干旱胁迫下不同中间砧对苹果苗生理特性及MdPIP1-1基因表达的影响

为探讨不同中间砧对‘天红2号’红富士苹果苗抗旱性的影响，以2 a生‘天红2号/黄6/平邑甜茶’、‘天红2号/SH40/平邑甜茶’、‘天红2号/GM256/平邑甜茶’盆栽苗为试材，研究了干旱胁迫下不同中间砧对苹果苗旱害指数、相关生理指标及水通道蛋白基因MdPIP1-1相对表达量的影响。结果表明，随着干旱胁迫时间延长，土壤含水量降低，3种中间砧苗旱害指数、O^-₂产生速率升高，F_v/F_m值降低，SOD、POD活性呈现先升高再降低的趋势，但3个砧穗组合各指标的变化幅度不同。干旱9 d时3个砧穗组合以‘天红2号/GM256/平邑甜茶’的旱害指数最高，为91.67%，其F_v/F_m值与正常供水相比显著下降11.47%；‘天红2号/黄6/平邑甜茶’旱害指数仅为29.55%，F_v/F_m值下降幅度最小。干旱胁迫期间，3种中间砧苗的MdPIP1-1基因表达量均呈现先升高再降低的趋势，黄6中间砧苗的表达量峰值出现在第7 d，GM256和SH40中间砧苗出现在第5 d。综合认为，3个砧穗组合抗旱性强弱依次为‘天红2号/黄6/平邑甜茶’＞‘天红2号/SH40/平邑甜茶’＞‘天红2号/ GM256/平邑甜茶’。     

干旱胁迫下辣椒幼苗光合与荧光参数测定的最佳叶片

为明确干旱胁迫下不同叶位光合、荧光特性的变化规律,进而选择出典型叶片来准确测量干旱条件下植株光合、荧光参数,以实现干旱条件下植株光合能力的快速评价。研究通过盆栽试验对不同干旱处理下（充分供水（CK）：75%~85%田间持水量;中度胁迫（MS）：65%~75%田间持水量;重度胁迫（SS）:55%~65%田间持水量）辣椒幼苗不同叶位叶片的光合、荧光特性进行比较分析。结果表明：充分供水时,随叶位的增加,气体交换参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)、叶绿素含量、叶面积、叶绿素荧光参数(光化学淬灭系数、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量)均呈先增大后减小的趋势,在第3叶位达到最大值;在干旱条件时,各叶位的参数随水分胁迫程度的增加在1~3叶位逐渐减小,4~6叶位先增加后减小,并在第4叶位达到最大值(C_i、F₀、F_v/F_m、NPQ除外);水分胁迫对辣椒叶片光合作用影响较大,MS与SS处理,第3叶位的P_n分别较CK下降14.05%和55.91%,第4叶位的P_n MS处理较CK增加25.20%,SS处理较CK降低15.42%;第3、4叶位是对辣椒幼苗生长具有主要贡献的叶片,但在水分胁迫条件下,第3叶位光合参数、叶面积、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的变异系数较第4叶位更大,尤其对于C_i、Chlb、F₀,在光合参数、叶绿素参数及叶绿素荧光参数中变幅最大,其第3叶位的变异系数分别较第4叶位增大了133.33%,180.00%及200.00%。第3叶位对于水分胁迫更加敏感,因此,在干旱胁迫实验中,宜选用第3叶位测量辣椒幼苗光合、荧光参数。     

