化州市稻瘿蚊监测与综合防治技术规程

根据稻瘿蚊发生为害规律和测报防治实践,研究稻瘿蚊防治技术规程的适用范围、防治原则、防治指标、防治适期、虫情监测、预测方法及综合防治技术,阐明监测与综合防治技术规程的具体细则和技术指标,为稻瘿蚊防治规范化、标准化和绿色防控提供科学依据。     

优质稻无公害生产病虫防治技术

优质稻无公害生产病虫防治主要是依据植保站的病虫情报,及时掌握防治对象、防治适期,防治方法,防治药剂,以预防为主,因地、因时、因病虫制宜,协调运用农业防治、生物防治、物理防治、微生物农药防治和化学农药防治相结合的综合防治策略。严格执行农药安全使用标准GB4285-89和农     

无公害蔬菜生产中农药的科学使用方法

在蔬菜生产过程中,病虫害的防治是一个不可避免的问题。贯彻“预防为主、综合防治”的植保方针是无公害蔬菜生产的关键策略。综合防治要以农业防治为基础,因时、园地制宜,合理运用化学防治、生物防治、物理防治、     

番茄常见病害的发生与防治技术

玉屏县番茄常见病害有灰霉病、早疫病、晚疫病、细菌性斑点病、溃疡病和青枯病等,在防治过程中,贯彻“预防为主、综合防治”的植保方针,采取生物防治、物理防治、农业防治、化学防治的综合防治方法．改善番茄品质,提高农民收入。     

银杏地下害虫种类调查及综合防治策略

经调查,目前为害临沂市银杏的地下害虫有3个科8种,其中以毛黄鳃金龟子为害最严重。提出以防治幼虫与防治成虫相结合、播种期与全生育期防治相结合的方法,并采取以生态防治为基础,人工防治、物理防治、化学防治相协调的综合治理措施。     

对不同世代亚洲玉米螟进行化学防治的效果比较

为明确杀虫剂对不同世代亚洲玉米螟的防治效果,设置只防治一代玉米螟,只防治二代玉米螟,和一、二代皆防治3个处理,以一、二代都不防治为对照,比较不同防治处理下秋季剖秆百株虫孔数、虫口数、被害株率、防治效果和玉米产量。结果表明:不同防治处理的防效间存在显著差异,3个防治处理的虫孔数、虫口数和被害株数均显著低于对照,其中一、二代皆防治处理的防效最高,只防治一代和只防治二代处理的防治效果在年度间存在差异。     

大新县甘蔗病虫害发生现状及综合防治措施

阐述了大新县蔗区甘蔗病虫害发生现状,总结出大新县甘蔗病虫害防治存在的问题,并从农业防治、生物防治、物理防治和化学防治等方面介绍了甘蔗病虫害的综合防治措施,以期为大面积推广应用提供参考。     

水稻病毒病及其防治技术的研究与应用

水稻病毒病成灾重、发生面积大、防治困难、造成的经济损失重。目前对水稻病毒病的防治措施还局限在"治虫防病"上,对已经大面积暴发的水稻病毒病没有成功的防治经验和有效的防治措施。笔者就水稻病毒病及其防治技术的研究与应用进展进行综述,并从水稻和病毒互作的生理生化机制的角度探讨水稻病毒病防治策略,从防治角度探讨水稻病毒病防治药剂的创制与田间应用技术。     

大新县甘蔗螟虫发生逐年加重原因分析与对策

总结了大新县近几年来甘蔗螟虫发生与危害情况,分别从螟虫发生的种类、种植制度、农民防治误区等方面分析螟虫发生严重的原因。针对螟虫防治难、技术性强等特点,提出加大政府职能,加强植保经费投入、技术宣传、培训等力度,提高蔗农防治技术水平,在防治技术上提出以预防为主,综合防治为辅的防治对策。     

低丘红壤高产茶园病虫无害化防治技术体系

笔者通过对低丘红壤高产茶园病虫无害化防治进行研究,提出以健身栽培为导向,搞好各项农业防治措施,利用生物多样性控制病虫害,实行生态防治,严格植物检疫,实行物理机械防治,保护和利用天敌资源,推广生物防治技术,搞好合理的化学防治等无害化防治技术体系.     

