风洞环境下喷头及助剂对植保无人飞机喷雾飘移性的影响

为探究和减少植保无人飞机喷雾施药过程中的雾滴飘移,采用由单个旋翼与喷头组成的喷雾单元,在可控风洞环境条件下进行了模拟飞行喷雾试验,控制风洞条件为风速5 m/s、喷雾压力0.3 MPa及旋翼转速2300 r/min不变,对比研究了11种喷头、4种代表性助剂以及不同温度/相对湿度条件对雾滴飘移的影响,采用飘移潜在指数(DIX)及相对减飘率(DPRP)两项指标进行对比评估。结果表明:在温度/相对湿度为20℃/RH 80%条件下,不同类型喷头喷雾药液在空中垂直面和水平距离上的飘移沉积量分布均呈现显著的规律性变化趋势,与对照喷头F110-03相比,喷头飘移潜在性从大到小依次为:TR80-0067>ST110-0067>XR110-01>ST110-015>TR80-01>ST110-02>XR110-03>对照F110-03>IDK系列,其中IDK120-01与IDK120-015喷头的减飘移效果相近并为最好;在30℃/RH 40%条件下,采用XR110-01喷头,分别添加助剂0.5%Silwet DRS-60、1.0%"迈飞"(MF)和1.0%Y-20079后,与不添加助剂的对照相比,平均减飘率分别为43.3%、15.6%和5.2%,表明不同助剂对飘移的影响不同,需考虑助剂类型及其减飘效果合理选用;在20℃/RH 40%、20℃/RH 80%、30℃/RH 40%和30℃/RH 60%条件下,XR110-01喷头与添加1.0%MF助剂组合有利于空中飘移的减少,尤其是高温/低湿条件下,添加助剂的减飘移效果较好。该研究结果可为植保无人飞机的喷头选择、喷雾助剂筛选和实际应用提供参考和指导,并为进一步研究喷头及助剂的减飘技术提供数据基础。     

Application of a new wind driving force model in soil wind erosion area of northern China

The shear stress generated by the wind on the land surface is the driving force that results in the wind erosion of the soil. It is an independent factor influencing soil wind erosion. The factors related to wind erosivity, known as submodels, mainly include the weather factor(WF) in revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ), the erosion submodel(ES) in wind erosion prediction system(WEPS), as well as the drift potential(DP) in wind energy environmental assessment. However, the essential factors of WF and ES contain wind, soil characteristics and surface coverings, which therefore results in the interdependence between WF or ES and other factors(e.g., soil erodible factor) in soil erosion models. Considering that DP is a relative indicator of the wind energy environment and does not have the value of expressing wind to induce shear stress on the surface. Therefore, a new factor is needed to express accurately wind erosivity. Based on the theoretical basis that the soil loss by wind erosion(Q) is proportional to the shear stress of the wind on the soil surface, a new model of wind driving force(WDF) was established, which expresses the potential capacity of wind to drive soil mass in per unit area and a period of time. Through the calculations in the typical area, the WDF, WF and DP are compared and analyzed from the theoretical basis, construction goal, problem-solving ability and typical area application; the spatial distribution of soil wind erosion intensity was concurrently compared with the spatial distributions of the WDF, WF and DP values in the typical area. The results indicate that the WDF is better to reflect the potential capacity of wind erosivity than WF and DP, and that the WDF model is a good model with universal applicability and can be logically incorporated into the soil wind erosion models.     

Morphological characteristics and dynamic changes of seif dunes in the eastern margin of the Kumtagh Desert,China

The seif dune field over the gravel desert surface in the eastern margin of the Kumtagh Desert is a valuable experimental site for the observation of dune formation and dynamics. We used high-resolution remote sensing and station observation approaches, combined with wind and grain size data, to study the characteristics of the aeolian environment and the morphologies of and dynamic changes in seif dunes. We observed the ratio of the resultant drift potential (RDP) to the drift potential (DP), which was 0.37, associated with an obtuse bimodal wind regime. The drift potentials in the west-northwest (WNW) and east-northeast (ENE) directions were dominant, and the angle between the two primary DP directions was 135.00°. The dune orientations ranged from 168.75°-213.75°, which were parallel to the resultant drift direction (186.15°). The dune lengths ranged from 51.68 to 1932.11 m with a mean value of 344.91 m. The spacings of the dunes ranged from 32.34 to 319.77 m with a mean value of 93.39 m. The mean grain size of the sediments became finer, and the sorting became better from upwind tail to downwind tip, which indicated that the sediment of the seif dunes in the study region may be transported from northward to southward. The rate of increase in the length, the mean longitudinal migration rate of the dune tail, and the mean longitudinal extension rate of the dune tip (also called elongation rate) were 4.93, 4.63, and 9.55 m/a, respectively. The mean lateral migration vector of the seif dunes was approximately 0.11 m/a towards the west (-0.11 m/a), while the mean amplitude of lateral migration was 0.53 m/a, ignoring the direction of lateral migration. We found that the seif dune field formed first beside seasonal rivers, which can provide sediment, and then expanded downwind.     

