冷锋天气过程大气边界层特征与颗粒物污染

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站边界层铁塔梯度观测、湍流观测和PM₁₀浓度资料,分析一次典型冷锋天气过程兰州大气边界层结构和湍流输送特征及其与PM₁₀浓度的关系。结果表明：冷锋过境前边界层有逆温层出现。随着锋面过境,逆温层完全被破坏、消失,混合层迅速发展,边界层低层温度和湿度垂直梯度变得很小,风速垂直梯度则明显增大;PM₁₀浓度先升后降。冷锋过境时垂直湍流输送强烈,经向和纬向动量均向下输送。动量下传使地表尘沙大量扬起,造成冷锋过境初期颗粒物浓度骤升。     

垄状微地形对近地表空气动力学特征的影响

在旱作农田中,耕作土垄常被用作风蚀控制系统的一部分,但其对近地表风速的影响机制尚不明确。基于此,文中利用风洞实验,测量了不同结构垄状微地形条件下的近地表风速。结果表明：气流通过垄覆盖区域时,在第一行垄周围风速变化最大,之后风速变化逐渐减小,趋于稳定,近地表风速沿风向表现为规律性的波动变化特征。相对于无垄状态,所有垄结构的风速降低率均在33%以上。垄结构不同,对近地表气流的影响机制不同。垄间距较小时,风速廓线形态以两段式为主,垄以粗糙元的形式影响气流;垄间距较大时,垄间风速减弱和恢复的水平距离增加,风速廓线形态以三段式为主,此时垄则起到风障的作用。     

新疆策勒4个典型下垫面近地层风速脉动特征

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒沙漠-绿洲过渡带为研究区,对流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地和绿洲内部4个下垫面平均风速、风速脉动和风向脉动特征进行分析,探讨风速、风向脉动差异原因。结果表明:1平均风速与阵风风速之间符合线性相关性,相关性随着距离地表高度的增大而增大,各高度平均风速与阵风风速都呈极显著正相关(P0.01);2从流沙前缘沿主风向至绿洲内部,随着植被盖度的增加,平均风速逐渐降低,且离地表越近降低的幅度越大;3随距离地表高度的增大,各测点风速脉动强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,风速脉动相对值呈减小的趋势。从流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地到绿洲内部,风速脉动强度和风速脉动相对值总体上呈现增大的趋势,而在4个下垫面中,绿洲内部不同高度的风速脉动强度在夏季表现为最小,在冬季表现为最大;4风向脉动幅度以流沙地最小,半固定沙地、固定沙地次之,绿洲内部最大,即随植被覆盖度增加而增大。     

DPM模型计算中国北方沙漠地区粉尘释放通量

本文利用DPM(Dust Production Model)模型模拟计算了我国北方沙漠地区不同的土壤微团粒在不同的地表粗糙度和地表摩擦风速下的水平跃移通量、粉尘释放通量、粉尘释放效率以及在特定量中粉尘粒子的质量和数浓度的分布,并对上述计算结果进行了讨论和分析。通过与实际观测结果进行对比的粗糙度和地表摩擦风速下粉尘释放通量后发现二者基本一致,从而证明了DPM模型是可以用来初步模拟中国北方沙漠地区的粉尘释放过程,这将有利于进一步较准确得模拟沙尘的输送、沉降以及气候效应。     

不同砾石盖度戈壁床面动力学特征研究

利用野外车载移动式风洞,对莫高窟顶不同砾石盖度戈壁床面的动力学特征进行了实地模拟实验。结果表明：砾石盖度直接决定戈壁床面的粗糙元数量和分布状况,进而影响近地表风速廓线、摩阻速度、床面粗糙度和剪切力;随着风洞进口指示风速的增加,摩阻速度呈线性递增,而动力学粗糙度在波动中呈下降趋势;相同高度,随着砾石盖度的增加,近地表风速逐渐降低,而摩阻速度、动力学粗糙度和剪切力呈线性增加;当床面盖度增加至35%时,动力学粗糙度达到0.30 cm,摩阻速度相应提高到0.93 cm/s,床面剪切力增加至1.11 N/cm。     