苹果MdGH3-2/12在盐胁迫下的功能分析

于2020年5月—2021年2月以苹果野生型WT植株和MdGH3-2/12的RNA干扰转基因植株（RNAi）为材料，采用水培试验方法测定了盐胁迫条件下苹果植株的表型、生长量、光合参数、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶及活性氧（ROS）含量变化，初步解析了MdGH3-2/12在苹果响应盐胁迫中的功能。研究结果表明：（1）与WT植株相比，RNAi植株叶表面出现更多的褐斑和坏死，且根系活力显著降低，其3个株系（GR-1,GR-9,GR-10）根系活力分别为WT植株的93.8%、77.5%和90.0%；植株的生长和光合作用受到更大影响，P_n、C_i和G_s都显著降低，其中P_n值分别下降至WT植株的62.9%、77.41%和83.6%。最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）也显著下降，3个株系分别为WT植株的97.0%、96.4%和97.5%；叶绿素含量分别显著下降至WT植株的90.7%、86.2%和81.9%，MDA含量分别为WT植株的1.15、1.25倍和1.16倍；REL含量分别为WT植株的1.23、1.39倍和1.48倍；叶片气孔开度在盐胁迫下也分别缩小了35.0%、39.0%、55.0%和46.2%。（2）与WT植株相比，RNAi植株株系体内Pro含量显著增加，3个株系分别为WT植株的7.1、10.3倍和6.3倍；叶片中ROS积累显著高于WT植株，H₂O₂含量分别为WT植株的1.6、1.8倍和1.8倍，而抗氧化酶活性显著下降，各材料（WT,GR-1,GR-9,GR-10）盐胁迫组的SOD酶活性分别为对照组的2.4、1.2、1.7倍和1.9倍，这表明与WT植株相比，盐胁迫下RNAi植株各株系不能有效清除ROS，对植株造成了更大伤害。（3）盐胁迫后各材料植株的Na⁺/K⁺比值分别为0.497、0.558、0.525和0.577，RNAi植株株系显著高于WT植株，但是相关离子转运基因的表达量显著低于WT植株，致使Na⁺不能及时外排，植株受到钠离子毒害，从而导致其耐盐性降低。以上结果表明，MdGH3-2/12在苹果植株应对盐胁迫方面发挥着重要的作用，将MdGH3-2/12[STBZ]基因干扰后苹果植株在盐胁迫下受到的伤害更大，植株对盐胁迫的抗性下降。     

覆盖栽培模式对冬小麦花后旗叶 光合特性及产量的影响

为探究旱地小麦秸秆带状覆盖栽培增产的光合特性和干物质积累转运的特征，在甘肃省半干旱雨养农业区以“陇中2号”为材料，研究了秸秆带状覆盖栽培（BS）、地膜覆盖栽培 （PF）和无覆盖露地栽培（CK）3种栽培模式下冬小麦花后旗叶光合特征、叶绿素荧光动力参数、干物质积累转运及产量的差异。结果表明：与CK相比，BS和PF显著提高了花后旗叶光合势、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比率，且BS在生育后期优于PF。BS整个生育期的净光合速率、气孔导度均高于CK，而PF仅生育前期发挥正效应，生育中、后期出现了负效应。BS生育前中期胞间CO₂浓度、生育中后期旗叶瞬时水分利用效率均高于PF和CK，前者分别高出2.8%~8.2%和6.7%~11.3%，后者分别高出30.3%~44.8%和27.5%~39.3%。PF在灌浆中期以前，BS在整个花后生育期显著提高了小麦花后旗叶F_v/F_m、F′_v/F′_m、ΦPSⅡ、qP、ETR，降低了NPQ。BS较PF和CK显著提高了花后干物质输入籽粒量和对籽粒粒重的贡献率，2个指标分别增加2.6%、1.0%和14.2%、8.6%。BS显著增加了单位面积穗数，提高了产量，较CK增产35.4%。说明秸秆带状覆盖能显著改善旱地冬小麦花后光合效率，促进干物质积累转运，从而达到增产的效果。     

滴灌棉花叶绿素荧光参数与棉花生长指标反演模型研究

以新陆早58号为试验材料，分析顶二叶荧光参数与叶绿素含量、植株群体叶面积指数及地上部生物量随生育进程和不同施氮量的变化规律，确定荧光参数与生长指标的关系，构建出基于叶绿素荧光参数的滴灌棉花生长指标反演模型。结果表明：棉花顶二叶叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F₀、F_v/F_m、F₀、F_m随棉花生育进程的推进逐渐降低；植株群体叶面积指数、地上部生物量与顶二叶荧光参数F₀、F_m、F_s、F₀′、F_m′呈极显著相关，相关系数在0.84以上；叶绿素含量与荧光参数F_v/F_m、F_v′/F_m′相关性较好，相关系数在0.710~0.877之间，模型的决定系数均在0.5以上；类胡萝卜素含量与F_v′的相关性最好，相关系数为0.892。在构建的叶绿素荧光参数与棉花生长指标的反演模型中，荧光参数F_m与植株地上部生物量的模型（y=186.17e^{-0.001x）精度最好，决定系数达0.907。利用荧光参数构建的模型可对滴灌棉花顶二叶叶绿素含量、群体叶面积指数及地上部生物量进行估测。}     

