亚致死剂量氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱细胞色素P450的影响

为明确氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus细胞色素P450的影响,评估其抗药性风险,采用点滴法、酶活力分析法和实时荧光定量PCR法分别测定了氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱的毒性及对其细胞色素P450酶活力和P450基因表达量的影响。结果表明,氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱的致死中量LD_(50)随着虫龄的增加而升高,1~5龄若虫的LD_(50)为0.10~0.94 ng/头,雌、雄成虫的LD_(50)分别为1.09 ng/头和1.07 ng/头。氟啶虫胺腈对4龄若虫的亚致死剂量LD_(10)、LD_(30)和LD_(50)分别为0.17、0.41、0.76 ng/头,处理灰飞虱4龄若虫后可将其体内P450酶活力分别显著提高1.60、1.97和1.22倍;而各处理响应的P450基因的种类和数量不同,但相对表达量均受到诱导;CYP4DE1、CYP426A1、CYP303A1、CYP4C、CYP6FK1和CYP4C71v2的相对表达量表现出时间效应,表达量高峰在处理后24 h或48 h。表明不同亚致死剂量的氟啶虫胺腈在特定时间点可提高相应的细胞色素P450基因表达量,从而使酶蛋白量增加,可能导致灰飞虱体内细胞色素P450酶活力上升。     

黏虫CYP9A134基因的克隆及其解毒功能

昆虫体内的细胞色素P450酶系统在昆虫解毒过程中发挥着重要作用。本次试验通过转录组测序获得一条新的黏虫P450基因，经国际委员会命名为CYP9A134（登录号为MT990973）。该序列全长为1801 bp，开放序列长度为1596 bp，编码531个氨基酸，分子质量为61.42 kDa，等电点为4.90。在黏虫幼虫阶段用2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯和20%氯虫苯甲酰胺诱导时该基因表达量会有不同程度上升，最高的可分别达对照组的2.6倍和6.5倍。RNA干扰后，该基因表达量最低下降了70%，以上2种杀虫剂LD₃₀杀虫效果分别提高了13%和25%；在黏虫成虫阶段用20%氯虫苯甲酰胺LD₃₀诱导时，该基因表达量最高可达7.8倍。RNA干扰后，该基因表达量最低下降了61%，LD₃₀剂量的氯虫苯甲酰胺杀虫效果提高26%。结果表明，该基因可能在杀虫剂诱导的解毒代谢过程中发挥重要作用。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫腈对黏虫细胞色素P450基因表达的影响

为筛选出黏虫Mythimna separata参与杀虫剂解毒代谢的主效细胞色素P450基因,采用叶片浸渍法测定了用于处理黏虫3龄幼虫的亚致死浓度,通过构建转录组测序文库并结合数字基因表达(digital gene expression,DGE)对不同处理的黏虫进行测序,并运用实时荧光定量PCR(realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)技术验证12个P450基因的表达情况。结果表明,用于处理黏虫的氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫腈亚致死浓度LC_(10)分别为0.15、13.66 mg/L;对照样品、氟虫腈处理样品和氯虫苯甲酰胺处理样品分别获得59 521 504、64 838 148和41 722 990个原始序列数据,分别获得57 441 216、62 368 912和40 285 164个过滤后的序列数据;过滤后的序列长度分别为8.62、9.36和6.04 G;碱基错误率均为0.02%;Phred数值大于20、30的碱基占总碱基的百分比均高于90.59%;鸟嘌呤+胞嘧啶(guanine cytosine,GC)含量分别为47.16%、48.94%和47.55%,表明转录组测序质量较高;黏虫受氯虫苯甲酰胺胁迫后,29个P450基因表达量上调,27个P450基因表达量下调;黏虫受氟虫腈胁迫后,23个P450基因表达量上调,26个P450基因表达量下调;12个P450基因表达量的RT-qPCR技术检测结果与DGE测序文库显示的结果基本一致。     