Growth, nitrogen fixation, and nutrient uptake of hairy vetch as a cover crop in a subtropical region

Hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa ), as a winter cover crop, can be used to suppress weeds in subtropical regions, as well as temperate regions. Information on the potential biomass growth of hairy vetch for weed control and nutrient accumulation is not available in subtropical regions. Hairy vetch was sown in November 2004, and October, November, and December 2005. The wide-ranging cultivation period of hairy vetch indicated that it could be used in various cropping systems. It showed a higher biomass and nutrient accumulation when grown in subtropical Okinawa, Japan. Moreover, the biomass, and fixed carbon and magnesium (Mg) uptake in the above-ground parts of hairy vetch were found to be the highest in late May, with the highest nitrogen (N), potassium, and calcium uptake in mid-April and phosphorus (P) uptake in late March. Meanwhile, in the underground parts of the plant, they were highest in early May, except for the P and Mg uptake, which were highest in mid-April. According to the sowing date, the biomass and nutrient uptake of hairy vetch that was harvested in February were higher when sown in October. Similarly, when harvested in March, the biomass and nutrient uptake were higher when sown in October or November. In April, they were higher when sown in November or December. Hairy vetch has the potential to effectively suppress weeds in the winter and the spring seasons related to its sufficient biomass during the growing seasons. However, both the sowing and harvesting times of hairy vetch should be considered with reference to the cropping system; the subsequent crop will be sown to meet the N requirement.     

The area under the disease progress stairs: calculation, advantage, and application

The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) is frequently used to combine multiple observations of disease progress into a single value. However, our analysis shows that this approach severely underestimates the effect of the first and last observation. To get a better estimate of disease progress, we have developed a new formula termed the area under the disease progress stairs (AUDPS). The AUDPS approach improves the estimation of disease progress by giving a weight closer to optimal to the first and last observations. Analysis of real data indicates that AUDPS outperforms AUDPC in most of the tested trials and may be less precise than AUDPC only when assessments in the first or last observations have a comparatively large variance. We propose using AUDPS and its standardized (sAUDPS) and relative (rAUDPS) forms when combining multiple observations from disease progress experiments into a single value.     

Roles of bootstrap resampling,measure of central tendency,and method for calculating thermal units when developing phenology models for pest management

The successful development of phenology models from field studies depends on many factors, some of which are entirely under the control of pest managers. For example, one such factor is the choice of method for calculating thermal units. In this study, we have demonstrated that four methods for calculating thermal units provided for acceptable predictions of one phenological event of one insect species, while another method for calculating thermal units did not. The measure of central tendency (mean or median) that is used to estimate lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations is another factor that pest managers can control when developing phenology models from field studies. Here, we show that predictions that were made when using phenology models based on median lower developmental temperatures and median required thermal summations were superior to predictions that were made when using phenology models based on mean lower developmental temperatures and mean required thermal summations. The use of bootstrap vs. non-bootstrap estimates of lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations is yet another factor that pest managers can control when developing phenology models from field studies. In this study, we found that calculating and using bootstrap estimates of lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations in phenology models did not improve the predictions of one phenological event for one insect species. The implications of these and other findings are discussed.     

A synthetic diet for the spirea aphid,Aphis citricola van der Goot

Two generations of the spirea aphid were reared successfully on a diet previously used for the green peach aphid, when the sucrose concentration was increased to 24%. Better survival, larviposition and weight gain were obtained when the concentration of five amino acids was also increased. The pea aphid diet was also tested and found unsuitable for this aphid. Synthetic-diet-reared aphids reached a final body weight four times less than that of aphids reared on orange leaves, while their fecundity was about one-third of that recorded for the plant-fed aphids. The possible use of this diet for toxicological and physiological studies is discussed.     

Witches' broom disease on cocoa in Rondonia, Brazil: pod infection in relation to pod susceptibility, wetness, inoculum, and phytosanitation

Infection of cocoa pods by Crinipellis perniciosa was examined in the field in relation to pod susceptibility and variations in inoculum and climate over 2 years. The disease was incubated for 13 or 14 weeks in pods inoculated when 2 and 4 weeks old, and for 12 weeks in pods inoculated 6-12 weeks old. Pods were uniformly susceptible to natural infection during the 12 weeks after pollination. Over 75% of rain showers started between 12.00 and 02.00 h, providing sufficient water to rehydrate basidiocarps as well as to wet pods. Pods remained wet after rainfall for decreasing periods when rain occurred after 13.00 h. Incidence of pod disease was shown to be related to the number of wetness periods longer than 4 h, and to the number of open turgid basidiocarps occurring 12 weeks earlier. Wetness periods had a greater influence on disease. Pod infection was modelled by assuming that infection was limited by either wetness periods or turgid basidiocarp numbers; critical numbers of wetness periods when both factors were of equal weight were defined by an exponential equation. The model was used to predict reductions in pod disease associated with different amounts of broom removal in each year.     

