欧洲樱桃实蝇风险评估及管理对策

欧洲樱桃实蝇(Rhagoletis cerasi(L.))是欧洲樱桃生产中危害最严重的害虫,在我国尚无分布,但已在我国口岸被多次截获,传入我国风险极高。本文参照有害生物风险评估国际标准从欧洲樱桃实蝇进入风险、定殖与传播扩散风险、传入后对相关产业影响及防控管理难度等方面对其在中国的风险性进行了评估,并提出了相应的风险管理对策。     

蛋白诱剂在梨园橘小实蝇绿色防控中的应用效果

为研究针对梨园橘小实蝇有效的绿色防控方法,于2019年在广西灌阳开展了橘小实蝇蛋白诱剂田间应用试验。结果表明,应用橘小实蝇蛋白诱剂及其配套的桶形诱捕器,对橘小实蝇具有较好的诱捕效果,持续作用时间长,在采收后期防治效果为59.07%,优于对照常规防治,减少化学农药使用1次,有利于控制橘小实蝇为害,减少化学农药使用量。     

不同诱杀剂和诱捕器防治橘小实蝇效果及成本评价

比较了4种不同诱杀剂?4种诱捕器及9种常见组合对橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的防治效果, 为橘小实蝇田间防控优化提供参考?试验结果表明:1)诱杀剂聪绿处理区成虫总数和果实受害率最低, 成本低廉, 可用于桃园橘小实蝇防控?迷饵?诱尔和康碧可显著降低橘小实蝇发生数量, 可根据发生区实际情况选择或改进使用?4种诱杀剂对雌性比的影响与空白对照间无显著差异?2)甲基丁香酚油剂与诱捕器组合中, 推荐常规诱捕器和新蛾类通用诱捕器分别用于监测和防治工作, 不建议采用迷你型实蝇诱捕器+矿泉水瓶或新型飞蛾诱捕器进行监测和防治?3)常规诱捕器+甲基丁香酚油剂?专用诱捕器+食物诱杀颗粒剂?黄板2和黄球4种组合分别在各自类组中表现较好, 可根据实际生产需要选择使用?     

广州机场首次截获检疫性有害生物——欧洲樱桃实蝇

广州机场从旅客携带樱桃中截获了检疫性害虫——欧洲樱桃实蝇(Rhagoletis cerasi),系全国口岸首次截获。该害虫在我国无分布,为严防其传入,文章介绍了其寄主及地理分布、形态特征、传播危害等,为加强口岸检疫防控提供参考。     

采用诱蝇醚监测柑桔小实蝇田间消长初报

柑桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendl)属双翅目实蝇科,是柑桔上重要害虫之一.为了搞好柑桔小实蝇的预测预报和防控工作,笔者使用诱蝇醚诱捕田间柑桔小实蝇的雄成虫,观察柑桔小实蝇成虫在田间的消长动态.     

引诱剂对蜜柑大实蝇的诱捕效果

本文报道了采用国际通用的监测技术,利用橘小实蝇、瓜实蝇、地中海实蝇引诱剂和水解蛋白诱饵,在广西凭祥市确定存在蜜柑大实蝇的果园开展了针对性的诱捕;诱捕结果表明,瓜实蝇引诱剂和水解蛋白诱饵能够诱捕到蜜柑大实蝇成虫,且水解蛋白诱饵比瓜实蝇引诱剂诱捕效果好.     

老挝中北部地区果实蝇属(Bactuocera)害虫种类初步调查

2008年4月至2009年3月,在老挝境内应用性引诱剂对琅南塔、乌多姆赛、琅勃拉邦和万象4省进行了实蝇诱捕.放置了24个诱捕器,诱捕到果实蝇属(Bactrocera)实蝇1233头,15种.其中,琅勃拉邦省实蝇种类最多;橘小实蝇种群数量最大;瓜实蝇、南瓜实蝇、颜带实蝇、橘小实蝇、锈实蝇分布最广.     