四种P450基因调控小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性

为研究CYP6家族P450基因在小菜蛾Plutella xylostella代谢氯虫苯甲酰胺中的作用,利用浸叶法测定不同小菜蛾种群3龄幼虫对氯虫苯甲酰的抗性水平,采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative realtime PCR,q RT-PCR)方法分析CYP1v3、CYP1v4、CYP6B6和CYP6f这4种P450基因在小菜蛾不同抗性种群体内的表达差异及杀虫剂的短期诱导效应,并通过RNA干扰技术沉默4种P450基因后分析小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感性。结果显示,4种P450基因在中等抗性水平小菜蛾种群体内高表达;氯虫苯甲酰胺处理可诱导4种基因显著上调表达。分别沉默4种P450基因后,处理组小菜蛾的P450酶活力显著下降37.60%～54.82%,且处理组小菜蛾的死亡率显著高于对照组;同时沉默4种基因处理组的小菜蛾P450酶活力显著低于其他各处理组。表明4种P450基因可能同时参于小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的代谢。     

RNAi介导的棉铃虫细胞色素P450酶系几种组分基因沉默对高效氯氰菊酯毒力的影响

为进一步明确细胞色素P450 CYP6B7、细胞色素b5(cytochrome b5,Cyt-b5)和细胞色素P450还原酶(cytochrome P450 reductase,CPR)在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)对拟除虫菊酯类药剂抗性中的作用,通过RNA干扰技术沉默了抗氰戊菊酯棉铃虫中3种组分的基因,并测定基因沉默后高效氯氰菊酯对棉铃虫的毒力变化.结果显示,经单个CYP6B7或CYP6 B7与CPR、Cyt-b5基因的双链RNA注射处理后12 ～ 48 h,棉铃虫幼虫死亡率在19.4％ ～ 92.5％之间,明显高于空白对照处理的10.47％ ～ 62.87％;高效氯氰菊酯对基因沉默后幼虫的LD50值随着时间的延长而逐渐下降,12～48 h的LD50值在0.97～2.97 μg/头之间,而空白对照处理为2.27 ～ 3.57μg/头.研究表明,细胞色素P450 CYP6B7,或CYP6B7与CPR、Cyt-b5基因的沉默,可提高高效氯氰菊酯对抗性棉铃虫的毒力,进一步证明了CYP6B7、CPR和Cyt-b5在棉铃虫对菊酯类药剂抗性中起着重要作用.     

甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A90基因的克隆及溴氰菊酯对其诱导表达

P450 CYP9A家族基因与昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性相关。为证实溴氰菊酯对甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A基因的诱导效果,本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A基因,real-time PCR检测该基因在甘蓝夜蛾不同组织中的表达差异及溴氰菊酯处理甘蓝夜蛾5龄幼虫不同时间后该基因相对表达量变化,研究结果可为甘蓝夜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性治理提供依据。结果表明:克隆得到甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A基因cDNA全长序列,该序列包含1 828bp,包括1个125bp的5′非编码区,1个104bp的3′非编码区和1个1 599bp的开放阅读框,编码532个氨基酸,分子量约为61.1kDa,等电点为8.84,GenBank登录号为KR676343,被国际P450命名委员会命名为CYP9A90。Real-time PCR分析结果表明,该基因在甘蓝夜蛾5龄幼虫6个组织中表达情况不同,其中在脂肪体中表达量最高。低剂量溴氰菊酯作用后不同时间点CYP9A90mRNA总体呈现诱导表达趋势。     

