秀山县2006年稻飞虱大发生特点及原因分析

稻飞虱是秀山县水稻生产上的主要害虫之一,大发生频率高，发生面积大，为害损失严重。秀山县稻飞虱优势种群为白背飞虱、褐飞虱．水稻生长前期以白背飞虱为主．后期以褐飞虱为主。2006年，稻飞虱迁入早、峰次多、虫量大，加之栽培管理条件及气候条件适宜．秀山县白背飞虱大发生．发生面积达3．0万hm^2．是继2001年之后连续第6个大发生年份。褐飞虱中等偏重发生，局部大发生，发生面积达1．0万hm^2，是1998年以来发生最重的一年。     

沿江稻区褐飞虱重发特点及原因分析

通过分析江苏省南通市通州区2005年～2010年褐飞虱田间系统调查资料,总结出了近年来沿江稻区褐稻虱迁入期提前、峰次多,以及短翅成虫始见早、后期补充迁入量大的发生特点,进而分析得出水稻生长后期褐飞虱暴发的主要原因是前期繁殖虫源量大、暖秋气候及生育期延长、害虫产生抗药性等。据此提出了强化测报、治前控后、综合防治的控制对策。     

近年来我国水稻褐飞虱暴发原因及治理对策

本文从气象因素、水稻耕作制度因素及化学防治因素等方面分析了我国近年来水稻褐飞虱暴发成灾的原因。褐飞虱迁入足够的虫源基数是大发生的基础,适宜的气候条件是大发生的关键,而化学药剂的防效下降及其技术不到位则是暴发成灾的客观原因。最后,还讨论了褐飞虱的防治策略。     

2013年襄阳市稻飞虱发生特点及气候等影响因素分析

2013年襄阳市稻飞虱发生情况复杂,田间虫量差别悬殊、区域差异极大,呈现出前期(3代)偏轻,后期(4代)偏重;东北部偏轻,西南部偏重;白背飞虱偏轻,褐飞虱偏重的发生特点.分析原因,气候条件是关键影响因素.台风对稻飞虱的迁入影响明显,夏季异常高温、持续干旱抑制了3代稻飞虱的发生,入秋早,有利于第4代稻飞虱的暴发,阵性降雨和灌溉条件的差异是造成稻飞虱发生区域差异大的主要影响因素.此外,后期迁入虫量大,褐飞虱比率高,是导致4代稻飞虱暴发的内因.     

2005年安徽省水稻褐飞虱大发生影响因子分析

在系统调查的基础上,采用灰色关联分析方法对2005年安徽省水稻褐飞虱大发生的影响因子进行了研究。结果表明,8月上旬平均气温偏低、7月中旬至8月上旬极端最高气温也偏低以及8月上旬田间虫量、灯下诱虫量偏多是导致中稻褐飞虱大发生最主要的气候和虫情因子。8月中旬降雨量偏少、极端高温偏高以及8月下旬和9月初田间虫口基数偏多是导致双季晚稻褐飞虱大发生的重要气候和虫情因子。     

云南近年褐飞虱发生特点及其治理对策

分析了云南省近年来水稻田间和灯下褐飞虱的发生特点及其主要原因。其暴发与外来虫源大量迁入、越冬虫源地广泛、虫量大、当地气候条件及稻作制度、害虫抗药性等因素有关。提出了加强监测、栽种抗虫品种、合理选择药剂、加强农民技术培训等治理对策。     

晚稻前期稻飞虱虫源性质的研究

白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera Horvath)和褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens stal)是我国水稻上为害较严重的害虫。八十年代以来,随着耕作制度的改革,水稻品种的更替,杂交稻和迟熟品种的推广,施肥水平提高及气候因素,两种飞虱的种群水平不断提高,大发生频率明显增加,给水稻生产带来严重威助。研究证实,白背飞虱、褐飞虱具有远距离迁飞习性,并已明确我国的初始虫源主要来自国外地区。但在各稻区两种稻飞虱在早、(中)晚稻上主害代的虫源性质有所不     

庐江县稻飞虱群落演变特点、大发生原因及防治对策

通过分析历史资料、调查研究及田间试验,归纳了安徽省庐江县稻飞虱群落演变规律,分析了2006年褐飞虱发生特点、大发生成因,并提出相应的防治对策。1964年以来稻飞虱群落演变规律可分为4个阶段,其间相对于白背飞虱,褐飞虱种群数量分别为高、低、平、高水平,总态势近于“U”字形。当前褐飞虱发生特点主要有迁入虫源早、迁入量大,种群增量大,危害时间长,危害世代多,危害面积广。回升和暴发可能的原因包括水稻品种、作物布局和栽培措施改变,秋季气温升高,褐飞虱对吡虫啉产生抗药性,害虫天敌下降,以及农民防治组织缺乏。防治对策强调改进虫情测报、适时早治、适当多治、选用正确药剂、改进施药方法,并建立健全基层防治组织。     