非充分灌溉下8个小麦品种旗叶光合与产量及水分利用效率的关系

选择河北省推广面积较大的8个小麦品种，在非充分灌溉模式下，分别于抽穗期、灌浆期、乳熟期对小麦旗叶的气孔交换参数和荧光参数进行测定，分析不同品种旗叶光合特性及其与产量及水分利用效率的关系。结果表明：8个小麦品种的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔导度（Gs）均表现为：抽穗期>灌浆期>乳熟期；叶片水分利用效率（LWUE）在抽穗期品种间差异较大，变化范围为3.7~7.9 μmol·mol ^-1，灌浆期品种间差异较小，在5.1~7.3 μmol·mol ^-1之间，乳熟期，婴泊700和邯农1412的LWUE分别高于其他品种约1~2 μmol·mol ^-1；8个小麦品种的实际光合效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光合活性（qP）均表现为：抽穗期>灌浆期>乳熟期；最大光合效率（F_v/F_m）在抽穗期和灌浆期，均稍高于0.80，乳熟期降低,在0.60~0.80之间。8个小麦品种的产量与灌浆期Pn、Tr和Gs均呈显著正相关，相关系数均在0.80左右，表明灌浆期较高的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度可作为高产的优选指标。在非充分灌溉条件下，轮选103、婴泊700、石麦26的产量均在7 500 kg·hm^-2以上，作物籽粒水分利用效率均在2 kg·m^-3左右，考虑抗旱能力、籽粒产量和水分利用效率，此3个小麦品种可作为河北省节水抗旱型小麦品种进行推广。     

马铃薯StTCP7基因在干旱和盐胁迫下的表达分析

为了探究马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L.）TCP7基因在干旱和盐胁迫下的表达模式，以耐旱品种‘Desiree’和干旱敏感品种‘Atlantic’为材料，通过自然干旱和200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液对盆栽苗进行胁迫处理。采用PCR法克隆得到StTCP7基因，CDS区长741 bp，启动子区含有响应干旱诱导的作用元件，蛋白序列与窄刀薯TCP7相似度最高，同源性为98.2%，共编码1个含246个氨基酸的蛋白质；该蛋白含有1个TCP保守结构域，属于碱性蛋白，定位于细胞核上。利用qRT-PCR方法，对干旱和盐胁迫下StTCP7基因在‘Desiree’和‘Atlantic’中的表达量进行分析发现，StTCP7基因表达存在器官差异和品种间差异，在‘Desiree’中的表达量表现为根（1.02）>茎（0.33）>叶（0.29），在‘Atlantic’中的表达量为叶（4.62）>茎（3.72）>根（1.00）。干旱胁迫下，StTCP7基因在‘Desiree’根和叶中的表达量随干旱胁迫程度的增加呈先上升后下降趋势，W3（土壤含水量为35%~45%）时达到峰值，其表达量分别为对照组的1.27倍和1.87倍；该基因在‘Atlantic’根部的表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势，W3（35%~45%）时达到峰值，其表达量为对照组的1.39倍，叶中表达量呈持续上升趋势，W4（15%~25%）时达到峰值，其表达量为对照组的2.52倍。盐处理下，随胁迫时间的增加，StTCP7基因在‘Desiree’根部的表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势，处理6 h时达到最高，为对照组的2.16倍；叶中表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势，处理3 h时达到最高，为对照组的4.54倍；该基因在‘Atlantic’根部的表达量呈现先上升后下降的趋势，胁迫3 h时达到最高，为对照组的2.12倍，叶中表达量呈上升趋势，在48 h时达到峰值，其表达量为对照组的4.04倍。综上所述，马铃薯StTCP7基因响应干旱与盐胁迫，且在根和叶不同器官中的表达存在差异，可为StTCP7基因在马铃薯非生物逆境响应中的功能研究提供基础。     

