美国大豆中链格孢的分离鉴定研究

本文通过对美国进境大豆病害分离,共得到36个菌株,并对其中5株链格孢菌进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定(其中2株),确认了它们分别是细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima(Kunze)Wiltshire)、樱桃链格孢(Alternaria cerasiPotebnia)、苘麻链格孢(Alternaria abutilonis(Speg.)Schwarze)、百日菊链格孢(Al-ternaria zinniaeH.Pape)、落葵链格孢(Alternaria basellaeT.Y.Zhang)。本研究证实了美国大豆中链格孢菌的多样性,不仅充实了正在构建的大豆病害数据库和菌种资源库,也可为港口的植物检疫工作提供借鉴。     

甜瓜种子携带的链格孢菌种类鉴定及其致病性研究

 采用洗涤检验法和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基法,从甜瓜种子上分离得到14个链格孢菌分离物。通过菌落形态、产孢表型、分生孢子以及分生孢子梗等形态学观察,结合分析ITS-rDNA和histone 3基因序列,对链格孢菌分离物的种类进行鉴定;甜瓜种子携带的链格孢菌种类分别为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)、交链格孢(A. alternata)和倒果链格孢(A. obovoidea)。还研究了这些链格孢菌分离物对甜瓜离体叶片的致病性及其对种子发芽的影响;结果表明,除A. obovoidea外,另外两种链格孢菌均对甜瓜离体叶片具有致病性;A. tenuissima和A. alternata的孢子悬浮液对甜瓜种子发芽均有一定的抑制作用。这是国内首次围绕甜瓜种子传带链格孢菌的种类及其致病性开展详细的研究。     

甜瓜种子携带的链格孢菌种类鉴定及其致病性研究

 采用洗涤检验法和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基法,从甜瓜种子上分离得到14个链格孢菌分离物。通过菌落形态、产孢表型、分生孢子以及分生孢子梗等形态学观察,结合分析ITS-rDNA和histone 3基因序列,对链格孢菌分离物的种类进行鉴定;甜瓜种子携带的链格孢菌种类分别为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)、交链格孢(A. alternata)和倒果链格孢(A. obovoidea)。还研究了这些链格孢菌分离物对甜瓜离体叶片的致病性及其对种子发芽的影响;结果表明,除A. obovoidea外,另外两种链格孢菌均对甜瓜离体叶片具有致病性;A. tenuissima和A. alternata的孢子悬浮液对甜瓜种子发芽均有一定的抑制作用。这是国内首次围绕甜瓜种子传带链格孢菌的种类及其致病性开展详细的研究。     

北京市生菜链格孢根腐病病原菌鉴定

为明确北京市生菜链格孢根腐病的病原菌种类,采用常规组织分离法分离获得病原菌,依据柯赫氏法则对病原菌进行致病力检测,并利用分子生物学技术结合形态学鉴定确定病原菌分类地位。结果显示,从生菜病样组织中分离到2种病原菌共18株,形态学鉴定结果为芸薹链格孢Alternaria brassicae和万寿菊链格孢A. tagetica,分离比例分别为55.6%和44.4%,且二者均能单独侵染生菜根部,前者致病力较后者强,亦能复合侵染。对致病菌株进行GAPDH基因的PCR扩增和测序,并建立了基于GAPDH基因序列的系统发育树,聚类分析结果与形态学鉴定结果一致,因此证实北京市生菜链格孢根腐病是由芸薹链格孢和万寿菊链格孢复合侵染所致。     

河南省小麦黑胚病菌的分离鉴定及致病性测定

 为明确我国小麦主产区河南省小麦黑胚病菌的主要类群,为该病的防治工作提供理论依据,对河南省不同地区种植的50个小麦品种(系)的黑胚籽粒进行了分离鉴定和致病型测定。鉴定结果表明：河南省小麦黑胚籽粒病原分离物包括链格孢(Alternaria alternate)、麦根腐蠕孢（Bipolaris sorokiniana）、细极链格孢(A. tenuissima)和小麦链格孢（A. triticina）,平均分离频率分别为63.0%、18.0%、12.2%和6.8%,不同品种小麦黑胚籽粒各种病原菌分离频率有一定差异。扬花后10 d利用孢子悬浮液接种进行分离物的致病性测定,结果表明链格孢(A.alternate)和麦根腐蠕孢（B. sorokiniana）致病力较强。结合分离频率和致病性测定结果,确定链格孢(A. alternate)是河南省小麦黑胚病的优势病原菌。     

引起葡萄叶斑病的链格孢种类的初步鉴定

为明确北京市大兴区、顺义区和山西省襄汾县葡萄树上叶斑病的病原菌,利用组织分离法对病样进行分离纯化,采用多基因系统发育学分析(ITS,Alt a 1和gpd)和形态学对纯化后菌株进行鉴定,并结合柯赫氏法则对其进行验证。结果表明,共获得37株链格孢属真菌菌株,分属链格孢Alternaria alternata、葡萄链格孢A. viniferae和乔木链格孢A. arborescens,柯赫氏法则检测结果显示接种菌株对所接叶片与果穗均具致病性,说明这3种链格孢种均为葡萄叶斑病的病原菌;葡萄链格孢为主要的病原菌,有28株,故将该类病害命名为葡萄链格孢叶斑病;此外,该类菌株在2～40℃之间均能生长,25℃为最适生长温度。     