对智能无人直升机防控稻飞虱的初步评价

稻飞虱是水稻的主要害虫,大冶地区一年发生5代,种类以褐飞虱和白背飞虱为主,灰飞虱为辅.常年第三(1)代白背飞虱、褐飞虱主峰迁入在5月～6月,以迁入量和种群比例决定当年的发生程度;第四(2)代稻飞虱发生期为6月下旬至7月中旬,以白背飞虱为优势种群,常造成迟熟早稻穿顶、枯秆;第五(3)代稻飞虱发生期正值高温季节,白背飞虱种群数量呈下降趋势,褐飞虱种群数量逐步上升,进入8月上旬以后,如盛夏不热,阵雨较多,田间短翅型成虫比例高,褐飞虱迅速繁殖成为优势种群;9月上、中旬,第六(4)代褐飞虱常在中稻田造成为害,出现中稻、一季晚稻大面积穿顶倒伏;第七(5)代褐飞虱发生情况较复杂,大多年份晚秋气温较高,有利本地虫源大量繁殖,加上北方中稻收割后大量褐飞虱向南回迁,遇适合气候条件大量成虫降落我市继续为害,常造成双季晚稻、迟熟一季晚稻大面积倒伏.     

贵州三都一季中稻区褐飞虱主害代的发生规律

为明确贵州三都喀斯特褐飞虱主害代的发生规律,2009-2011年采用灯光诱测和田间系统调查方法对该地区一季中稻区的褐飞虱种群消长动态进行了系统研究.结果表明,各迁入代灯下诱捕虫量和田间虫量在不同年份间存在差异,2009年单日最大诱虫量达6 688头,分别是2010年和2011年的15.3倍和2.5倍.2009、2010、2011年预测圃虫量高峰分别为10777、4 630、1 615头/百丛,但主害代均为第4代和第5代,始见日与主迁入峰日呈显著相关.不同年份、不同移栽期稻田第4代、5代褐飞虱各虫态发生程度不同,2010、2011年褐飞虱若虫高峰日集中在7月下旬至8月上旬,晚栽稻田成虫、若虫的发生高峰日均迟于早栽类型田;早、晚栽时间差异形成的水稻不同生育期并存,利于褐飞虱栖居、繁殖.天敌蜘蛛、黑肩绿盲蝽与褐飞虱的种群消长具有同步性,但其自然控制作用不足以控制褐飞虱危害.     

Changes in agronomic practices and incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019

In continuation of the annual national surveys of winter wheat, which began in 1970, samples from between 250 and 350 randomly selected wheat crops in England and Wales between 1999 to 2019 were visually assessed for disease symptoms during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75). Septoria tritici blotch was the most prevalent and severe foliar disease each year, although annual levels fluctuated considerably and there was no overall significant change over the two decades. Incidence of brown rust, yellow rust, take-all, and barley yellow dwarf virus also showed no significant overall change during the survey period, whereas glume blotch, powdery mildew, eyespot, and sharp eyespot all showed significant decline. Fusarium ear blight has significantly increased in both incidence and severity, causing a serious epidemic in 2012, when 96% of crops were affected. Tan spot has been the third most prevalent foliar disease since 2009 although severity is still very low. Regional disease levels were consistent over the two decades, providing reliable baselines to measure changes in seasonal disease severity. There were significant changes in agronomic practice with a rise to predominance of minimum tillage over the use of ploughing, decreases in overall disease susceptibility of cultivars grown, a major increase in the use of oilseed rape in the rotation and a long-term trend towards earlier sowing. Fungicide use increased considerably, with over 98% crops sprayed and an average of 3.5 applications made per crop each year since 2014. Implications of changes over the last 21 years are discussed.     

中国的沙暴、尘暴及其防治

沙尘暴在进入 90年代以来有进一步加剧趋势 ,其原因在于此期我国西北地区气候干暖化态势明显 ,人类超负荷开发资源加剧 ,从而导致沙尘暴的频繁发生 ,但总体上仍属于正常的灾害现象。我国沙暴只能发生于干旱半干旱区 ,尘暴则可波及半湿润与湿润区 ,由此而论 ,北京的沙尘暴属于尘暴范畴 ,北京不会形成沙漠区。防治沙尘暴必须采取水、土、植被综合防治措施 ,基本对策是 :1 .搞好流域为单元的水土资源合理利用规划 ,进行水土保持综合防治 ;2 .增加地表植被复盖 ,搞好防护林体系建设 ;3 .减轻土地利用强度 ,恢复提高土地抗蚀能力 ;4.加强管理体系建设 ,依法建设生态环境。建议国家设立水土保持为主要职能的生态环境建设委员会 ,统一协调布署我国的生态环境建设工作。     

