不同轮作模式对土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响

选择干旱区玛纳斯河流域绿洲长期连作棉田土壤为研究对象,研究连作棉田、轮作玉米、轮作大豆、玉米//大豆间作和休闲免耕5种模式对土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布特征的影响。结果表明：不同种植模式对土壤团聚体有明显的影响,土壤机械稳定性团聚体含量在粒径53～250 μm为最高,占39%～53%,水稳性团聚体含量呈最低; >250 μm机械稳定性团聚体含量在不同种植模式间差异显著,表现为大豆轮作>玉米轮作>休闲免耕>棉花连作>玉米//大豆间作; 秋季作物收获后,轮作大豆和玉米//大豆间作模式土壤团粒指数比春季分别减少18.7%和15.6%; 土壤团聚体有机碳及微生物量碳含量主要集中在>250 μm大团聚体中,而在微团聚体中含量较少; 不同模式土壤有机碳含量顺序为大豆轮作>玉米轮作>棉花连作>休闲免耕>玉米//大豆间作。比较几种种植模式,大豆轮作和玉米轮作有利于团聚体的形成和稳定,可作为长期连作棉田较为理想的短期轮作倒茬模式。     

连作轮作模式下当归大蒜间作对当归质量的影响

为了解不同种植模式和间作大蒜密度对当归质量的影响,寻找能有效缓解当归连作障碍、提高当归内在质量的最佳的间作大蒜种植模式,设置轮作和连作两种种植模式,轮作和连作分别设置当归与大蒜间作密度2∶1(M2)、3∶1(M3)、4∶1(M4)三个处理及单作对照,并对采收阴干当归根内在质量指标总灰分、酸性不溶性灰分、醇溶性浸出物、挥发油、阿魏酸含量测定分析。结果表明:不同间作大蒜密度下各指标呈先增后减趋势,各含量在M2处理达到最大值;不同种植模式下挥发油和阿魏酸含量轮作大于连作,总灰分和酸性不溶性灰分含量连作大于轮作,醇溶性浸出物不明显;不同种植模式和间作大蒜密度下,挥发油、阿魏酸都在轮作种植模式M2处理含量最高,为0.56%、0.084%,分别比单作提高了0.09%、0.032%;总灰分含量在轮作种植模式M4处理含量最低,为4.08%;酸性不溶性灰分在连作种植模式单作处理含量最低,为0.5%;醇溶性浸出物含量在连作种植模式M2处理含量最高,为65%;但均符合药典含量规定。综合考虑,轮作种植模式M2处理下,当归质量指标最好,是最佳的间作大蒜种植模式,可以有效促进当归生长,提高当归质量,有效减缓当归连作障碍问题。     

连作对马铃薯根系形态及吸收能力的影响

研究了不同连作年限对马铃薯根系形态和养分吸收能力的影响。结果表明,连作降低了马铃薯根系活力、活跃吸收面积和总吸收面积,连作3年、4年和5年的根系活力比轮作分别下降了53.71%、66.84%和66.69%,活跃吸收面积分别下降了57.6%、75.7%和75.6%,总吸收面积分别下降了51.4%、67.9%和67.6%;连作明显增加了0～0.5 mm和0.5～1.0 mm直径范围内的总根长、表面积、根体积和根尖数,连作3年、4年和5年在0～0.5 mm直径范围内的总根长和根尖数比轮作分别显著增加了24.9%、35.0%、35.4%和13.4%、21.0%、23.1%;连作1年和2年地块的块茎产量差异不显著,但连作3年后块茎产量较轮作下降了45%以上。由此可见,在当地生态环境和栽培及品种条件下连作的阈值年限可能 为2年,马铃薯根系吸收能力的下降是导致产量下降的主要原因之一,根系生长增加是马铃薯应对连作逆境的主动性适应机制。     