沙漠地区风沙活动特征——以中国科学院风沙观测场为例

运用中国科学院风沙科学观测场的实测资料,对腾格里沙漠风沙环境特征进行初步分析,内容包括起沙风、风沙活动强度、风沙流结构和沙漠边界层的风速廓线.该地区的起沙风以6～8 m/s为主,占总起沙风的71.63%,其次为8～10 m/s,占19.24%,两者之和占90.87%;大风日数为4天;风向以W-N组风向为主;占全年的53.14%.年输沙势为36.56VU,风能属于低风能环境,单一主风向和单风态风环境.风沙流主要集中在地表的0.1 m,占总输沙量的95.46%.观测场近地层厚度大于50 m.     

Wind regime for long-ridge yardangs in the Qaidam Basin,Northwest China

Yardangs are typical aeolian erosion landforms, which are attracting more and more attention of geomorphologists and geologists for their various morphology and enigmatic formation mechanisms. In order to clarify the aeolian environments that influence the development of long-ridge yardangs in the northwestern Qaidam Basin of China, the present research investigated the winds by installing wind observation tower in the field. We found that the sand-driving winds mainly blow from the north-northwest, northwest and north, and occur the most frequent in summer, because the high temperature increases atmospheric instability and leads to downward momentum transfer and active local convection during these months. The annual drift potential and the ratio of resultant drift potential indicate that the study area pertains to a high-energy wind environment and a narrow unimodal wind regime. The wind energy decreases from northwest to southeast in the Qaidam Basin, with the northerly winds in the northwestern basin changing to more westerly in the southeastern basin. The strong and unidirectional wind regime for the long-ridge yardangs in the northwestern Qaidam Basin results from the combined effects of topographic obstacles such as the Altun Mountains and of the interaction between the air stream and the yardang bodies. Present study suggests that yardang evolution needs such strong and unidirectional winds in high- or intermediate-energy wind environments. This differs from sandy deserts or sandy lands, which usually develop at low- or intermediate-energy wind environments. Present study clarifies the wind regime corresponding to the long-ridge yardangs' development, and lays firm foundation to put forward the formation mechanisms for yardangs in the Qaidam Basin.     

古尔班通古特沙漠腹地输沙风能及地貌学意义

根据古尔班通古特沙漠腹地2个气象台站2003-2006年气象资料,分析起沙风况和输沙势,并对其地貌学意义进行探讨。结果表明：沙漠中部全年起沙风出现频率为0.25%,以东北风和西北风为主;南部起沙风出现频率为0.11%,以西北风和西南风为主。沙漠中部和南部均属于低风能环境,中部地区的总输沙势（DP）为66.7VU,合成输...     

沙漠-黄土过渡带风水复合侵蚀营力特征——以靖边县为例

以北京师范大学陕西省靖边县榆林风沙科学野外实验站自动气象站2007-2009年的降雨、风速和风向数据为基础,分析沙漠-黄土过渡带风水复合侵蚀营力的特征。结果表明：① 研究区年内降雨量≥12 mm的降雨事件主要分布在5-9月,月平均降雨侵蚀力8月最大,为318.24 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a),年平均降雨侵蚀力为510.08 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a);② 该区西北风占主导地位,东南风次之,累计频率分别为43.8%和16.21%;起沙风主要集中在3-6月,其频率分别为19.34%、12.34%、20.5%、12.39%;③ 研究区年平均输沙势（DP）、合成输沙势（RDP）分别为228.76 VU、41.73 VU,合成输沙方向（RDD）为141.17°,方向变率指数（RDP/DP）为0.2,起沙风变率较大,属于中等风能环境,沙物质向东南偏南方向输移。     