塔里木沙漠公路对近地表风沙运动过程的影响

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地野外试验数据的分析,探讨了塔里木沙漠公路对近地表风沙运动过程的影响.结果表明:①阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带对近地表气流的速度和风速廓线形成很大影响,风速整体被削弱,而且越接近地表,削弱程度越大,风速廓线的垂直梯度增加;②在防沙体系内,地表输沙率急剧下降,风沙流结构发生很大变化,下层含沙量下降,而上层含沙量相对变化较少,在阻沙栅栏的积沙带和草方格固沙带内上层含沙量趋于均匀分布;(3) 阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带也影响沙丘的移动.当主导输沙风向与栅栏相交呈小角度时,靠近栅栏的沙丘顺栅栏走向侧向移动相交呈大角度时,移动方向变化不大,草方格固沙带不影响沙丘的移动方向;阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带能降低沙丘的移动速度,而在固沙带内部,由于沙丘的逆向演变,沙丘体积减小,移动速度较快.     

老哈河下游背风侧谷坡的风速脉动特征

基于老哈河下游春季起沙风地面4.00m高度范围内实地观测的风速数据,从风速脉动、风速脉动强度两个方面对背风侧谷坡顶和坡脚的风速脉动特征进行分析.结果表明:①坡顶除在0.25 m高度受地表植被和沙粒的跃移运动影响外,风速脉动值和强度都随着距地表高度的增加而逐渐加大,其最大脉动值超过4.00 m·s-1,风速脉动相对值(阵性度)基本稳定;②背风坡脚因谷坡地形突变产生的“二次流”,使风速脉动值和相对值都不稳定,脉动强度随着距地表高度的增加而逐渐加大,其最大脉动值超过3.00 m·s-1;③背风坡顶和坡脚各自高度的风速脉动频率具有一致性,但脉动频率不稳定,无明显周期性.坡顶的风速脉动值和强度都大于背风坡脚,但风速脉动相对值小于背风坡脚.     

沙质地表与砾质戈壁风沙运动对比研究——以敦煌莫高窟窟顶风沙运动为例

通过野外观测资料分析,阐明在沙质地表下,风速相当时不同风向风沙流的结构不同,即含沙量影响风沙流结构.一般随着含沙量的增大,各层的绝对输沙量相应增加,相对输沙量在下层增加,上层减少.但也有不一致的情况,本次野外观测就出现了下层减少上层增加的情况.戈壁风沙流结构与沙质地表显著不同,其风沙流结构呈独特的"象鼻"效应,即在一定高度有一个最大输沙量,且这个高度随风速的增大而增加.西北风作用下,自鸣沙山至窟顶输沙量逐渐减少.戈壁具有一定的阻沙效应,风速为7.7 m/s时,每100 m阻沙率达10%左右.沙山前沿固沙带对输沙量起着重要作用,有防护措施与无防护设施相比较,西北风的输沙量可减少95%左右.偏东北风在缺少沙源的情况下,主要以输送为主,偏南风实际输沙量明显小于偏西北风,输沙量由沙源地到窟区逐渐减少.     