外源水杨酸对连作马铃薯生长发育及抗性生理的影响

探讨了不同浓度外源水杨酸处理对连作马铃薯幼苗生长发育、耐连作障碍、抗氧化能力以及块茎营养的影响。结果表明：5年连作导致马铃薯幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量、净光合速率、细胞膜稳定指数、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化剂含量、抗氧化酶活性显著下降,块茎产量和硬度降低,块茎淀粉、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量下降,叶片MDA含量、活性氧水平显著增加,植株生长发育受到显著抑制;在施用外源水杨酸处理后,马铃薯幼苗的相对含水量增高,叶绿素含量、净光合速率、 根系活力和细胞膜稳定指数增强,生长得到促进,植物叶片内渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化剂含量、抗氧化酶活性提高,块茎产量、硬度以及块茎淀粉、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量增高,叶片MDA含量、活性氧水平显著降低;比较不同浓度的外源水杨酸处理,以20 μmol·L^-1和30 μmol·L^-1对促进马铃薯连作幼苗生长发育及缓解连作伤害效果最佳,其中对于连作5年的马铃薯,30 μmol·L^-1外源水杨酸处理相比于对照块茎产量相对增加64.4%,而叶片净光合速率相对增加287.0%。可见,适宜浓度的外源水杨酸处理显著减轻了连作障碍造成的伤害,促进了马铃薯植株的生长发育,提高了马铃薯块茎的产量,并改善了块茎的营养与品质。     

连作和轮作对大豆胞囊线虫群体数量及土壤线虫群落结构的影响

大豆胞囊线虫Heterodera glycinesIchinohe病害是大豆生产中的毁灭性病害,对世界大豆生产造成重大损失。采用根染色法和常规土壤线虫分类鉴定技术研究了连作和轮作两种耕作方式下大豆胞囊线虫群体数量和土壤线虫群落结构的变化。结果表明,连作使大豆田土壤中胞囊和根系上各龄期胞囊线虫数量显著增加(95.6→335.5),而轮作积累很少(10.3→31.8),感病品种中J2的侵入数量决定了大豆胞囊线虫形成胞囊的数量(22.8→95.6,129.4→335.5)。玉米-玉米-大豆的轮作方式使胞囊积累最少(10.3)。轮作大豆田土壤线虫总数高于连作,主要由于轮作大豆田土壤线虫的优势属Helicotylenchus和优势营养类群植物寄生线虫PP的相对丰度高于连作,但大豆胞囊线虫的相对丰度正相反,连作(33.65%)高于轮作(0.91%),说明Heterodera glycines可以作为土壤线虫的关键属种用以指示土壤发病的严重程度。研究中重要的优势属和关键属种cp值均为3,说明其繁殖和抗干扰能力比较强。研究证明土壤线虫优势营养类群、优势属种和关键属种可以有效地指示农业土壤健康状况和大豆田的大豆胞囊线虫病害的发生程度。     

小麦连作、迎茬和轮作对麦田杂草群落的影响

通过定位试验,研究了小麦8-12年长期连作、小麦-大豆-小麦迎茬和玉米-大豆-小麦轮作条件下麦田杂草群落变化。结果表明,小麦长期连作区杂草密度最大,杂草最多,小麦-大豆-小麦迎茬次之,玉米-大豆-小麦轮作杂草最少。小麦-大豆-小麦迎茬和玉米-大豆-小麦轮作区之间差别小于两者与连作区的差别。3种茬口杂草密度、杂草数量顺序为连作区＞小麦-大豆-小麦迎茬＞玉米-大豆-小麦轮作。随着连作年限的增加,小麦连作区一些杂草种类增加,同时也有些杂草种类减少。小麦连作10年增加的杂草有龙葵、鸭趾草、鬼针、苋及野苏,连作12年增加的杂草有问荆、扁竹菜和猪秧秧,而减少了龙葵、鬼针、野苏和苣荬菜。小麦连作区主要杂草为藜、龙葵、荠、稗、鬼针、鸭趾草和卷茎蓼。     