Field experiments to assess approaches for spray drift incident investigation

BACKGROUND: Spray trials were conducted to determine the variation in primary spray drift deposition between trials under very similar conditions, in order to assess the feasibility of developing a computational tool to aid post‐event investigations of pesticide spray incidents. Pesticide deposition was examined by analysis of filter paper and vegetation samples. RESULTS: Considerable variation in the drift profile was found. The overall estimate of the spray drift decay term was ?1.13 (95% confidence interval ?1.02 to ?1.24), with statistically significant differences between plots. Variation in the drift profile between neighbouring essentially identical plots indicates the variation in deposition that might be expected over small distances. Vegetation samples were found to have considerably lower capture efficiency than filter papers. Importantly, degradation of pesticides was found to have little effect on the pesticide drift profile over a 14 day period. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of spatial variation in spray drift deposits between runs and plots observed in this study suggest serious limitations to the inferences that may be drawn from limited numbers of post‐incident samples. In particular, they would limit inferences about the spray conditions that could be drawn from an estimate of the drift profile derived from limited post‐incident samples. © Crown copyright 2009. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John W iley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wind regimes and associated sand dune types in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Wind controls the formation and development of sand dunes. Therefore, understanding the wind regimes is necessary in sand dune research. In this study, we combined the wind data from 2017 to 2019 at four meteorological stations (Cherigele and Wuertabulage stations in the lake basins, and Yikeri and Sumujilin stations on the top of sand dunes) in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert in China, with high resolution Google Earth images to analyze the correlation between the wind energy environments and dune morphology. The results of data analysis indicated that both the wind direction and sand drift intensity exhibited notable spatial and temporal variations. The highest level of wind activity was observed in spring. Northwesterly and northeasterly winds were the dominant in the Badain Jaran Desert. At the Cherigele, Wuertabulage, and Yikeri stations, the drift potential (DP) was below 200.00 vector units (VU). The wind energy environments in most areas could be classified as low-energy environments. The resultant drift direction differed at different stations and in different seasons, but the overall direction was mainly the southeast. The resultant drift potential (RDP)/DP ratio was greater than 0.30 in most parts of the study area, suggesting that the wind regimes mainly exhibited unimodal or bimodal characteristics. Differences between the thermodynamic properties and the unique landscape settings of lakes and sand dunes could alter the local circulation and intensify the complexity of the wind regimes. The wind regimes were weaker in the lake basins than on the top of sand dunes. Transverse dunes were the most dominant types of sand dunes in the study area, and the wind regimes at most stations were consistent with sand dune types. Wind was thus the main dynamic factor affecting the formation of sand dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert BJD. The results of this study are important for understanding the relationship between the wind regimes and aeolian landforms of the dune field in the deserts.     

敦煌鸣沙山月牙泉景区高大沙丘短期动态变化特征

鸣沙山月牙泉以其独特的"沙丘抱泉,泉映沙丘"景观享誉中外,其形成与保存备受关注。通过野外气象站定位监测与全站仪测量等手段,对鸣沙山月牙泉景区短期沙山变化进行全面系统研究。结果表明:无论年内还是整年监测期,月牙泉周边高大沙丘变化趋势与多年航片解析下的南侧线性沙垄北移和北沙山南移形成的合围之势有所不同。首先,沙丘脊线来回摆动,并非一直朝单一方向移动。其次,沙丘坡面表现风蚀或风积,蚀积量与风况、沙源供给、下垫面以及周边障碍物等密切相关。并且,整年监测期内沙丘迎风坡面风蚀,背风坡面风积。此项研究揭示了月牙泉短期高大沙丘的移动规律,可为月牙泉保护提供新思路。     

Development and assessment of a novel servo-controlled spraying system for real time adjustment of the orientation angle of the nozzles of a boom sprayer

Background

Pesticide spray drift, which is the movement of pesticide by wind to any location other than the intended area, is hazardous to human, animal, food safety and environmental health. It is not possible to completely eliminate spray drift during spraying with field crop sprayers, but spray drift can be reduced by developing new technologies. The most common methods to reduce spray drift are carrying the droplets to the target with air-assisted spraying, electrostatic spraying, preferring air induction nozzles and boom shields. With these methods, it is not possible to make a change on the sprayer depending on the wind intensity during spraying. In this study, a novel servo-controlled spraying system was designed and developed to change the nozzle orientation angle in the reverse direction of the wind current to reduce the ground spray drift in real time and automatically in a wind tunnel. The displacement in the spray pattern (D_c) was used as a ground drift indicator for each nozzle to evaluate the spray drift.

Results

The developed system, operated by LabVIEW software, calculated different nozzle orientation angles depending on nozzle types, wind velocities and spraying pressures. Orientation angles calculated for different test conditions achieved in reduction were up to 49.01% for XR11002 nozzle, 32.82% for AIXR11002 nozzle and 32.31% for TTJ6011002 nozzle at 400 kPa spray pressure and 2.5 m s⁻¹ wind velocity.