民勤地区沙尘暴近地面风速特征及其与环境因子的关系

作为沙尘暴发生必不可少的动力条件,风是判定沙尘暴强度的主要指标,也是沙尘暴预测预报的依据。虽然人类对风的认识很早、研究很多,但是对沙尘暴过程中的风速特征仍然在不断的探索中。文中研究了民勤荒漠区、绿洲边缘和绿洲内部三种下垫面近地面50m沙尘暴风速特征及其与环境因子的关系。主要研究结果是:1)在三种不同的下垫面条件下,沙尘暴风速在近地面50m范围内风速均随高度遵循幂函数关系递增。2)从荒漠区到绿洲边缘近地表0-50m内风速平均削减4.11%,再从绿洲边缘到达绿洲内部风速平均削减30.45%。风穿越研究断面,随高度增加风速削减率逐渐减小。3)不同季节,沙尘暴平均风速没有明显差异,但地表粗糙度越小沙尘暴平均风速的季节性差异越大,高度越高季节差异越大。4)绿洲内部地表粗糙度为2.121 cm,绿洲边缘为0.082 cm,荒漠区为0.023 cm。5)根据每次沙尘暴过程中30m in平均风速随时间的振荡曲线的轮廓可将沙尘暴归纳为三类,分别为单峰型、双峰型和多峰型。这三种不同类型的沙尘暴在大气环流背景、沙尘暴的发生时间、沙尘暴过程中风速的时空变化等均有明显的不同。在一次沙尘暴过程中,从垂直梯度看,随着高度的增加风速随时间曲线的振幅增大,而振荡频率降低;从水平梯度看,沙尘暴流场从荒漠区经绿洲边缘到达绿洲内部,风速曲线振幅逐渐减小,振荡频率逐渐增加。     

戈壁、流沙地表风沙流特性研究

通过对戈壁、流沙地表风沙流特性的风洞模拟实验研究,风沙流中的风速廓线分布满足幂函数的形式,其幂指数在0.20左右。对于戈壁地表,在不同风速下,相同高度层含沙量具有很大的相关性,风沙活动层主要集中在距地表20cm范围内;由于沙粒与戈壁地表的砾石发生碰撞,风沙流不再服从对数关系递减,其极值出现的高度随风速的增加而上移,呈现"象鼻效应"。     

耕作地表土块状况及其对近地表风场的影响

为深入理解非可蚀性土块吸收风能、降低侵蚀力的机制,利用野外风速资料,对半干旱区农田传统耕作模式下犁耕、耙耱及抹平等的地表土块大小、土壤表面粗糙度、近地表风速及空气动力学特征进行了研究。结果表明,犁耕后农田土块长、宽、高均在15 cm以上,盖度为27.67%,耙耱、抹平后土块大小和盖度显著降低,抹平地表土块盖度仅为2.13%;土块的破碎导致土壤表面粗糙度降低,近地表风速增大;与犁耕地表比较,耙耱后土壤表面粗糙度降低34%~64%,抹平后降低幅度甚至在90%以上;耙耱抹平后地表以上0.5 m高度内风速显著增大,空气动力学粗糙度由1.1 cm降低至0.05 cm,侵蚀力增强。因此认为,合理选择犁耕、耙耱和抹平的时间对农田风蚀防治有实际意义。     

农田耕作方式与土壤风蚀强度关系的风洞模拟实验

以土壤风蚀严重的河北坝上康保县为研究区,采用风洞试验的技术手段,对农田耕作方式与土壤风蚀强度的关系进行研究。结果表明,农田留茬与翻耕、农田垄向及农作物残茬高度的差异对土壤风蚀强度有较大影响。垄向平行主风向的风蚀强度大于垄向垂直主风向的风蚀强度。风速越大,垄向不同造成的风蚀强度的差异越大,尤其是当风速≥15m/s时,风蚀强度的差异表现得较为明显;风蚀强度与留茬高度呈负相关;翻耕地的风蚀强度大于任何留茬地的风蚀强度;风蚀强度与风速变化呈现出指数函数变化规律。因此,农田垄向垂直主风向、作物收获后不进行翻耕、留有适度茬高、优先种植残茬硬度较大的莜麦作物,这样的耕作方式可有效降低土壤风蚀强度,缓解河北坝上地区农田土壤风蚀状况。     