连作对马铃薯根系生物学特征和叶片抗逆生理的影响

针对连作导致马铃薯生长发育受阻和产量下降等问题,在甘肃省景泰县条山农场设置了不同连作年限的大田试验,从植株自身形态和生理响应方面初探马铃薯连作障碍的可能机制。结果表明：连作明显降低了马铃薯地上和地下部生物量,增加了总根长、根表面积、根尖数和根冠比,且随着连作年限的延长,生物量下降越大,而总根长、根表面积、根尖数和根冠比增加越大,连作5年的总根长、根表面积、根尖数和根冠比比轮作分别增加了39.35%、26.60%、31.67%和70.90%;连作明显增加了块茎膨大期叶片MDA活性, 叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性随连作年限表现为先上升后下降,从连作3 a开始,叶片MDA活性急剧增加,而叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性急剧下降;连作1 a和2 a地块的块茎产量差异不显著,但连作3 a后块茎产量较轮作下降了45%以上。由此可见,在当地生态环境和栽培及品种条件下连作的阈值年限可能为2 a,根系生长增加是马铃薯应对连作逆境的主动性适应机制。     

马铃薯豆类间作复合系统氮素吸收利用特性研究

为减缓宁夏南部山区马铃薯连作障碍,本试验于2020年3―10月采用随机区组设计,设置单作蚕豆(IB)、单作大豆(IS)、单作马铃薯(IP)、马铃薯间作大豆(PS)、马铃薯间作蚕豆(PB)5种不同种植模式,探究不同间作模式对马铃薯氮素含量、土壤氮素及产量的影响,以期为宁南山区农田生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据.研究表明...     

娃娃菜不同轮作模式下根际土壤微生物群落多样性特征

为探明不同作物与娃娃菜轮作后的效果，在宁夏南部山区进行定位试验，采用高通量测序技术，结合土壤理化性质及酶活性，比较分析了娃娃菜-西兰花(CMB)、娃娃菜-大葱(CMG)、娃娃菜-洋葱(CMO)、娃娃菜-土豆(CMP)和以娃娃菜连作(CCC)为对照的5个处理的微生物多样性，旨在筛选出适宜与娃娃菜轮作的作物，为从栽培模式选择角度缓解或避免娃娃菜连作障碍提供理论依据。试验结果表明：与连作相比，轮作马铃薯土壤硝态氮含量最高为12.8 mg·kg^-1,轮作大葱土壤速效磷含量最高为75.74 mg·kg^-1,但不同轮作模式下速效钾和有机质含量有所下降。轮作马铃薯土壤的碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与轮作洋葱土壤的过氧化氢酶、脲酶显著低于娃娃菜连作和轮作其他作物。细菌丰度在属水平上的结果表明轮作导致大部分有益细菌属丰度升高，如贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)等，有害菌及其他部分未分类功能作用菌属丰度降低，如伯克氏菌(Burkholderiaceae)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium...     

马铃薯连作障碍与土壤环境因子变化相关研究

取不同连作年限(连作0、3、5、7年)的土壤测定其生物和非生物环境因子,并采用盆栽的方法获取不同连作年限的马铃薯幼苗,测定其生长发育指标及抗性生理指标,以探究马铃薯不同连作年限土壤生物和非生物环境因子的变化。结果表明:随着连作年限的增加,土壤含盐量、碱解氮含量和土壤容重逐年上升,在连作7年时分别比对照高348.31%、228.57%和5.39%;在连作5年和7年时,速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量显著下降,连作7年时比对照下降27.43%、31.27%和38.30%;土壤中酚酸类化感物质含量(除对羟基苯甲酸外)显著增加;在连作5年和7年时,香草酸分别高于对照24.87%、19.82%;阿魏酸和总酚酸含量在连作7年分别达到对照的270.2%、374.9%;土壤中脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和转化酶活性显著下降,其中转化酶活性在连作3、5、7年时其活性分别下降为对照的78.6%、70.8%和48.1%;细菌和放线菌数量显著减少,连作7年时分别比对照下降26.67%和10.85%;马铃薯幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、根系活力和净光合速率显著下降,MDA含量和活性氧产生速率显著升高。从整体上看马铃薯连作5年和7年幼苗生长发育受到显著抑制,说明连作障碍达到显著水平,这与上述土壤各环境因子的变化是相对应的,这可能就是连作障碍的直接原因。马铃薯连作5年和7年时,由于土壤菌类组成、关键酶活和理化性状的改变及酚酸类化感物质含量的显著增加,造成了一系列生物和非生物环境胁迫,从而导致连作障碍的发生。     