Pathogenicity and infectivity of Phytophthora ramorum vary depending on host species,infected plant part,inoculum potential,pathogen genotype,and temperature

A total of 25 ornamental plant species representing 10 families were inoculated using three genotypes, each representing one of the genetic lineages NA1, NA2, and EU1 of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Leaves were inoculated using suspensions with two zoospore concentrations and exposure at three temperatures, while stems were inoculated using agar plugs colonized by mycelia. Susceptibility was determined by measuring either the success of pathogen reisolation or lesion length caused by the pathogen. Infectivity was determined by counting sporangia in washes of inoculated leaves or stems. Results from all three pathogen genotypes combined were used to rank each of the 25 plant species for susceptibility and infectivity, while pooled results per genotype from all 25 hosts combined were employed for a preliminary comparison of pathogenicity and infectivity among genotypes. Statistical analyses showed that leaf results were affected by the concentration of zoospores, temperature, plant host, pathogen genotype, and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Stem results were mostly affected by host and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Hosts ranked differently when looking at the various parameters, and differences in rankings were also significant when comparing stem and leaf results. Differences were identified among the 25 hosts and the three pathogen genotypes for all parameters: results can be used for decision-making regarding regulations or selection of plants to be grown where infestations by P. ramorum are an issue.     

杜松烯合成酶作为转基因棉花PCR检测的内参照基因

根据棉属植物中棉酚合成的关键酶之一杜松烯合成酶[（＋）-d-cadinene syhnthase]基因序列，设计合成了该酶的实时荧光PCR的引物和TaqMan探针，经研究发现，此套引物探针能特异性检测海岛棉和陆地棉，有较高的检测灵敏度。同马铃薯、大椒、茄子、烟草、番茄、玉米、大豆、小麦、水稻和其它转基因作物无非特异性反应，可以作为转基因棉花检测的内参照。     

氟磺酰胺毒饵使用量对红火蚁防治效果的影响

在确定了氟磺酰胺毒饵对红火蚁控制效果的基础上,就氟磺酰胺毒饵的使用量对红火蚁的控制效果进行了研究。结果表明:在5-25 g/巢的范围内,氟磺酰胺毒饵都可获得较好的防治效果,但防治效果及蚁巢的死亡程度会因施药量的不同而异。5 g/巢的剂量可在40 d内获得平均为96.7%的防效,但不能将所有的蚁巢杀死。10-25 g/巢的剂量可以在30-40 d内使蚁巢死亡,但蚁巢100%死亡所需的时间会因剂量的减少而延长。工蚁数量下降的程度不会因氟磺酰胺毒饵的使用量而产生差异。为此,建议在使用氟磺酰胺毒饵防治红火蚁时,可在10-25 g/巢的范围内根据蚁巢大小调整使用量。     

Determination of famoxadone, fenamidone, fenhexamid and iprodione residues in greenhouse tomatoes

BACKGROUND: Greenhouse tomato production is intended exclusively for fresh consumption. Typical greenhouse conditions provide a conducive environment for the development of different fungi, principally late blight and grey mould, that can destroy plants and fruits. For this reason, different fungicides with different sites of action are used in integrated pest management strategies. Famoxadone, fenamidone, fenhexamid and iprodione (fig. 1 ) are fungicides of difference classes with different actions that could be used to control tomato pests. RESULTS: The QuEChERS method showed good recoveries, and the analytical method allowed good separation of the fungicides selected. Good results were obtained in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision, with a coefficient of variation of < 9.8%. The limits of determination and quantification of the method were far below the maximum residual levels (MRLs) set by the EU for these fungicides in tomatoes. The analysis of fungicide residues showed that cv. Shiren accounted for higher residue levels than cv. Caramba. The dissipation curves were similar in the two cultivars, indicating that the decrease in pesticides was not related to the tomato type. CONCLUSIONS: Care should be taken when using pesticides in greenhouse conditions, because degradation mainly affects fruit growth. The size of the tomato, in particular its surface/weight ratio, is very important for defining pesticide residues. All fungicides used showed residue levels below the MRLs at the preharvest interval. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

利用光谱特征评价莲草直胸跳甲对喜旱莲子草的控制效果

为建立快速有效的喜旱莲子草生物防治效果评价技术体系,采用基于成像光谱遥感技术的多波段光谱辐射仪,研究了利用冠层光谱特征值评价天敌昆虫莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila对喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides控制效果的方法。结果表明,莲草直胸跳甲取食引起喜旱莲子草冠层光谱变化,在可见光区绿光波段（中心波长约560 nm）和近红外波段（中心波段810 nm）,喜旱莲子草冠层光谱反射率随莲草直胸跳甲密度的增加逐渐下降,而在红光波段（中心波长约660 nm）呈上升趋势。莲草直胸跳甲取食还导致喜旱莲子草植被指数的变化。在近红外区760～810 nm波段莲草直胸跳甲的控制效果与喜旱莲子草冠层光谱反射率呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.92,故可将760～810 nm波长范围作为监测莲草直胸跳甲对喜旱莲子草控制效果的敏感波段。