联苯肼酯亚致死质量浓度对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae解毒酶系的影响

为明确联苯肼酯对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae体内解毒酶系的影响，采用叶片浸渍法测定联苯肼酯对二斑叶螨的亚致死质量浓度LC₁₀和LC₃₀，用这2种浓度分别处理二斑叶螨，并测定60 h内二斑叶螨体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase，GST）、羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase，CarE）和多功能氧化酶（multifunctional oxidase，MFO）的比活力，以及米氏常数K_m及最大反应速率v_max的变化。结果显示，经LC₁₀和LC₃₀剂量处理二斑叶螨后，其体内CarE、GST和MFO的活性在6~60 h均受到明显诱导。其中，GST和MFO的比活力在12 h最大，分别为对照的1.25倍、1.60倍和1.63倍、1.84倍，CarE的比活力在48 h最大，为对照的1.27倍和1.37倍；与对照组相比，CarE的K_m显著减小，v_max显著升高，而GST和MFO的K_m显著增大，v_max显著减小。表明3种酶均参与了二斑叶螨对联苯肼酯的解毒代谢，其中CarE与底物的亲和力最大，反应速率最快，其对联苯肼酯的解毒代谢起主导作用。     

不同水肥管理模式下糯玉米水氮利用及熵权TOPSIS综合评价

为探究施肥与灌水方式对糯玉米各生育期株高、叶面积指数、产量品质及水氮利用率的影响，以晋糯41号为材料进行田间试验，设置I₀（播种期75%θ_f~85%θ_f，苗期~拔节前期65%θ_f~75%θ_f，拔节后期~孕穗期70%θ_f~80%θ_f，孕穗期~开花期70%θ_f~80%θ_f）、I₁（播种期75%θ_f~85%θ_f，拔节后期~孕穗期75%θ_f~85%θ_f）2种灌水方式，F₀（N、P、K肥全部基施）、F₁（N、K肥基施30%+拔节期30%追施+大喇叭口期追施40%，P肥全部基施）和F₂（N、K肥基施30%+大喇叭口期追施70%，P肥全部基施）3种施肥方式。结果表明：不同施肥水平F₁、F₂相比F₀可增加株高2.86%~4.29%，增加叶面积指数6.47%~11.61%，增加鲜穗产量0.63%~8.42%，提高水分利用效率6.41%~21.34%，提高灌溉水利用率1.94%~21.88%，提高氮肥农学效率10.02%~19.80%，I₁水平效果更加显著，I₀相比I₁在F₀、F₁、F₂施肥方式下分别可增加鲜穗产量13.57%、5.54%、8.59%，增加籽粒产量16.14%、2.77%、6.49%，I₁水平相比I₀水平可减少灌水量29.55%、37.02%、25.20%，减少土壤耗水量20.82%、22.01%、13.44%，增加灌溉水利用率11.50%、33.31%、17.57%，增加水分利用效率4.09%、18.69%、6.51%。研究表明F₁I₀处理为最优水肥管理方案。     

干旱复水对春玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响及其根源ABA调控效应

为了探明根源ABA对春玉米干旱后复水补偿生长的调控效应，采用盆栽试验以春玉米酒单2号为材料，设CK（正常供水，保持最大持水量的75%~80%）、MS（中度干旱，保持最大持水量的50%~55%）、SS（重度干旱，保持最大持水量的35%~40%）、MS-CK（中度干旱再复水）、SS-CK（重度干旱再复水）等5个处理，研究苗期干旱及复水条件下春玉米生物量积累、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性、根源ABA含量的变化。结果表明：重度干旱胁迫具有较高的根源ABA含量，诱导叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性显著提高，增幅分别为85.48%、72.67%、22.58%，并导致其叶片气孔导度(Gs)和光合速率(Pn)降低51.56%、12.16%，同时最大电子传递速率（J_max）、最大羧化速率(V_Cmax)、磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU)及RuBP羧化酶的羧化效率(CE)降低，使其单株生物量较正常供水降低46.56%；复水后，较高的根源ABA含量影响其细胞膜修复和光合功能恢复的速度，使单株生物量较未复水重度干旱胁迫增加90.36%，较正常供水增加1.73%，表现出补偿效应。中度干旱胁迫具有相对较低的根源ABA含量，诱导叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性提高幅度较小，增幅分别为64.72%、41.72%、11.62%，并使Gs和Pn分别降低15.01%和6.42%，同时J_max、V_Cmax、TPU及CE稍有降低，其单株生物量较正常供水仅降低13.64%；复水后，相对较低的根源ABA含量最终使单株生物量较未复水的中度干旱胁迫增加30.71%，较正常供水增加12.88%，表现出超补偿效应。综上，干旱胁迫产生的根源ABA主要对旱后复水春玉米光能吸收、光合碳同化及抗氧化保护功能起积极调节作用。     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454     