不同轮作方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响

在连续种植2年马铃薯的土壤上进行不同轮作方式田间试验,探讨轮作方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及土壤微生物数量的影响。试验结果表明:与对照(裸地)相比,小麦-豌豆-马铃薯轮作时土壤过氧化氢酶活性有增加的趋势;豌豆-马铃薯-豌豆轮作条件下,土壤的蔗糖酶活性提高,且在马铃薯成熟期提高幅度最大,为47.95%。轮作条件下土壤多酚氧化酶活性低于连作;轮作方式不同,土壤脲酶活性变化明显,在马铃薯块茎膨大期,豌豆-马铃薯-豌豆轮作方式的土壤脲酶活性比小麦-马铃薯-小麦高14.73%。马铃薯块茎膨大期根区土壤微生物数量测定结果显示:随着连作年限的增加,细菌数量及微生物总量降低,真菌数量升高了54.66%;小麦-豌豆-马铃薯轮作后,土壤中的细菌、放线菌数量最高,分别为6.40×106CFU·g-1和2.22×106CFU·g-1。     

Effects of different 3-year cropping systems on soil microbial communities and rhizoctonia diseases of potato

ABSTRACT Eight different 3-year cropping systems, consisting of soybean-canola, soybean-barley, sweet corn-canola, sweet corn-soybean, green bean-sweet corn, canola-sweet corn, barley-clover, and continuous potato (non-rotation control) followed by potato as the third crop in all systems, were established in replicated field plots with two rotation entry points in Presque Isle, ME, in 1998. Cropping system effects on soil microbial community characteristics based on culturable soil microbial populations, single carbon source substrate utilization (SU) profiles, and whole-soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were evaluated in association with the development of soilborne diseases of potato in the 2000 and 2001 field seasons. Soil populations of culturable bacteria and overall microbial activity were highest following barley, canola, and sweet corn crops, and lowest following continuous potato. The SU profiles derived from BIOLOG ECO plates indicated higher substrate richness and diversity and greater utilization of certain carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids associated with barley, canola, and some sweet corn rotations, indicating distinct differences in functional attributes of microbial communities among cropping systems. Soil FAME profiles also demonstrated distinct differences among cropping systems in their relative composition of fatty acid types and classes, representing structural attributes of microbial communities. Fatty acids most responsible for differentiation among cropping systems included 12:0, 16:1 omega5c, 16:1 omega7c, 18:1 omega9c, and 18:2omega6c. Based on FAME biomarkers, barley rotations resulted in higher fungi-to-bacteria ratios, sweet corn resulted in greater mycorrhizae populations, and continuous potato produced the lowest amounts of these and other biomarker traits. Incidence and severity of stem and stolon canker and black scurf of potato, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, were reduced for most rotations relative to the continuous potato control. Potato crops following canola, barley, or sweet corn provided the lowest levels of Rhizoctonia disease and best tuber quality, whereas potato crops following clover or soybean resulted in disease problems in some years. Both rotation crop and cropping sequence were important in shaping the microbial characteristics, soilborne disease, and tuber qualities. Several microbial parameters, including microbial populations and SU and FAME profile characteristics, were correlated with potato disease or yield measurements in one or both harvest years. In this study, we have demonstrated distinctive effects of specific rotation crops and cropping sequences on microbial communities and have begun to relate the implications of these changes to crop health and productivity.     

