近50a西北干旱区气候变化趋势及对荒漠化的影响

西北干旱区干旱少雨,生态环境脆弱,土地荒漠化严重。本文根据近1951-2000年的逐月平均气温和月降水量资料研究了我国西北干旱区气候变化趋势,并结合近年来西北干旱区地表径流量变化,分析其对准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地、河西走廊和柴达木盆地土地荒漠化影响。研究结果表明:(1)近50a西北干旱区气温都升高,变暖最显著的是北疆和柴达木盆地。降水量有增加趋势,其中南疆降水量增加趋势最大。北疆蒸发量有减少趋势外,其他区蒸发量都在增加,尤其南疆蒸发量增加趋势最大。(2)近50a来由于气候变暖,使蒸发量增大,塔克拉马干沙漠、河西走廊沙漠区和柴达木沙漠区的干旱危害加剧,这必然导致沙漠化的易发和其进程的加速。北疆气温升高,降水量增加,而蒸发量减少,有利于古尔班通古特沙漠区沙漠化进程的减缓。(3)气候变化和地表径流量变化有利于准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地的土地荒漠化逆转,而使河西走廊和柴达木盆地的土地荒漠化发展迅速。     

近50a西北干旱区降水量变化差异分析

利用近50a西北干旱区21个代表站点的逐月降水量资料,通过逐月降水量趋势系数和对西北干旱区降水量变化贡献最大的月份的比较,深入分析近50a西北干旱区降水量变化的差异,从而得到以下结论:(1)降水量变化具有明显的季节差异。西北干旱区春季降水量变化较为复杂;夏季除了新疆西北部降水量减少趋势外,其他地区降水量都以增加为主;秋季形成了从南到北降水量依次增加的格局;冬季在新疆东部、南部和河西走廊的降水量有减少趋势,新疆西北部和柴达木盆地降水量以增加为主。(2)对夏半年降水量增加贡献最大的月份主要在7月,在新疆东部、南部和柴达木盆地。冬半年降水量增加贡献最大的月份主要在3月,在新疆西部、南部地区、河西走廊和柴达木盆地。     

近50a西北干旱区气候变化对农业的影响

本文选取了西北干旱区21个代表站点1951-2000年逐日气温和逐日降水量资料。用趋势法和百分位阈值法分析年平均气温、年降水量、极端年最低温度、年最高温度和极端降水量变化特征及其各分区极端气候变化趋势。研究结果表明:(1)近50a西北干旱区气温呈上升趋势(0.22℃/10a),1986年后气温明显升高,柴达木盆地和北疆升温较大。近50a西北干旱区年降水量变化和趋势分布,降水变化有增加的趋势(3.2mm/10a),其中北疆降水增加最多。(2)西北干旱区近40a年极端最低温度的天数有减少趋势,平均最低温度天数的减少率为7-8天/40a。而极端年最高温度的天数略有增加趋势,平均增加率为0.5天/40a左右。年最高温度略有减少趋势,平均变率为-0.5℃/40a,年最低温度也有增加趋势,平均变率为1.0℃/40a。西北干旱区近40a极端降水的天数增加了2天/40a。(3)气候变暖对西北干旱区农业既有有利影响,又有不利影响,降水量增加,极端气候事件减少对农业有有利影响。     

近40a西北干旱区极端气候变化趋势研究

本文选取了西北干旱区21个代表站点1961-2000年逐日气温和逐日降水量资料。用百分位阈值法分析极端年最低温度、年最高温度和极端降水量变化特征及其各分区极端气候变化趋势。研究结果表明:(1)西北干旱区近40a年最低温度的天数有减少的趋势,而年最高温度的天数略有增加趋势。(2)西北干旱区年最低温度有增加趋势,年最高温度略有减少趋势。从分区看,北疆和南疆的年最低温度有升高趋势,年最高温度有下降趋势;河西走廊、柴达木盆地年最低温度和最高温度有升高趋势。(3)近40a西北干旱区极端降水的天数增加了2天。     