黄帚橐吾乙醇提取物对黏虫毒力及其解毒酶系活性的影响

黏虫(Mythimna separata)是典型的杂食性迁飞性农业害虫，每年都给我国的农业生产造成极大的经济损失。测定黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)乙醇提取物对黏虫幼虫的毒力，并从细胞色素P450(CYP450)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)等解毒酶系活性的角度研究黏虫幼虫对该药物的生理生化响应。结果表明，黄帚橐吾乙醇提取物对黏虫幼虫有较强的生物活性，LC₅₀为3.655 mg/mL;CYP450活性在前8 h略有上升，12 h后显著降低(P<0.05);GST活性在4 h时被显著激活，随后受到极显著抑制(P<0.01);3种酯酶活性整体表现出逐渐降低的趋势。上述酶活性变化表明CYP450和GST可能参与了黏虫对黄帚橐吾提取物的代谢过程，但其最终被显著抑制的结果提示黄帚橐吾源农药较难使黏虫产生抗药性，具备被开发成为新型生物农药的潜力。     

基于转录组测序解析草地贪夜蛾对溴氰虫酰胺的解毒代谢分子机制

为阐明草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对溴氰虫酰胺的解毒代谢分子机制,通过LC₅₀的溴氰虫酰胺诱导草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫后,利用酶活测定和转录组测序鉴定解毒代谢相关基因,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对细胞色素P450单加氧酶(cytochrome P450 monooxygenase,P450)基因进行验证分析。结果表明,经LC₅₀的溴氰虫酰胺处理后,草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫体内3种解毒代谢酶活性较对照均有所升高,但仅P450活性较对照显著升高,而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和羧酸酯酶与对照无显著差异。经LC₅₀的溴氰虫酰胺处理后草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫转录组中共筛选到1 408个差异表达基因,其中上调表达的基因有935个,下调表达的基因有473个。药物代谢-细胞色素P450通路、药物代谢-其他酶通路及细胞色素P450对异生物质的代谢通路中有超过20个基因存在差异表达。在草地贪夜蛾转录组中筛选鉴定到121个P450基因,其中,属于CYP2、CYP3、CYP4以及Mito家簇的基因分别有9、45、58和9个,而经LC_5...     

艾蒿精油对朱砂叶螨的生物活性及几种保护酶活性的影响

采用玻片浸渍法和熏蒸法测定了艾蒿精油对朱砂叶螨的生物活性,分析比较了亚致死剂量(LD_(10)、LD_(20)和LD_(30))和致死中量(LD50)处理雌成螨4、8、12、16、20和24 h后体内保护酶和蛋白酶活性的变化。结果表明,经2.0%的艾蒿精油触杀后,雌成螨24、48和72 h的死亡率分别为21.48%、27.41%和77.78%,LC50分别为23.03%、13.25%和0.35%;艾蒿精油对卵的熏蒸作用较对雌成螨更强,对卵和雌成螨的ID50和LD50分别为0.21和8.93μL/L。艾蒿精油处理雌成螨后,螨体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性被激活,过氧化氢酶(CAT)和蛋白酶活性被抑制。LD_(10)、LD_(20)和LD_(30)处理8 h时,SOD活性分别为对照的1.43、2.29和2.60倍,POD的激活率分别为54.64%、31.96%和5.15%,CAT的抑制率分别为27.03%、20.46%和31.65%,蛋白酶的抑制率分别为21.53%、29.16%和45.09%。表明艾蒿精油对雌成螨的熏蒸作用可破坏体内保护酶的动态平衡和抑制蛋白酶活性,进而影响其正常生理代谢,对螨体产生毒害作用。因此,艾蒿精油对防治朱砂叶螨有一定的开发潜力。     

小菜蛾CYP6BG1基因体外真核表达及其对氯虫苯甲酰胺的代谢

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella是为害十字花科作物的世界性重要害虫,对氯虫苯甲酰胺产生了严重抗性。已经明确小菜蛾CYP6BG1的过量表达与其对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性相关。本文进一步通过昆虫杆状病毒表达系统在Sf9细胞中表达了小菜蛾CYP6BG1和NADPH-细胞色素P450还原酶(CPR)蛋白,并检测Sf9细胞表达CYP6BG1蛋白后对氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感变化及氯虫苯甲酰胺经CYP6BG1蛋白代谢后对小菜蛾幼虫毒力的变化。结果显示:Sf9细胞中与CPR共表达的CYP6BG1具有7-乙氧基香豆素O-脱乙基酶活性,且细胞对氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感性显著下降。将表达的蛋白与不同浓度的氯虫苯甲酰胺孵育24 h后,对3龄小菜蛾幼虫致死率显著低于对照组。本研究结果间接表明CYP6BG1能够降解氯虫苯甲酰胺,从而增强小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性。     