Artificial root exudates and soil organic carbon mineralization in a degraded sandy grassland in northern China

Plant root exudates contain various organic and inorganic components that include glucose, citric and oxalic acid. These components affect rhizosphere microbial and microfaunal activities, but the mechanisms are not fully known. Studies concerned from degraded grassland ecosystems with low soil carbon（C） contents are rare, in spite of the global distribution of grasslands in need of restoration. All these have a high potential for carbon sequestration, with a reduced carbon content due to overutilization. An exudate component that rapidly decomposes will increase soil respiration and CO2 emission, while a component that reduces decomposition of native soil carbon can reduce CO2 emission and actually help sequestering carbon in soil. Therefore, to investigate root exudate effects on rhizosphere activity, citric acid, glucose and oxalic acid（0.6 g C/kg dry soil） were added to soils from three biotopes（grassland, fixed dune and mobile dune） located in Naiman, Horqin Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia, China） and subjected to a 24-day incubation experiment together with a control. The soils were also analyzed for general soil properties. The results show that total respiration without exudate addition was highest in grassland soil, intermediate in fixed dune and lowest in mobile dune soil. However, the proportion of native soil carbon mineralized was highest in mobile dune soil, reflecting the low C/N ratio found there. The exudate effects on CO2-C emissions and other variables differed somewhat between biotopes, but total respiration（including that from the added substrates） was significantly increased in all combinations compared with the control, except for oxalic acid addition to mobile dune soil, which reduced CO2-C emissions from native soil carbon. A small but statistically significant increase in pH by the exudate additions in grassland and fixed dune soil was observed, but there was a major decrease from acid additions to mobile dune soil. In contrast, electrical conductivity decreased in grassland     

大蒜根系分泌物对烟草青枯病的影响

为探讨大蒜根系分泌物对烟草青枯病菌的抑菌活性,采用抑菌圈法和盆栽试验研究了大蒜根系分泌物及其主要成分对烟草青枯病的影响。结果表明：大蒜根系分泌物浓度为1 g/mL时,对烟草青枯病菌抑制效果最好,其抑菌率为53.67%。大蒜根系分泌物4种成分的抑菌效果由强到弱依次为：2,6-二异丙基苯酚＞二烯丙基二硫＞2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚＞邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。其中,2,6-二异丙基酚对烟草青枯病菌的抑制作用最强,在1和5 mmol/L时的抑菌率分别为99.66%和100.00%;在盆栽试验中也具有较好的防治效果,接种后7 d和14 d后,其防效分别为34.75%和31.35%。因此,大蒜根系分泌物及其成分均对烟草青枯病有明显的抑制作用。本研究揭示了大蒜作为轮作或间作作物对烟草青枯病的防控机理,以及大蒜根系分泌物和2,6-二异丙基酚作为烟草青枯病防治剂的潜力。     

燕麦箭筈豌豆间作及施肥对科尔沁沙地饲草产量和品质的影响

于2020—2021年在中国科学院西北奈曼沙漠化研究站，以饲用燕麦和箭筈豌豆为研究对象，在燕麦灌浆期刈割后进行饲草复播，采用双因素随机区组设计，设置3种种植模式，即燕麦单作(SO)、箭筈豌豆单作(SV)和燕麦箭筈豌豆间作(IOV);4种施肥模式，即不施肥(N)、单施化肥(C)、单施生物有机肥(M)和有机肥与无机肥配施(G),通过测定饲草产量和营养品质，分析种间竞争相关指标，以明确间作与施肥对复种燕麦、箭筈豌豆饲草产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明：间作和施肥提高了燕麦和箭筈豌豆的地上部生物量，在G处理下，间作燕麦(IO)和间作箭筈豌豆(IV)的干草产量较相应单作处理分别提高了4.34%、1.79%和27.63%、34.12%。间作处理的土地当量比大于1,表明燕麦箭筈豌豆间作具有土地利用优势；通过种间竞争指标分析发现，箭筈豌豆产量的提高对于发挥间作优势具有重要的作用。IO-G处理的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量较同水平下单作处理分别提高了24.81%、36.60%和20.21%、6.15%,IV-G处理的可溶性糖含量较IV-N处理提高18.55%和34.36%;IO-G处理下的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维...     