1961-2010年北方半干旱区极端降水时空变化

采用49个气象站点1961--2010年逐日降水量资料,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、滑动T检验和R/S等方法,分析了近50 a来北方半干旱区极端降水事件的时空变化特征.结果表明:近50 a北方半干旱区极端降水指数最大5日降水量(RX5day)、强降水量(R95p)、降水强度(SDII)、连续湿日数(CWD)、连续干旱日数(CDD)、大雨日数(R20)和年总降水量(PRCPTOT)都表现出减少趋势.其中,RX5day和R95p减少趋势通过了0.1以上的显著性水平检验.Hurst指数分析表明,研究区各极端降水指数未来都呈现出减少趋势,其中CWD表现得尤为明显.近50 a来北方半干旱区CDD在1985年和1995年发生突变,而其他极端降水指数在1999-2000年出现了减少的突变.研究区各极端降水指数多年平均值的空间分布格局较为一致,除CDD外其他极端降水指数基本呈现出从西北向东南逐渐减少的趋势.各极端降水指数变化趋势在空间上表现出一定的区域差异性,研究区极端降水指数在东部地区以减少趋势为主,而中部局部地区表现出增加趋势.近50 a来北方半干旱区各极端降水指数(除CDD外)与年总降水量呈极显著正相关关系,极端降水指数对年降水量具有很好的指示作用.     

西北干旱区大气水分循环要素变化研究进展

西北干旱区是对全球气候变化响应最敏感的地区之一。全球变暖加剧水循环,引起大气水分循环要素发生明显变化。借助最新资料对过去50 a西北干旱区大气水分循环要素变化特征和相关科学问题进行了梳理总结,其主要结论:(1)西北干旱区水汽和降水量有一致性变化趋势,在20世纪80年代中后期突变型增多,21世纪初有微弱的减小态势。受季风强度减弱的影响,西北东部地区水汽和降水量减小明显。(2)降水量增加站点占到95.9%,形成了天山、祁连山等增湿中心,具有明显的增湿海拔依赖性特征。(3)实际蒸散发量呈微弱的减小趋势,天山山区明显减少,而祁连山地区明显增加。(4)干旱区西部夏季降水以西风带水汽输送为主,但大尺度大降水过程发生时,低纬水汽输送尤为重要。全球气候变暖在影响着大气水分循环要素明显变化的同时,也加剧了干旱区水循环过程和水资源的不确定性。     

西北地区降水特征及变化规律分析

根据我国西北地区降水气候特征研究状况,利用较具代表性的我国西北地区北亚热带、温带驻防的25个空军机场气象台站1970~2000年历年逐时降水资料,从降水量、降水强度、降水时间、降水频率等方面,以气候区划区为区域分析单位,分析了西北地区的降水变化规律和特征。结果表明:西北地区北亚热带、温带年际降水量有从东南和西北两侧向中部明显减少的分布格局。30 a间中温带干旱区东部及其以东地区的降水量呈下降趋势,以西则基本呈上升趋势。降水强度基本表现为上升趋势,强度呈东南大、西北小分布,且以北亚热带湿润区和南温带干旱区南疆区上升速率表现最大。降水时间呈现减少趋势,其分布特点与降水量分布基本上一致,由东南和西北两侧向中间明显减少。近30 a来降水量东降西升,降水小时数、降水频率呈下降趋势,但小时雨强和中雨以上强度降水比重一直呈上升趋势,降水以短时、量大为特征出现的机率在增加,降水的有效利用难度在加剧,这种特征东部比西部要明显得多。青藏高原东侧降水量和降水小时数都处于下降趋势,雨强呈上升趋势,该地区干旱趋势在加剧。但在高原东北侧、北侧这种趋势表现相对要弱一些。     

青海高原东部边坡地带降水变化特征及突变分析

利用青海高原东部边坡地带9个地面气象站1961-2000年的降水资料,分析了区域内近40a来降水变化的时空分布特征、变化趋势及突变,结果表明近40a来,区域内东南部和西北部降水存在相反的相位变化,在降水趋势上存在西北部略增加,东南部明显减少的现象;夏季和冬季区域内大部分地方的降水量是增加的,春季和秋季表现为明显的减少趋势;秋季降水在70年代末到80年代初发生突变,80年代后秋季降水量表现为明显的减少趋势,年降水量减少的主要原因是秋季降水量的减少。     

1961-2017年青藏高原东北部雨季降水量变化及其贡献度分析

利用53个气象观测站1961—2017年5—9月逐日降水资料,分析了青藏高原东北部雨季降水量的变化特征,以及不同等级降水变化在降水量增量中的相对贡献。结果表明:1961—2017年青藏高原东北部干旱区雨季降水量呈增加趋势,半干旱区和半湿润区降水量的极端性增强。大部分地区的降水强度普遍增加。进一步分析可知,青藏高原东北部雨季降水量变化主要由降水强度的变化引起,同时中雨等级降水增加贡献大于其他等级降水。半湿润区和半干旱区东部降水极端化趋势明显增强。该结果有助于进一步理解和认识青藏高原东北部生态环境变化的气候效应。     