不同诱捕器对蓝莓园斑翅果蝇的诱杀效果

用多功能房屋诱捕器、球形诱捕器、矿泉水瓶诱捕器、黄板喷粘-TT等对蓝莓园斑翅果蝇进行诱杀试验,以应用于生产。试验结果表明,不同诱捕器诱虫量差异极大,多功能房屋诱捕器+果瑞特实蝇诱杀剂对斑翅果蝇的诱虫效果最好,平均每个屋诱虫400.1头;多功能房屋诱捕器+害虫科普惠农饵料诱虫量居第二位,平均每个屋诱虫257.5头;球形诱捕器诱虫量居第三位,平均每个球诱虫量111.3头;瓶制诱捕器+实蝇诱杀剂、瓶制诱捕器+害虫饵料、黄板喷粘-TT诱虫量较少,分别为25头、16.5头和4.5头。多功能房屋诱捕器+果瑞特实蝇诱杀剂诱虫效果好,对环境和蓝霉无污染,且不受多雨天气的影响,可用于蓝莓园斑翅果蝇的绿色防控。     

杀虫灯与引诱剂组合使用对猕猴桃橘小实蝇的诱捕效果

研究了2018—2019年贵州猕猴桃上的橘小实蝇发生规律、趋光行为、不同诱集方法包括杀虫灯,引诱剂及杀虫灯与引诱剂组合使用对橘小实蝇成虫的诱捕效果。结果表明,7—9月为橘小实蝇的盛发期,其对540 nm的绿色光波有明显趋性。杀虫灯、诱捕器及其组合使用对橘小实蝇均有诱杀效果。其中,杀虫灯平均诱虫量为31头/诱捕器;甲基丁香酚实蝇诱捕剂平均诱虫量为201.67头/诱捕器,与其他引诱剂差异显著;杀虫灯与甲基丁香酚实蝇诱捕剂组合使用的平均诱虫量为509.67头/诱捕器,诱捕效果显著优于其他处理。杀虫灯与引诱剂组合使用可显著提高橘小实蝇成虫诱捕总量。     

不同诱捕器与诱芯对南瓜实蝇的诱捕效果

就不同诱捕器、不同诱芯制作方法对南瓜实蝇的诱捕效果进行了比较试验。结果表明:用自制诱捕器诱捕南瓜实蝇比厂家生产的Steiner诱捕器效果好,在巩义市和新密市2个监测点,自制诱捕器的总诱捕量分别是Steiner诱捕器总诱捕量的1.8倍和1.5倍。用棉花诱芯诱捕南瓜实蝇效果比用诱蝇酮包装瓶直接当作诱芯使用效果好,在巩义和新密两个监测点,使用棉花诱芯的诱捕器总诱捕量分别是使用诱蝇酮包装瓶诱芯的诱捕器诱捕总量的约1.7倍和2.2倍。     

First record of Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew) (Dipt., Tephritidae) in Austria

The Nearctic eastern cherry fruit fly species Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew) (Dipt., Tephritidae) has been detected several times in different European countries during the last decades. This species as well as Rhagoletis indifferens (Curran) are major pests of cultivated cherries in North America and are classified as quarantine pests in Europe. The introduction and establishment of both species could result in severe problems for Austrian cherry production due to additional infestation pressure caused by overlapping developmental cycles of American and native cherry fruit flies. A survey of both non-European cherry fruit fly species was carried out during the growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 at eleven sampling sites in the eastern part of Austria. Pherocon^® AM yellow sticky traps were installed in cherry trees and replaced at weekly or fortnightly intervals. Identification of the cherry fruit flies caught was based on morphological characteristics. Two specimens of R. cingulata were caught in 2007 in different weeks and at different locations while none were caught in 2008. R. indifferens was not detected at all. While it is possible that these specimens originate from established populations with low densities, it is more likely that the catches derived from accidental introductions.     