马铃薯长期连作对土壤真菌群落特征的影响

利用田间长期定位试验,2019年基于ITS高通量测序研究马铃薯/春小麦/碗豆轮作（R）、马铃薯连作1 a（C1）、3 a（C3）、5 a（C5）、7 a（C7）和9 a（C9）的土壤真菌群落结构的演替特征。结果表明：随着马铃薯连作年限的增加,土壤真菌菌群丰度和Chao1显著增加,C7和C9马铃薯土壤真菌菌群丰度最高,R土壤真菌菌群丰度最低,C7和C9真菌群落的相似度较高,C7、C9处理与R处理的真菌群落相似度低,C1、C3、C5的真菌群落结构介于C7、C9与R之间;土壤真菌群落的相似度在纲水平上分为两类,C7和C9为一组,R、C1、C3、C5为一组;在不同连作年限的马铃薯农田土壤中,共检测到273个真菌属,其中有13个真菌属处理间差异显著,其中,青霉菌(Penicillium)在C5、C7和C9土壤中数量显著高于R,绿僵菌属（Metarhizium）在C5、C7、C9中相对丰度显著高于R、C1、C3,镰刀菌属（Fusaruim）在C5中相对丰度达最高,显著高于R、C1、C3以及C7、C9;马铃薯连作5 a后引起农田真菌群落分布发生变化。青霉菌、绿僵菌属在长期连作农田中大量富集,镰刀菌属数量下降,连作障碍程度趋于减缓。     

Farm Management Effects on Rhizosphere Colonization by Native Populations of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol-Producing Pseudomonas spp. and Their Contributions to Crop Health

ABSTRACT Analyses of multiple field experiments indicated that the incidence and relative abundance of root-colonizing phlD+ Pseudomonas spp. were influenced by crop rotation, tillage, organic amendments, and chemical seed treatments in subtle but reproducible ways. In no-till corn plots, 2-year rotations with soybean resulted in plants with approximately twofold fewer phlD+ pseudomonads per gram of root, but 3-year rotations with oat and hay led to population increases of the same magnitude. Interestingly, tillage inverted these observed effects of cropping sequence in two consecutive growing seasons, indicating a complex but reproducible interaction between rotation and tillage on the rhizosphere abundance of 2,4-diacetlyphloroglucinol (DAPG) producers. Amending conventionally managed sweet corn plots with dairy manure compost improved plant health and also increased the incidence of root colonization when compared with nonamended plots. Soil pH was negatively correlated to rhizosphere abundance of phlD+ pseudomonads in no-till and nonamended soils, with the exception of the continuous corn treatments. Chemical seed treatments intended to control fungal pathogens and insect pests on corn also led to more abundant populations of phlD in different tilled soils. However, increased root disease severity generally was associated with elevated levels of root colonization by phlD+ pseudomonads in no-till plots. Interestingly, within a cropping sequence treatment, correlations between the relative abundance of phlD and crop stand or yield were generally positive on corn, and the strength of those correlations was greater in plots experiencing more root disease pressure. In contrast, such correlations were generally negative in soybean, a difference that may be partially explained by difference in application of N fertilizers and soil pH. Our findings indicate that farming practices can alter the relative abundance and incidence of phlD+ pseudomonads in the rhizosphere and that practices that reduce root disease severity (i.e., rotation, tillage, and chemical seed treatment) are not universally linked to increased root colonization by DAPG-producers.