西北半干旱区主要农作物对气候暖干化的响应

应用西北半干旱区33个气象站1951-2004年温度、降水等气象观测资料、气象灾害统计资料和不同海拔高度代表点主要作物生长发育观测资料,分析西北半干旱区主要气候要素变化规律,主要农作物对气候暖干化的响应。结果表明:西北半干旱区降水量近55a来年际变化趋势除个别地方外,绝大多数地区呈下降趋势,气温距平呈上升趋势。由于气候变暖,冬小麦越冬死亡率有所下降,冬小麦越冬天数有所减少,整个生育期缩短。生态气候环境变化比较有利于冬小麦生长。同时由于冬季气温升高也带来了冬小麦小穗发育不良,不孕小穗增多等不良影响。冬季气温升高对冬小麦生长发育产生了较大影响。气候暖干化使玉米各发育期日期提前,全生育期生长天数缩短。春秋季气温增高有利于马铃薯生长发育及产量形成。     

Effects of grazing intensity on seed production of Caragana stenophylla along a climatic aridity gradient in the Inner Mongolia Steppe,China

As the increases of climatic aridity and grazing intensity,shrubs play an increasingly important role in grassland ecosystem in arid and semi-arid regions,and its abundance also generally increases.However,the effects of climatic aridity and grazing intensity on sexual reproduction of shrubs in grassland remain largely unclear.In order to understand the effects of grazing intensity and climatic drought stress,and their interaction on seed production of shrub species,we examined the seed number,seed weight and seed yield of Caragana stenophylla under three grazing intensities(fenced,mild grazing and severe grazing) across a climatic aridity gradient(semi-arid,arid,very arid and intensively arid zones) in the Inner Mongolia Steppe,northern China during 2012–2013.The seed number,seed weight and seed yield gradually increased from the semi-arid to the very arid zones,but decreased from the very arid to the intensively arid zones in fenced plots.The seed number and seed yield decreased from the semi-arid to the intensively arid zones in mild and severe grazing treatment plots,therefore,grazing enhanced the suppression effect of climatic aridity on seed production of C.stenophylla.The seed number and seed yield gradually decreased as grazing intensity increased.The seed weight was highest in severe grazing plots,followed by the mild grazing plots and then the fenced plots.Precipitation varied interannually during the study period.We observed that the seed number,seed weight and seed yield were lower in the low precipitation year(2013) than in the high precipitation year(2012).As climatic drought stress increased,the negative effects of grazing on seed production of C.stenophylla also gradually increased.Our results indicated that climatic drought stress may contribute to the encroachment of C.stenophylla shrub in arid zones by promoting its seed production.However,grazing had negative effects on sexual reproduction of C.stenophylla,and the combined effects of drought stress and grazing seriously suppressed sexual reproduction of C.stenophylla in the intensively arid zone.     

气候暖干化背景下黄土高原旱涝时空演变特征

选取58个国家气象基准站1960-2010年逐年降水资料,采用Kriging插值、Mann-Kendall检测及Morlet小波分析等方法,对该区降水及旱涝时空特征进行分析。结果表明：黄土高原暖干化趋势明显,气温、降水突变年份分别在1995年、1990年左右。旱涝等级呈上升趋势,尤以半湿润区最为明显。干旱区发生旱、涝频率最高,涝情略微严重,但干旱更易发生,大旱频次高值中心分散分布,洪涝发生频率西部低、中部高。该区旱涝情势存在多尺度的周期变化,25~30 a的振荡最强,推测涝期即将结束,旱期将要开始。研究成果可为黄土高原旱涝灾害防御提供参考。     

Effects of irrigation on precipitation in the arid regions of Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is an important parameter for the interaction between soil and atmosphere.It is the second important factor that influences climate change,next to sea surface temperature(SST).Most previous studies focused on the monsoon regions in East China,and only a few laid emphases on arid environments.In Xinjiang, which is located in Northwest China,the climate is typically arid and semi-arid.During the past 20 years,the precipitation in Xinjiang has shown a significant increasing trend,and it is closely related to oasis irrigation.This paper aims at discussing whether abnormal soil moisture in spring can be the signal to forecast summer precipitation.The effects of abnormal soil moisture due to farm irrigation in spring in arid environments on regional climate are investigated by using a regional climate model(RegCM3).The results indicate that positive soil moisture anomaly in irrigated cropland surface in May led to an increase in precipitation in spring as well as across the whole summer. The impact could last for about four months.The effects of soil moisture on the surface air temperature showed a time-lagging trend.The summer air temperature declined by a maximum amplitude of 0.8oC.The increased soil moisture could enhance evaporation and ascending motion in the low troposphere,which brought in more precipitation.The soil moisture affected regional weather and climate mainly by altering the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.     