土壤风蚀对表层土壤粒度特征的影响

土壤风蚀是一种严重的环境问题。文中选择我国西北干旱及半干旱区,风蚀严重的盐池县风沙土地为研究对象,利用Marven2000粒度分析仪对不同风蚀强度的表层土壤粒度进行分析,探讨土壤风蚀过程对地表粒度的影响,研究表明:随着风蚀程度的增加,表层土壤粒度逐渐变粗,由灌丛-推平耕地-草地-吹蚀地,地表中的细沙,粉沙和粘土的含量逐渐降低,而中沙和粗沙的含量逐渐增加。灌丛表面以细沙为主,占34.9%;推平耕地和草地以中沙为主,占32.7和39.1%;吹蚀地以粗沙为主,占44.2%;土壤平均粒径逐渐变粗,分别为2.48,2.08,1.91,1.12φ。土壤风蚀过程,地表的细沙,粉沙和粘土大量损失,灌丛的细沙,粉沙和粘土分别占34.86,20.01和10.98%,但在严重风蚀的吹蚀地,细沙,粉沙和粘土仅占6.09,3.72和2.52%。由此可见,土壤风蚀造成地表细颗粒物质损失,形成沙漠化土地。不同地表沙粒的分维数不同,随平均粒径增加,分维数总体降低。     

作物残茬覆盖对农田土壤风蚀的影响

为定量评价干旱半干旱地区农田土壤抗风蚀效果,采用移动式风洞及其配套测试系统对内蒙古武川县上秃亥乡农田地表进行了原位测试研究。结果表明,不同风速下土壤风蚀量随作物残茬盖度的增加呈指数规律减少;40%以上残茬盖度可明显提高土壤颗粒起动风速并减少风蚀量;当风速为14~18 m/s时,地表作物残茬盖度为60%~80%具有较好的抗风蚀效果。     

Computational fluid dynamics evaluation of the effect of different city designs on the wind environment of a downwind natural heritage site

Disturbance in wind regime and sand erosion deposition balance may lead to burial and eventual vanishing of a site.This study conducted 3D computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations to evaluate the effect of a proposed city design on the wind environment of the Crescent Spring,a downwind natural heritage site located in Dunhuang,Northwestern China.Satellite terrain data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER)Digital Elevation Model(DEM)were used to construct the solid surface model.Steady-state Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations(RANS)with shear stress transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model were then applied to solve the flow field problems.Land-use changes were modeled implicitly by dividing the underlying surface into different areas and by applying corresponding aerodynamic roughness lengths.Simulations were performed by using cases with different city areas and building heights.Results show that the selected model could capture the surface roughness changes and could adjust wind profile over a large area.Wind profiles varied over the greenfield to the north and over the Gobi land to the east of the spring.Therefore,different wind speed reduction effects were observed from various city construction scenarios.The current city design would lead to about 2 m/s of wind speed reduction at the downwind city edge and about 1 m/s of wind speed reduction at the north of the spring at 35-m height.Reducing the city height in the north greenfield area could efficiently eliminate the negative effects of wind spee.By contrast,restricting the city area worked better in the eastern Gobi area compared with other parts of the study area.Wind speed reduction in areas near the spring could be limited to 0.1 m/s by combining these two abatement strategies.The CFD method could be applied to simulate the wind environment affected by other land-use changes over a large terrain.     

Interactions between wind and water erosion change sediment yield and particle distribution under simulated conditions

Wind and water erosion are among the most important causes of soil loss, and understanding their interactions is important for estimating soil quality and environmental impacts in regions where both types of erosion occur. We used a wind tunnel and simulated rainfall to study sediment yield, particle-size distribution and the fractal dimension of the sediment particles under wind and water erosion. The experiment was conducted with wind erosion firstly and water erosion thereafter, under three wind speeds(0, 11 and 14 m/s) and three rainfall intensities(60, 80 and 100 mm/h). The results showed that the sediment yield was positively correlated with wind speed and rainfall intensity(P<0.01). Wind erosion exacerbated water erosion and increased sediment yield by 7.25%–38.97% relative to the absence of wind erosion. Wind erosion changed the sediment particle distribution by influencing the micro-topography of the sloping land surface. The clay, silt and sand contents of eroded sediment were also positively correlated with wind speed and rainfall intensity(P<0.01). Wind erosion increased clay and silt contents by 0.35%–19.60% and 5.80%–21.10%, respectively, and decreased sand content by 2.40%–8.33%, relative to the absence of wind erosion. The effect of wind erosion on sediment particles became weaker with increasing rainfall intensities, which was consistent with the variation in sediment yield. However, particle-size distribution was not closely correlated with sediment yield(P>0.05). The fractal dimension of the sediment particles was significantly different under different intensities of water erosion(P<0.05), but no significant difference was found under wind and water erosion. The findings reported in this study implicated that both water and wind erosion should be controlled to reduce their intensifying effects, and the controlling of wind erosion could significantly reduce water erosion in this wind-water erosion crisscross region.     