甘肃省药用植物上链格孢属（Alternaria）的种类及分布（Ⅱ）

对2004年以来甘肃省百合科、苋科、木犀科、大戟科、桔梗科药用植物链格孢属引起的病害进行了鉴定,结果如下:芍药叶斑病病原为细链格孢[Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.)Keissler],青葙叶斑病病原为青葙链格孢[A.ce-losiae (Tassi)O.Sǎvul],连翘灰斑病病原为A.forsythiae Harter,引起连翘灰斑病、甘遂褐斑病病原为甘遂链格孢(A.kansuiae T.Y.Zhang&.Z.Zhang),沙参黑斑病的病原为茄链格孢[A.solani(Ellis et Martin)Sorauer].     

小麦叶疫病的诊断和病原菌鉴定

小麦叶疫病是由小麦链格孢侵染引起的一种危险性病害。该病典型症状与其他常见小麦叶斑病有明显不同,但发病后期不易区分。本文介绍了该病诊断方法、病原菌鉴定方法及其鉴定标准,说明了该菌与小麦生链格孢以及常见腐生菌细链格孢的形态区别。     

三叶木通叶斑病病原菌鉴定

叶斑病是三叶木通生长过程中一种严重的病害.为明确引起叶斑病的病原,从三叶木通人工栽培基地叶斑病样本上分离病原菌,对病原菌进行致病性测定、显微形态与分子鉴定.结果表明,三叶木通叶斑病病原菌为链格孢属细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima).     

河北和山东鸭梨果实上链格孢菌鉴定

为了查清造成鸭梨果实储藏期黑斑病的链格孢Alternaria的种类,从其产孢表型、分生孢子特征和分子生物学等方面对分离的链格孢菌进行了研究.经对分离到的188支Alternaria菌株的形态学鉴定,共确定了3个种,即链格孢Alternaria alternata、细极链格孢A.tenuissima和侵染链格孢A.infectoria,比例分别为41.0%、54.8%和1.6%.分子生物学研究结果表明,Altemaria大孢子种彼此间及大孢子种与小孢子种之间可以根据ITS和gpd序列差异明确区分;而供试的多数小孢子种在ITS和gpd序列上差异很小,无法区分.     

The seed-borne fungi of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis), their pathogenicity and control

The pathogenicity and control of seed-borne fungi of Chinese cabbage ( Brassica pekinensis ) were studied to evaluate the quality of imported seed lots on the Finnish market and to develop practical methods for seed health testing. Amongst the numerous fungal species in the seed lots, nine were found to be pathogenic on B. pekinensis seedlings, Alternaria raphani and A. brassicicola being the most common and the most pathogenic. A. brassicicola was effectively controlled by dressing seed with thiram or powdered Streptomyces griseoviridis . unlike A. raphani which was mostly located in the inner parts of the seed. Water agar was successfully used as an incubation medium for seed health testing. Surface sterilization of the seeds with sodium hypochlorite was used to determine the internal infection of A. raphani . A linear relationship between the incidence of A. brassicicola and A. raphani was demonstrated. Ten per cent of the seed lots were excluded from seedling production because of high infection with A. raphani .     

The incidence of Alternaria spp. and Leptosphaeria maculans in commercial brassica seed in the United Kingdom

Tests on samples of oilseed rape seed ( Brassica napus ) sown in the UK between 1981 and 1984 indicated that on average 25% of samples were infected with Alternaria brassicae and 61% with Leptosphaeria maculans , with maximum incidences of infection of 19 and 4.2% respectively. Much infection by Alternaria spp. occurred on vegetable and forage brassica seed produced in the UK between 1979 and 1983. In B. oleracea types A. brassicicola occurred most frequently, affecting 88% of samples and up to 55% of seeds. A. brassicae was detected in 44% of B. oleracea samples and in up to 13% of seeds. Little Alternaria infection occurred in swede or forage rape samples (B. napus ), but A. brassicae affected up to 8–5% of seeds in turnip samples ( B. campestris ). L. maculans occurred in 44% of samples of vegetable and forage brassica seed produced in the UK, with a maximum of 4–6% infected seeds. A. brassicicola was present in 73% of samples of imported B. oleracea seed, affecting up to 25.5% of seeds. A. brassicae was absent from these samples and little L. maculans was detected. Pathogenicity tests on isolates of L. maculans from infected seeds indicated that virulent pathotypes were present in 16 rape seed samples but in only one sample (swede) of vegetable or forage brassica seed. The high incidence of seed infection by these pathogens emphasizes the importance of applying fungicide treatments to all types of brassica seed.     