Herbicide resistance in transgenic plants with mammalian P450 monooxygenase genes

Transgenic potato and rice plants were generated by the introduction of human P450 species, CYP1A1, CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, which metabolized a number of herbicides, insecticides and industrial chemicals. The transgenic potato plant T1977 co-expressing CYP1A1, CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 genes showed remarkable cross-resistance to several herbicides with different structures and modes of action due to metabolism of these herbicides by the P450 species expressed. The transgenic rice plant 2C9-57R2 expressing CYP2C9 gene showed resistance to sulfonylureas, and the transgenic rice plant 2C19-12R1 expressing CYP2C19 gene showed cross-resistance to certain herbicides with different structures and modes of action. These transgenic plants appear to be useful for herbicide resistance as well as phytoremediation of environmental contaminants.     

星豹蛛PaCYP3001U16基因的克隆与表达分析

为探究细胞色素P450基因在星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera体内的表达特性及对溴氰菊酯胁迫的响应,采用反转录PCR技术克隆其细胞色素P450基因并进行序列分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,RT-qPCR)技术分析其在星豹蛛各发育阶段及雌雄成蛛不同部位的表达水平,同时分析其在溴氰菊酯不同浓度胁迫下和不同处理时间后的表达模式。结果显示,在星豹蛛雌成蛛中克隆得到1个细胞色素P450基因,其开放阅读框为1 473 bp,编码490个氨基酸,命名为PaCYP3001U16(GenBank登录号为MZ643213)。PaCYP3001U16基因在星豹蛛各发育阶段均有表达,其中在成蛛期的表达量最高,在6龄幼蛛期的表达量最低;该基因在雌雄成蛛腹部的表达量显著高于在头胸部及足部的表达量。星豹蛛雄成蛛经LC10(5.151 mg/L)、LC30(8.619 mg/L)和LC50(12.311 mg/L)溴氰菊酯处理12 h,PaCYP3001U16基因的表达量均被抑制,且在LC50处理下表达量最低。PaCYP3001U16基因经LC30溴氰菊酯处理...     

Effects of carbaryl and azinphos methyl on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) detoxifying enzymes

In this study, the effects of sublethal exposures to the anticholinesterase insecticides azinphos methyl (AzMe) and carbaryl on the detoxifying responses of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were investigated. Juvenile specimen were exposed to sublethal concentrations of AzMe (2.5 and 5 μg/L) and carbaryl (1 and 3 mg/L) for 24, 48 and 96 h. Carboxylesterase (CbE), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) and cytochrome P450-1A (CYP1A) levels were monitored in liver and/or kidney. In all exposed groups liver CbE was significantly inhibited. Liver and kidney GSH level was reduced after sublethal exposure to both compounds. Carbaryl induced CAT activity during the first 48 h of exposure, followed by a significant decrease, whereas AzMe continuously decreased CAT activity. GST activity and CYP1A were transiently induced at 24 h by carbaryl exposure (3 mg/L) but sublethal exposure to AzMe did not affect GST activity or CYP1A. Our results show that the O. mykiss detoxifying system are a target for carbaryl and AzMe action, probably affecting redox balance. Although the responses showed similar trends in both organs, they were more important in liver than in kidney. The early inhibitory effect in CAT activity and GSH content produced by AzMe may be associated with a high degree of oxidative stress. Early induction of CYP1A, GST and CAT by carbaryl followed by enzyme inhibition suggests a milder or delayed oxidative stress, revealing differences between both pesticides metabolization. CbE inhibition is a good biomarker for AzMe and carbaryl exposure.     