吡虫啉和百菌清在设施内外葫芦和黄瓜中的残留特性比较

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱法,分别研究了吡虫啉和百菌清在薄膜大棚设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中消解动态及其在葫芦和黄瓜中的残留量,并结合气象因子对产生残留差异的原因进行了分析。样品中的吡虫啉经乙腈和盐酸溶液提取,中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土层析柱净化后,用高效液相色谱检测;百菌清经乙腈提取,中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,用气相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中均消解迅速,施药7 d后,其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为90.4%和98.7%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为67.8%和85.9%;而百菌清在葫芦叶上的消解速率均比在黄瓜中的稍慢,施药7 d后其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为15.4%和38.1%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为87.8%和91.5%。表明2种农药在设施外2种蔬菜上的消解速率均快于设施内的。两种农药均是在设施外葫芦及黄瓜中的残留量低于设施内的,而降雨和光照强度可能是引起农药在设施内外蔬菜上残留差异的主要因子。     

Plant-pathogen interactions of sunflower and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and in vivo

The relative pathogenicity of isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was comparable both on sunflower tissue cultures and on mature plants and seedlings. The relative susceptibility of the different sunflower lines in vitro showed a similar pattern for cotyledon callus cultures, but not for immature embryo cultures. Although these protocols appear to be unsuitable for the selection of novel disease resistance, they do offer the potential for a rapid, non-destructive screen for resistant material.     

2017年与2014年西安极端高温天气及其环流特征对比分析

借助观测资料与FNL全球分析资料，对比研究2017年与2014年西安高温天气基本特征与有利环流形势，结果表明：① 2 a西安均发生了40 ℃以上的长时间持续高温天气，其中2014年属于常规高温年份，而2017年西安高温则提前1个月发生，高温的提前发生主要是因为南亚高压强于正常年份同期强度；② 不同于我国南方地区的闷湿高温，西安高温属于干性高温，且昼夜温差较小，由此造成24 h对人体的不适；③ 详细描述了西安高温发生的典型环流特征，即南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）同时增强，并在对流层中高层相互贯通；④ 南亚高压是影响我国西北地区的主要热源基地，在较大经向度的有利环流背景下，强风速可将热气团向南向东深度输送至下游地区（即西安）；⑤ 在“上辐合、下辐散”的散度场配置下，西安500 hPa以下高空维持明显的下沉气流，加之有利的局部要素相配合，最终造成该地区高温天气的发生。     

Trends and expectations for research and technology in weed science in Thailand

There are many possible ways to improve the economic crisis in Thailand, and it is agreed that development of agricultural production is ideal for improving the economic situation in an agricultural country such as Thailand. A strategic plan for agricultural and agro‐industry research is included in the national research agenda and can be classified into nine groups covering different research areas. Most research is based on the agricultural production of four main product groups: (i) crops; (ii) aquatic animals/plants and fisheries products; (iii) poultry, livestock and animal products; and (iv) forest resources. Trends in research and development in weed management for crop production will continue to support the food demands and the development of efficient production of quality products.     

Pesticide residues in soil and foodstuff I. Chlorinated pesticides in cattle feed and milk produced in orchard and non-orchard areas

Milk, hay and silage produced in orchard and non-orchard areas have been analysed for their content of chlorinated pesticides. The residue levels in milk produced in orchard areas were about double those in milk produced in non-orchard areas. The levels in hay were much higher (30% up to sevenfold) in the hay produced in orchard areas and the levels in silage from the two areas showed small differences. Milk collected after cattle had been grazing in an orchard for 3 to 4 days contained 10% more pp′-DDT and 2-, 3-, 7- and 15-fold morepp′-DDE, pp′-TDE and heptachlor epoxide, gamma-BHC and pp′-TDE olefin [1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], respectively, than did the samples collected one day before the cattle grazed in the orchard.     

Comparative ecophysiology of grain sorghum and Abutilon theophrasti in monoculture and in mixture

Selection of crop genotypes that are more competitive with weeds for light interception may improve crop yield stability in the presence of weeds. The effects of interference on ecophysiological characteristics of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. and three morphologically diverse grain sorghum hybrids was evaluated to determine the relative tolerance and suppressive ability of the three hybrids and specific traits that may contribute to those differences. A tall hybrid was more tolerant to A. theophrasti interference than two medium stature hybrids. Early leaf area growth of two medium-stature sorghum hybrids was reduced by A. theophrasti interference, whereas early growth of a tall hybrid was unaffected. The height of A. theophrasti was greater than two moderate-stature hybrids but lower than the tall hybrid. Greatest leaf area density (L_D) of the tall sorghum hybrid was above that of A. theophrasti , whereas greatest L_D of medium-stature hybrids was below that of the weed. In monoculture, the partitioning of new biomass to various plant organs was similar among sorghum hybrids, whereas the tall sorghum hybrid partitioned less biomass to leaves and more to stems than medium hybrids in mixture. The results indicate that the three hybrids differ in their susceptibility to A. theophrasti competition. Crop traits that may contribute to greater crop competitiveness include greater maximum height and its growth rate and greater height of maximum leaf area distribution.