Conclusion

The developed system, which has a self-decision mechanism, calculated the nozzle orientation angle instantaneously according to the wind velocity. It has been observed that the adjustable spraying nozzle system, sprayed with high precision towards the wind in the wind tunnel, and the developed system have advantages compared to conventional spraying systems. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

危险性林木新病原康沃尔疫霉对我国的风险分析

从传入和定殖可能性两方面分析了康沃尔疫霉(Phytophthora kernoviae)的风险性,并利用MAXENT生态位模型预测了其在我国的潜在适生区。结果表明:康沃尔疫霉(P.kernoviae)传入我国及其在我国南方沿海地区定殖具有高风险性,主要包括海南、广西、广东、福建、云南、台湾等省区,尤其花卉进出口基地云南省;上述地区应加强康沃尔疫霉(P.kernoviae)的检疫工作,实行严格的风险管理。     

Rice (Oryza sativa) response to drift rates of glyphosate

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to investigate response of two rice varieties, Priscilla and Cocodrie, to sub-lethal rates of glyphosate in terms of injury, shikimate accumulation and yield. In the greenhouse, more shikimate accumulated in Cocodrie than Priscilla at comparable glyphosate rates applied to plants at the three-leaf stage. In field studies, glyphosate was applied to both varieties when they were 74-cm tall and in the internode separation growth stage. Visual injury, plant height, and leaf-tissue samples for shikimate analysis were collected at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment (DAT). Rice yield was also determined. Noticeable visual injury and height reduction to both varieties was observed as early as 7 and 3 DAT in Cocodrie and Priscilla, respectively. Shikimate levels in leaves began to increase in both varieties by 3 DAT in a dose-dependent manner and reached a peak between 7 and 14 DAT. Elevated shikimate levels were still detectable by 28 DAT. Similar levels of shikimate accumulated in both varieties at comparable glyphosate rates. However, glyphosate treatment at comparable rates reduced rice yields more in Cocodrie than in Priscilla. The highest rate of glyphosate reduced yield in Cocodrie by 92% whereas there was only a 60% yield reduction in Priscilla. Shikimate levels in glyphosate-treated rice were strongly correlated to yield reductions across both varieties and appeared to be a better predictor of yield reduction than was visual injury. Visual injury coupled with measured shikimate levels can be used collaboratively to identify glyphosate exposure and estimate subsequent rice yield reductions.     

风沙流冲击角度对其侵蚀床面能力的影响

以黄土作为风蚀床面材料,通过风洞实验来揭示冲击角度对风沙流侵蚀能力的影响.在净风条件下,无论风速多大,不会产生风蚀;蠕移砂粒对床面的摩擦侵蚀量也很少,在0.27～1.33 g/(min*m2);跃移砂粒对床面的冲击侵蚀率较大,侵蚀量随风速呈指数增加.冲击角度对风蚀率的影响很大,在风速为10 m/s时,倾角30°样品的风蚀率是0°时的2.66倍,在风速为15 m/s时,倾角30°样品的风蚀率是0°时的6.6倍,风速越大,相差倍数越大.在风速大于12 m/s时,风蚀率随样品放置角度(床面的坡度)的增大而增大,尤其是0°～20°时,风蚀率随角度增加的速率很快.在低风速条件下(＜12 m/s),存在一个最大侵蚀角度,这个角度在30°左右.     

古尔班通古特沙漠工程沙害形成的环境分析

通过对风动力与下垫面，包括地形地貌、沙丘高度、植被盖度以及沙物质颗粒等的相互作用和影响的分析，将古尔班通古特沙漠从北到南划分为6个风沙危害形成的环境区：Ⅰ．北部边缘区；Ⅱ．北部区；Ⅲ．中部区；Ⅳ．中部偏南区；Ⅴ．南部区；Ⅵ．南部边缘区。综合考虑各因素，依据沙源条件，将风沙危害形成环境的6个区划分为3个级别：一级为潜在风沙危害严重区（Ⅲ区）；二级为潜在风沙危害较重区（Ⅳ，Ⅴ，Ⅵ区）；三级为潜在风沙危害较轻区（Ⅰ，Ⅱ区）。     

Challenges and opportunities of unmanned aerial vehicles as a new tool for crop pest control

The application of pesticides is not simply delivering chemicals to the target area. It also involves considering the negative aspects and developing strategies to deal with them during the application process, to ensure the maximization of pesticides use efficiency and the maintenance of the ecosystem. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers demonstrate unique advantages compared to traditional ground sprayers, particularly in terms of maneuverability and labor intensity reduction, showed great potential for chemical application in pest control. It is undeniable that there exist challenges in the practice of UAV spraying, such as higher potential risks of pesticide drift or pathogen transmission, uncertainty canopy deposition for different crops, and unexpected leaf breakage induced by downwash flow. Maximizing the utilization of downwash flow while avoiding lateral air movement outside the intended target crop area is a major issue for chemical application with UAV sprayers, particularly in light of the increasingly apparent consensus on the need for enhanced environmental protection during the chemical application process. It must be considered that the operation strategy in different scenarios and for different crop targets is not the same, unique requirements should be given on nozzle atomization, flight parameters, adjuvants and aircraft types in specific working situations. In future, the implementation of spray drift prediction, technical procedures development, and other solutions aimed at reducing pesticide drift and improving deposition quality, is expected to promote the adoption of UAV sprayers by more farmers. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.