Homology modelling of Drosophila cytochrome P450 enzymes associated with insecticide resistance

BACKGROUND: Overexpression of the cytochrome P450 gene Cyp6g1 confers resistance against DDT and a broad range of other insecticides in Drosophila melanogaster Meig. In the absence of crystal structures of CYP6G1 or complexes with its substrates, structural studies rely on homology modelling and ligand docking to understand P450–substrate interactions. RESULTS: Homology models are presented for CYP6G1, a P450 associated with resistance to DDT and neonicotinoids, and two other enzymes associated with insecticide resistance in D. melanogaster, CYP12D1 and CYP6A2. The models are based on a template of the X‐ray structure of the phylogenetically related human CYP3A4, which is known for its broad substrate specificity. The model of CYP6G1 has a much smaller active site cavity than the template. The cavity is also ‘V’‐shaped and is lined with hydrophobic residues, showing high shape and chemical complementarity with the molecular characteristics of DDT. Comparison of the DDT–CYP6G1 complex and a non‐resistant CYP6A2 homology model implies that tight‐fit recognition of this insecticide is important in CYP6G1. The active site can accommodate differently shaped substrates ranging from imidacloprid to malathion but not the pyrethroids permethrin and cyfluthrin. CONCLUSION: The CYP6G1, CYP12D1 and CYP6A2 homology models can provide a structural insight into insecticide resistance in flies overexpressing P450 enzymes with broad substrate specificities. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Spinosad resistance in female Musca domestica L. from a field-derived population

BACKGROUND: Bait-formulated spinosad is currently being introduced for housefly (Musca domestica L.) control around the world. Spinosad resistance was evaluated in a multiresistant field population and strains derived from this by selection with insecticides. Constitutive and spinosad-induced expression levels of three cytochrome P450 genes, CYP6A1, CYP6D1 and CYP6D3, previously reported to be involved in insecticide resistance, were examined. RESULTS: In 2004 a baseline for spinosad toxicity of Danish houseflies where all field populations were considered to be susceptible was established. In the present study, females of a multiresistant field population 791a were, however, 27-fold spinosad resistant at LC₅₀, whereas 791a male houseflies were susceptible. Strain 791a was selected with spinosad, thiamethoxam, fipronil and imidacloprid, resulting in four strains with individual characteristics. Selection of 791a with spinosad did not alter spinosad resistance in either males or females, but counterselected against resistance to the insecticides thiamethoxam and imidacloprid targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. A synergist study with piperonyl butoxide, as well as gene expression studies of CYP6A1, CYP6D1 and CYP6D3, indicated a partial involvement of cytochrome P450 genes in spinosad resistance. CONCLUSION: This study reports female-linked spinosad resistance in Danish houseflies. Negative cross-resistance was observed between spinosad and neonicotinoids in one multiresistant housefly strain. Spinosad resistance involved alterations of cytochrome P450 gene expression. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

稻曲病气象风险评估及适宜度等级预测技术

为了弄清适宜稻曲病发生发展的气象条件以及对应的气象适宜度等级,提高水稻气象型病害防控能力,本文利用江苏省稻曲病大田调查资料,结合历史气象资料,通过评估发病敏感时段和致病风险,以及分析江苏省稻曲病最大成灾风险度出现日期以及空间分布情况,指出8月下旬为稻曲病高发期,对于发病风险高且程度重的沿淮、沿江以及江淮之间地区需要加强病害防御。在此基础上,综合考虑不同连续致病天数对稻曲病流行的影响,利用最优化技术,构建了综合稻曲病指数,并划分气象条件适宜度等级。通过单站和多站检验发现该指数对"中等、大流行"发病实况的判定准确率极高,但容易高估"轻度流行"的程度。