Biocontrol agents to manage brown rot disease on cherry

European Journal of Plant Pathology - This review focuses on biological control as a management strategy for brown rot disease on cherry. Specifically, the strain Monilina laxa as much of the...     

San José Scale in Deciduous Fruit Orchards of Some European Countries (Survey of Scale Insect Infestations in European Orchards No. IV)

Fruit tree branch and bark samples have been collected from several European countries (Czechoslovakia, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Turkey, European part of USSR) from apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry and sour cherry. Twenty-five scale insect species were found in the samples. Distribution maps of Quadra & pidiotus perniciosus on different fruit species are given. No significant changes in the distribution of this species in Central Europe can be observed in the last 30 years. Q. perniciosus is present in higher density on apple wherever it occurs, and is less frequent on pears and plums. It is frequent on peach and sometimes on cherry, but generally at low densities. It is rare on sour cherry.     

Review of carrot fly control in Northern Europe – 20091

In February 2009, the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) held a workshop to discuss the management of carrot fly (Psila rosae) within Europe. Prior to the workshop, participants completed a questionnaire about carrot fly and current control methods and some of the information is summarised in this paper. In general, this pest is controlled adequately at present, but there is a heavy reliance on insecticides. The responses to the questionnaire highlighted a number of issues, in particular: the limited range and efficacy of the insecticides available at present, concerns about the availability of effective control measures in the future and a need for improvements in the targeting of treatments through forecasting and monitoring and the use of treatment thresholds.     

Developing Drosophila suzukii management programs for sweet cherry in the western United States

BACKGROUND: The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a newly introduced pest of sweet cherry on the west coast of North America which produces about 97% of the value of the US sweet cherry crop. D. suzukii initially caused considerable economic loss to cherry growers, who were unaware of this new pest. Little control information was available at the time of initial infestation. Pest control studies were initiated to examine the materials, timings and application methods to control D. suzukii in three major cherry‐producing states (California, Oregon and Washington). RESULTS: Three classes of registered insecticides, organophosphates, pyrethroids and spinosyns, have demonstrated good topical or residual activity against D. suzukii. Neonicotinoids and the systemic organophosphate dimethoate appear to be able to kill eggs or larvae in fruit. Preliminary timing studies indicate that at least two preharvest insecticide sprays are required to obtain control of D. suzukii in California cherry orchards. Aerially applied malathion ULV (ultra‐low volume) appears to be a viable control tactic for this pest. CONCLUSION: The results presented here form the basis for developing D. suzukii management programs in the western United States. Additional studies are needed to refine management practices for the different growing regions and conventional versus organic production requirements. Cherry growers will likely need to apply broad‐spectrum insecticides in a prophylactic manner until treatment thresholds and monitoring methods have been developed and validated. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Lethal and sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on three species of Rhagoletis fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

BACKGROUND: Chlorantraniliprole formulated as a 350 g kg^?1 WG (Altacor 35WG) for management of apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), blueberry maggot R. mendax Curran and cherry fruit fly R. cingulata (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was evaluated in laboratory assays and field trials. RESULTS: A tarsal contact toxicity bioassay showed that a surface residue of 500 mg L^?1 of chlorantraniliprole caused significantly higher mortality of male and female flies of all species compared with a control. Male apple maggot and blueberry maggot mortality was significantly higher than that for females, but there was similar mortality of male and female cherry fruit flies. An ingestion toxicity bioassay showed that 500 mg L^?1 of chlorantraniliprole in diet caused significantly higher mortality of male and female flies of all species than the control, but there were no significant differences among the sexes. Delayed egglaying by females that had ingested chlorantraniliprole was found, but there were no significant sublethal effects on either the number of eggs laid or the egg hatch. Field trials with apple maggot and cherry fruit fly showed that protection of fruit by chlorantraniliprole was comparable with that of standard broad‐spectrum insecticides. CONCLUSIONS: The present data indicate that chlorantraniliprole has suppressant activity against Rhagoletis fruit flies, preventing fruit infestation primarily through direct lethal effects. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