A new <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia</Emphasis> sp. closely related to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Waitea circinata</Emphasis> causes a new disease of creeping bentgrass

Isolates of an unidentified Rhizoctonia sp. (UR isolates) were obtained from creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass with reddish brown sheath and foliar rots. Because the UR isolates anastomosed with isolates of three varieties of Waitea circinata (var. oryzae, var. zeae, and var. circinata), colony morphology, hyphal growth rate at different temperatures, pathogenicity, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were compared. The colony color of mature UR isolates was distinct from isolates of the other three varieties of W. circinata. In pathogenicity tests on creeping bentgrass, the severity of the disease caused by UR isolates was significantly higher than that caused by the three varieties of W. circinata. Sequence similarities of the rDNA-ITS region between UR isolates and between isolates within each variety were high (97–100%), but they were lower among isolates from UR and the varieties of W. circinata (88–94%). In a phylogenetic tree based on the rDNA-ITS sequences, UR isolates formed a cluster separate from each of the clusters formed by the three varieties of W. circinata. These results indicate that the UR isolates clearly differ from the three varieties of W. circinata. We therefore propose that the UR isolates be classified as new Rhizoctonia sp. that are closely related to W. circinata and that the disease on creeping bentgrass should be called Waitea reddish-brown patch disease (Sekikasshoku-hagusare-byo in Japanese).     

Recent observations on leafy gall in Liliaceae and some other families

Corynebacterium fascians, which causes leafy gall, has been shown to be responsible for the unusual symptoms recently found in lilies. The symptoms are described and the different bacterial isolates compared by biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments. No evidence could be found for the existence of specialized strains even though considerable variation in virulence could be demonstrated. Although the role of variation in susceptibility of the different lily cultivars should not be underestimated, it would appear that high inoculum levels ofC. fascians in the soil may be largely responsible for these outbreaks.Also included in this study are the results of biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments ofC. fascians which has been isolated fromKalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaea, Hebe andVerbascum.Samenvatting Reeds een aantal jaren was in lelies een woekering in stengelbollen bekend, die echter sporadisch voorkwam en economisch van weinig betekenis was. Tijdens de zomer van 1977 echter trad de ziekte op één enkel perceel zo ernstig op dat zeer aanzienlijke oogstderving het gevolg was. Behalve de stengelbol kan ook de hoofdbol misvormd zijn. Bovendien kunnen misvormde stengelbollen lange spruiten vormen, zgn. sabeltandvorming. Soms is het wortelstelsel gereduceerd; in de kas zijn verdikte stengels waargenomen. De ziekte staat nu bekend onder de naam woekerziekte.Door de PD te Wageningen en het LBO te Lisse werd de bacterieCorynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dows. uit het zieke materiaal geïsoleerd. In gezamenlijk onderzoek werd nagegaan of de bacterie de veroorzaker is van bovengenoemde symptomen en of hier sprake is van een op lelie gespecialiseerde stam.Biochemische en serologische vergelijkingen tussen isolaten vanC. fascians uit lelie,Kalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaeea, Hebe enVerbascum laten zien dat er zeer weinig verschillen bestaan. Alle isolaten reageren op een standaard antiserum met titers variërend tussen 1: 640–1: 5120.Een oriënterende inoculatieproef werd uitgevoerd op het LBO in 1977. Daarna werden op de PD 10 van de 25 isolaten uit lelie en 8 uit andere waardplanten getoetst op lelie, chrysant en lathyrus. Uit de inoculatieproeven blijkt, dat de bacterie de veroorzaker is van de waargenomen symptomen. Tussen de isolaten blijkt een groot verschil in pathogeniteit te bestaan (12–100% aantasting), zonder dat dit aan herkomst gebonden is. Het voorkomen van op lelie of andere waardplanten gespecialiseerde stammen is daarom niet aan te nemen.In hoeverre de hevige aantasting een gevolg is van een opbouw van de bacterie-populatie door een te nauwe vruchtwisseling en mechanische rooimethoden moet worden nagegaan.     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。