基于Holdridge分类系统的东北地区主要树种的水热分布类群

根据东北地区树种分布资料和233个气象站资料,利用Holdridge生命地带分类系统计算了东北地区50种主要树种的Holdridge生命地带分类系统的年生物温度(BT)、可能蒸散(APE)、年降水量(PREC)和可能蒸散率(PER)。构建了Holdridge指标与树种分布的纬度、经度和海拔高度的回归模型,定量的分析了东北地区树种分布的气候规律。综合年生物温度(BT)和可能蒸散率(PER)两个气候指标将50种主要树种划分为8个水热指标类群,分别为寒温耐旱型、寒温湿润型,寒温潮湿型,中温耐旱型,中温湿润型,中温潮湿型,暖温耐旱型和暖温湿润型。     

西北地区秋季干旱指数的变化特征

利用甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆4省(区)的137个气象站30年的降水、蒸发资料,确定适合西北地区的干旱指数计算方法,分析中国西北地区秋季降水、蒸发、干旱指数的空间分布、时间演变等特征.结果表明:西北地区秋季平均自然降水从东南到西北依次减少,在甘肃西部、青海西北部、新疆南部有一条东西向的少雨带,是干旱最严重的地方.新疆南部、甘肃西部、青海西部重旱频率最高,平均2年一遇;新疆北部、甘肃南部、青海南部、中旱频率为30%左右,平均3年一遇,轻旱频率30%左右,平均3年一遇.表明西北地区的干旱有明显的地域特征,即新疆中南部、甘肃西部、青海西部为干旱区,新疆北部、甘肃中东部、青海东部和南部为半干旱区.     

Influence of non-stationarity and auto-correlation of climatic records on spatio-temporal trend and seasonality analysis in a region with prevailing arid and semi-arid climate,Iran

Trend and stationarity analysis of climatic variables are essential for understanding climate variability and provide useful information about the vulnerability and future changes, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, various climatic zones of Iran were investigated to assess the relationship between the trend and the stationarity of the climatic variables. The Mann-Kendall test was considered to identify the trend, while the trend free pre-whitening approach was applied for eliminating serial correlation from the time-series. Meanwhile, time series stationarity was tested by Dickey-Fuller and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin tests. The results indicated an increasing trend for mean air temperature series at most of the stations over various climatic zones, however, after eliminating the serial correlation factor, this increasing trend changes to an insignificant decreasing trend at a 95% confidence level. The seasonal mean air temperature trend suggested a significant increase in the majority of the stations. The mean air temperature increased more in northwest towards central parts of Iran that mostly located in arid and semi-arid climatic zones. Precipitation trend reveals an insignificant downward trend in most of the series over various climatic zones; furthermore, most of the stations follow a decreasing trend for seasonal precipitation. Furthermore, spatial patterns of trend and seasonality of precipitation and mean air temperature showed that the northwest parts of Iran and margin areas of the Caspian Sea are more vulnerable to the changing climate with respect to the precipitation shortfalls and warming. Stationarity analysis indicated that the stationarity of climatic series influences on their trend; so that, the series which have significant trends are not static. The findings of this investigation can help planners and policy-makers in various fields related to climatic issues, implementing better management and planning strategies to adapt to climate change and variability over Iran.     

Change features of time-series climate variables from 1962 to 2016 in Inner Mongolia,China

Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.     

Meteorological impacts on evapotranspiration in different climatic zones of Pakistan

Arid regions are highly vulnerable and sensitive to drought. The crops cultivated in arid zones are at high risk due to the high evapotranspiration and water demands. This study analyzed the changes in seasonal and annual evapotranspiration(ET) during 1951–2016 at 50 meteorological stations located in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones of Pakistan using the Penman Monteith(PM) method. The results show that ET is highly sensitive and positively correlated to temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed whereas vapor pressure is negatively correlated to ET. The study also identifies the relationship of ET with the meteorological parameters in different climatic zones of Pakistan. The significant trend analysis of precipitation and temperature(maximum and minimum) are conducted at 95% confidence level to determine the behaviors of these parameters in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones. The mean annual precipitation and annual mean maximum temperature significantly increased by 0.828 mm/a and 0.014℃/a in the arid and extremely arid zones, respectively. The annual mean minimum temperature increased by 0.017℃/a in the extremely arid zone and 0.019℃/a in the arid zone, whereas a significant decrease of 0.007℃/a was observed in the semi-arid zone. This study provides probabilistic future scenarios that would be helpful for policy-makers, agriculturists to plan effective irrigation measures towards the sustainable development in Pakistan.