisation procedure for pesticides, an assessment of the effects on aquatic organisms in surface waters adjacent to agricultural fields is required. The peak concentration is considered to be the most important exposure endpoint for the ecotoxicological effect assessment. Macropore flow is an important driver for the peak concentration, so the leaching model PEARL was extended with a macropore module. The new model has two macropore domains: a bypass domain and an internal catchment domain. The model was tested against data from a field leaching study on a cracking clay soil in the Netherlands. RESULTS: Most parameters of the model could be obtained from site‐specific measurements, pedotransfer functions and general soil structural knowledge; only three macropore‐flow‐related parameters needed calibration. The flow‐related macropore parameters could not be calibrated without using the concentration in drain water. Sequential calibration strategies, in which firstly the water flow model and then the pesticide fate model are calibrated, may therefore be less suitable for preferential flow models. CONCLUSION: After calibration, PEARL could simulate well the observed rapid movement towards drains of two pesticides with contrasting sorption and degradation rate properties. The calibrated value for the fraction of the internal catchment domain was high (90%). This means that a large fraction of water entering the macropores infiltrates into the soil matrix, thus reducing the fraction of rapid flow. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Spatial distribution of soil moisture,salinity and organic matter in Manas River watershed,Xinjiang,China

With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods,the study of the spatial distribution and its influence factors of soil water,salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas River watershed.The results showed that the soil moisture data from all soil layers exhibited a normal distribution,with average values of 14.08%-21.55%.Geostatistical analysis revealed that the content of soil moisture had a moderate spatial autocorrelation with the ratios of nugget/sill ranging from 0.500 to 0.718,which implies that the spatial pattern of soil moisture is influenced by the combined effects of structural factors and random factors.Remarkable spatial distributions with stripped and mottled features were found for soil moisture in all different soil layers.The landform and crop planting had a relatively big influence on the spatial distribution of soil moisture;total soil salinity was high in east but low in west,and non-salinized soil and lightly salinized soil appeared at the northwest and southwest of the study area.Under the effect of reservoir leakage,the heavily salinized soils are widely distributed in the middle of the study area.The areas of the non-salinized and lightly salinized soils decreased gradually with soil depth increment,which is contrary to the case for saline soils that reached a maximum of 245.67 km2 at the layer of 50-70 cm.The types of soil salinization in Manas River watershed were classified into four classes:the sulfate,chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride and chloride.The sulfate salinized soil is most widely distributed in the surface layer.The areas of chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride,and chloride salinized soils increased gradually along with the increment of soil depth;the variation range of the average values of soil organic matter content was between 7.48%-11.33%.The ratios of nugget/sill reduced gradually from 0.698 to 0.299 with soil depth increment,which shows that the content of soil organic matter has a moderate spatial autocorrelation.The soil organic matter in all soil layers met normal distribution after logarithmic transformation.The spatial distribution patterns of soil organic matter and soil moisture were similar;the areas with high organic matter contents were mainly distributed in the south of the study area,with the lowest contents in the middle.     

河北省昆虫病原线虫资源调查

采用大腊螟诱捕法，对采自河北省的1975个土样进行昆虫病原线虫分离。共分离出斯氏属线虫17个种群，异小杆属线虫49个种群，土壤带线虫率为3．34％。在斯氏属线虫中，其中格氏线虫有2个种群，新种A有一个种群，新种B有14个种群；而49个异小杆线虫种群均为嗜菌异小杆线虫。在河北南部邯郸及邢台地区，以斯氏线虫为主，而在中北部地区则以异小杆线虫为主。同时明确土样中的带线虫率与土壤植被以及土壤质地密切相关。未耕地以及以果树、蔬菜和大田作物为植被的土壤带线虫率分别为6．59％、5．13％、3．15％和2．9％；沙土、沙壤土、壤土以及粘土的带线虫率分别为8．57％、3．17％、3．36％和0。     