气候变化条件下樱桃绕实蝇在中国的潜在地理分布预测

樱桃绕实蝇Rhagoletis cerasi(L.)被我国列为进境检疫性有害生物,目前在我国尚无分布报道。为明确该虫在我国的适生区及适生程度,利用CLIMEX地点比较模型预测在当前以及未来2030、2080年A1B与A2两种不同排放情景下樱桃绕实蝇在我国的潜在地理分布。结果显示,樱桃绕实蝇在我国的潜在地理分布包括长江以北的大部分地区,随着气候变化,到2030年与2080年,樱桃绕实蝇的低度适生区、中度适生区面积均增加,高度适生区面积减少,其中在2030年A1B排放情景下樱桃绕实蝇的总适生区面积增加了48.4万km~2,在2030年的A2情景下与2080年的A1B与A2情景下总适生区面积分别减少了3.4、5.7、5.7万km~2。因此,为保护我国樱桃种植业的安全生产,应加强对该虫的检疫力度,防止其传入我国。     

基于GARP的欧洲大蚊在中国的适生性分析

欧洲大蚊(Tipula paludosa)的幼虫可危害多种植物,尤其偏好禾本科植物。该虫原产于欧洲,后传入北美地区,在当地造成重大的经济损失,在中国尚未有分布的报道。搜集欧洲大蚊在欧洲的已知分布数据,利用GARP生态位模型结合ArcGIS对其在中国的潜在分布进行了预测。结果表明:欧洲大蚊在我国有较为广泛的适生区域,包括21个省、市(区)。其中,吉林、辽宁、河北、山东、河南、陕西、江苏和天津的大部分地区都适生。据此提出了针对欧洲大蚊的风险管理措施。     

Female age as a factor determining the patterns of tree canopy utilisation by the European cherry fruit fly,Rhagoletis cerasi

The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi is a univoltine, oligophagous pest of cultivated sweet cherries. The pest is closely associated with the canopy of its host tree, and its on-farm behaviour and mobility are determined by the crop structure and spatial arrangement of the farm. However, in spite of its relevance to integrated pest management, little is known about the within-canopy behaviour of R. cerasi, or the role of host and non-host canopy traits in local pest translocations. This paper reports the results of our exploratory studies, which reveal the modulating role of female age on various aspects of R. cerasi on-farm behaviour, such as diurnal and lifetime patterns of canopy utilisation and within-canopy activity, the propensity to undertake local explorative errands and the response to volatiles emanating from host and non-host canopies. The potential implications of our findings on the development of site-optimised IPM and/or pest-resilient agro-landscapes were also discussed.     

樱桃小果病毒1号胶体金免疫层析试纸的研发与应用

近年来，病毒病在甜樱桃主产区的发生呈上升趋势，制约了甜樱桃产业升级和发展。能够侵染甜樱桃的病毒种类中，樱桃小果病毒1号(little cherry virus 1,LChV-1)导致樱桃果实缩小，彻底丧失经济价值，对甜樱桃产量影响较大。LChV-1通常具有潜伏侵染的特性，在樱桃苗期难以通过症状进行判断。同时，多数品种对LChV-1敏感，因此该病毒的早期检测对甜樱桃的生产尤为重要。传统的病毒检测手段需要专业仪器，不能满足田间快速检测的需求。本研究获取了LChV-1外壳蛋白的多克隆抗体，并研发了一种能够准确检测LChV-1病毒的胶体金免疫层析试纸，确定了胶体金的最佳抗体标记浓度为0.24 mg/mL,检测线最佳重组蛋白浓度为0.25 mg/mL,质检线最佳羊抗兔IgG抗体浓度为0.04 mg/mL。运用该试纸检测只需10～15 min,检测时间短、成本低、结果容易判断，可用于田间快速检测。本研究为樱桃小果病的综合防控提供了有效的监测和检测手段。