黄土高原风蚀和风水蚀复合区的风蚀气候侵蚀力变化

利用黄土高原风蚀和风水蚀复合区30个气象站1961-2010年的观测资料,根据联合国粮农组织给出的风蚀气候因子指数（C值）的计算公式和线性趋势法、Pettitt变点检测、Morlet小波分析等方法,研究风速的空间分布、时空变化、突变特征和周期特性及其对C值的影响。结果表明：① 该区多年平均风速为2.2 m•s^-1,内蒙古和宁夏境内的部分地区风速较大,陕北、晋西北、陇东和青海部分地区较小。近50 a来风速整体呈显著减小趋势,1970s风速最大,2000s最小。② 年尺度83%的站点风速发生了突变,区域整体突变发生于1982年,四季风速突变时间与年尺度基本一致。③ 近50 a风速存在3次交替变化,1961-1977年和1995-2010年偏大,而1977-1995年偏小,季节尺度上也发现了类似的现象,未来一段时间内该地区风速仍然偏小。④ 该区多年平均C值的空间分布格局和时空变化趋势与风速较为一致,整体也呈现出显著减小趋势。⑤ C值与相对湿度和降水量呈负相关关系,与潜在蒸发量、干旱指数和风速呈正相关关系。风力增强（风速增加）和干旱加剧对于风蚀起到促进作用;温度上升及其造成的蒸发量增大也有助于风蚀的形成。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠荒漠过渡带空气动力学粗糙度分析

根据塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带哈德、肖塘2个试验点的风、温梯度观测数据,利用风速比法计算了中性大气层结、无风沙运动条件的空气动力学粗糙度[WTBX](z0),并分析探讨z0[WTBZ]与下垫面状况、大气稳定度及风速的相互关系。结果表明：哈德、肖塘中性条件下z₀的取值范围分别为 1.81×10^-11～1.20×10^-3m,1.00×10^-11～1.65×10^-3m,平均值为2.70×10^-5m 和6.05×10^-5m,与平坦沙面的值较为接近;z₀随下垫面性质变化明显;空气动力学粗糙度总体上随着理查逊数(R_i)增大而变大,但又呈现出一定的离散程度;空气动力学粗糙度与2 m高度风速呈显著的负指数关系;大气稳定度对空气动力学粗糙度的影响作用有待于进一步确定。      

An experimental study on the influences of water erosion on wind erosion in arid and semi-arid regions

Complex erosion by wind and water causes serious harm in arid and semi-arid regions. The interaction mechanisms between water erosion and wind erosion is the key to further our understanding of the complex erosion. Therefore, in-depth understandings of the influences of water erosion on wind erosion is needed. This research used a wind tunnel and two rainfall simulators to investigate the influences of water erosion on succeeding wind erosion. The wind erosion measurements before and after water erosion were run on semi-fixed aeolian sandy soil configured with three slopes(5°, 10° and 15°), six wind speeds(0, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 20 m/s), and five rainfall intensities(0, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mm/h). Results showed that water erosion generally restrained the succeeding wind erosion. At a same slope, the restraining effects decreased as rainfall intensity increased, which decreased from 70.63% to 50.20% with rainfall intensity increased from 30 to 75 mm/h. Rills shaped by water erosion could weaken the restraining effects at wind speed exceeding 15 m/s mainly by cutting through the fine grain layer, exposing the sand layer prone to wind erosion to airflow. In addition, the restraining effects varied greatly among different soil types. The restraining effects of rainfall on the succeeding wind erosion depend on the formation of a coarsening layer with a crust and a compact fine grain layer after rainfall. The findings can deepen the understanding of the complex erosion and provide scientific basis for regional soil and water conservation in arid and semi-arid regions.