微咸水膜下滴灌棉田春灌压盐效果的初步分析

在塔里木盆地平原灌区,微咸水灌溉意义重大。而微咸水灌溉的最大问题是土壤积盐,经过1 a的微咸水灌溉后,来年播种前是否需要冬灌或春灌压盐是人们关注的焦点。通过对比尉犁县3个微咸水膜下滴灌棉田监测区（S1,S2,S3）,2010年春灌前0~60 cm土壤易溶盐含量和棉籽发芽期、苗蕾期、花铃期与吐絮期棉花生长的耐盐指标（分别为7.1 g/kg,6.9 g/kg,8.2 g/kg和9.2 g/kg）,得出了S1和S2隔年压盐一般能满足棉花发芽及生长的要求,而S3监测区仍需要春灌压盐的结论。计算得出3个监测区的春灌前后土壤脱盐率分别为11.9%~84.2%,20.7%~71.1%和32.9%~78.8%,表明3个监测区的春灌压盐效果均很明显。     

Using the concept of ecological groundwater level to evaluate shallow groundwater resources in hyperarid desert regions

This paper,based on the analysis and calculation of the groundwater resources in an arid region from 1980 to 2001,put forward the concept of ecological groundwater level threshold for either salinity c...     

晋西北矿区、非矿区不同植被下土壤水分特征

晋西北地区是黄土高原及北方农牧交错带的重要组成部分,一方面,短缺的水资源本身难以保证矿业开发的大规模用水需求;另一方面,部分地区的含水层又因地下开采而遭受严重破损和污染,两者矛盾十分尖锐。为确定晋西北地区土壤干层深度,了解不同植被土壤的水分差异,评价采矿对土壤水分含量的影响,对矿区、非矿区3种植物种类0~600 cm土壤深度的水分含量变化进行研究。结果表明,矿区、非矿区土壤含水量为：柠条>小叶杨>沙棘;土壤干层深度为：小叶杨>沙棘>柠条;不同采样地点的平均土壤含水量为：矿区<非矿区;土壤含水量与采样地点、土壤深度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与植物种类呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil chemical properties between Haloxylon persicum and Haloxylon ammodendron populations

Spatial heterogeneity is a ubiquitous feature in natural ecosystems, especially in arid regions. Different species and their discontinuous distribution, accompanied by varied topographic characteristics, result in soil resources distributed differently in different locations, and present significant spatial heterogeneity in desert ecosystems. In this study, conventional and geostatistical methods were used to identify the heterogeneity of soil chemical properties in two desert populations, Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boss., which dominates on the slopes and tops of sand dunes and Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge, which inhabits interdunes in the Gurbantunggut Desert of Xinjiang, China. The results showed that soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) were significantly higher in H. ammodendron populations than that in H. persicum. The coefficient of variation (CV) indicated that (1) most parameters presented a moderate degree of variability (10% < CV < 100%) except pH in both plots, (2) the variability of soil pH, EC and AP in H. ammodendron populations was higher than that in H. persicum populations, and (3) SOC and AN in H. ammodendron populations were lower than that in H. persicum populations. Geostatistical analysis revealed a strong spatial dependence (C0/(C0+C) < 25%) within the distance of ranges for all tested parameters in both plots. The Kriging-interpolated figures showed that the soil spatial distribution was correlated with the vegetation distribution, individual size of plants, and the topographic features, especially with the plants nearest to sampling points and the topographic features. In each plot, soil EC, SOC, AN and AP presented similar distributions, and fertile islands and salt islands occurred in both plots but did not affect every individual plant, since the sampling distance was larger than the size of such fertile islands. The results of topographic effects on soil heterogeneity suggested s     

甘肃河西冬季平均冻土深度对春小麦生育期的影响

利用甘肃河西分布较为均匀的11个站点冬季平均冻土资料,分析冻土的年际变化特征,并分析了冻土深度对春小麦生育期的影响效应.结果表明:近45年来,甘肃河西冬季冻土深度的变化呈现出波动中逐年减小的趋势,其减小速率为5.5 cm/10a;甘肃河西西部、中部和东部的春小麦生育期均有提前趋势,中部提前趋势最为明显;冬季冻土深度与东部和西部春小麦生育期相关性显著,与中部的酒泉站春小麦生育期相关性较差,仅与出苗和三叶期相关性较好;春小麦生育期随冻土深度的增加而推迟,西部的敦煌推迟速率为1.8～2.4 d/10cm,中部的酒泉推迟速率为1.9～2.1 d/10cm,东部的武威推迟速率为1.3～3.0 d/10cm,变化范围较大.