Treatments to control Phoma and Alternaria infections of brassica seeds

The screening of chemicals using agar plate tests for activity against cultures of Phoma lingam, Alternaria brassicicola and A. brassicae is described. Most fungicides which were inhibitory to growth at 20 μg/ml or less showed eradicant activity when used as seed treatments. Selected on this basis, thiabendazole, applied as a slurry at 2–5 g a.i./kg seed, showed excellent eradicant activity against seed-borne Phoma but not Alternaria when tested under laboratory, glasshouse and field conditions. Triarimol, tridemorph and azepine-A2151, nuarimol, fenarimol and imaza-lil although effective in agar plate tests against Alternaria and Phoma were phytotoxic when applied to seeds at rates sufficient to eliminate these fungi, Iprodione and fenpropimorph inhi bited the growth of the fungi at concentrations of 0.625 to 4 μg/ml and subsequent treatment of infected seeds at 1.25–2.5 g a.i. fungicide/kg seed with these fungicides proved effective against all three pathogens. Neither chemical adversely affected germination or emergence.     

The occurrence of Altemaria brassicicola, Altemaria brassicae and Leptosphaeria maculans in brassica seed crops in south-east England between 1976 and 1980

Surveys of brassica seed crops in Essex and Suffolk showed that Alternaria spp. occurred in many crops of Brassica oleracea in the years 1977–1980 affecting up to 100% of pods in each year. A. brassicicola was the only species present in 1976 and was the domioant pathogen in succeeding years but A. brassicae increased in frequency from 1977, causing 24% of the pod infections on B. oleracea in 1980. The latter fungus was the dominant species in crops of oilseed rape ( B. napus ), the mean incidence of infected pods increasing from 0.5% in 1977 to 2.9% in 1980. Leptosphaeria maculans was not found in horticultural brassica seed crops in 1976 but occurred abundantly in these crops and in oilseed rape crops in each of the following years.     

In vivo testing of antagonistic fungi against Alternaria brassicicola causing Chinese kale black spot disease

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Chinese kale black spot disease is caused by the fungus Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.), which is one of the most significant destructive pathogens that...     

In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts against various plant pathogens

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - A mixture of the isolates of Fusarium graminearum, Alternaria brassicicola, Verticillium dahliae, and Pythium ultimum was examined to determine...     

十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌的PCR鉴定

 在对十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌(Alternaria sp.)3个种及相近种的5.8SrDNA和其侧翼ITS区进行测序的基础上,分别设计合成了鉴定白菜黑斑病菌3个种的特异性引物。PCR扩增结果表明:Abre1和Abre2引物对能特异性扩增芸苔链格孢(A.brassicae)371bp的片段,Abra1和Abra2引物对能特异性扩增甘蓝链格孢(A.brassicicola)457bp的片段,Ajap1和Ajap2引物对能特异性扩增萝卜链格孢(A.japonica)411bp的片段,而且其它近源种未扩增出目标片段,说明这3个引物对可以作为十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌3个种快速检测鉴定的分子特征标记。     

In vitro antifungal activity of brassinin, camalexin and two isothiocyanates against the crucifer pathogens Alternaria brassicicola and Alternaria brassicae

In vitro assays investigated the responses of Alternaria brassicicola and A. brassicae isolates towards two crucifer phytoalexins and two isothiocyanates (ITC) by evaluating their potential toxic effects on different fungal growth parameters. Although variable responses towards each compound was observed within the species A. brassicicola , the results obtained confirmed the antifungal effects of camalexin, brassinin, allyl- (AlITC) and benzyl- (BzITC) isothiocyanates, at different developmental stages of both Alternaria species. Irrespective of the tested isolate, the phytoalexin camalexin exhibited the greater inhibitory effect with mean EC₅₀ values ranging from 34  µ m (germ-tube elongation) to 183  µ m (mycelial growth). Germ-tube elongation was more sensitive compared to conidial germination and mycelial growth, with mean EC₅₀ values of the former of 81  µ m , 520  µ m and 870  µ m for brassinin, BzITC and AlITC, respectively.     

Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola on Dutch white cabbage by bacterial antagonists at cold-store temperatures

Bacterial antagonists against Botrytis cinerea were isolated from different Brassica spp. and identified. All isolates showing in vitro antagonism at 4°C were shown to be either fluorescent pseudomonads or Serratia spp. In vitro antagonism against B. cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola was found to depend on the temperature and concentration of nutrients in the medium.
Bacterial strains which showed in vitro antagonism were tested for in vivo antagonism at 4°C against B. cinerea and A. brassicicola using a leaf disc bioassay. Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates CL42, CL66, CL82 and Serratia plymuthica strain CL43 showed inhibition of Botrytis growth on leaf discs; P. fluorescens isolate CL74 and all Serratia liquefaciens isolates exhibited intermediate control. All other fluorescent pseudomonad isolates showed poor control or caused rotting of the cabbage tissue.