干旱区生态环境制图的理论与方法 --以土地荒漠化图为例

土地荒漠化制图是生态环境专题制图的前沿领域，按照现代制图学的原理和土地荒漠化的分类体系，综合制图区域自然及人文要素的时空特征，应用遥感与GIS相结合的方法，编制了不同时期的专题类型图。新技术的应用，反映了信息化时代数字制图技术在土地荒漠化专题制图中的应用潜力，极大地丰富了专题制图学的内涵。同时，体现了专题地图高度的灵活性和强大的选择性，良好的现势性及动态性，制图过程的智能化及制图载体的多样化。本研究重点讨论了荒漠化类型的制图综合，专题要素的表现手法以及制图过程的数据挖掘等关键问题。     

GIS及其在植物检疫中的应用研究

GIS是一种决策支持系统,吸取了计算机地图制图、计算机图形学、航空摄影测量与遥感、数字图象处理、数据库管理系统等技术的成果,具有信息系统的各种特点,已取代地图成为地理学的第三代语言。GIS由于其具有强大的空间信息管理和空间分析功能,被广泛地应用于几乎一切与空间信息相关的领域,如城市规划、军事、测绘、农业和商业等。近年来,随着微型计算机系统的普及和图形     

数字PCR在转基因植物检测中的应用

随着转基因植物种植规模不断扩大，对其中转基因成分检测也提出了新的要求。近年来，数字PCR作为一种新兴的分子生物学技术在其检测方面得到了广泛应用。本文主要介绍了数字PCR的原理及数字PCR在转基因检测中的应用优势，并对转基因植物检测中的转基因成分定量检测、标准物质制备与定值及外源基因拷贝数鉴定等应用进行了总结。     

关于中国1:100万数字地貌制图若干问题的讨论

讨论近年"中国1:100万数字地貌制图"工作中存在的一些问题,认为该工作在分类方案和技术流程上尚存在可改进之处,尤其是对"山地的完整性"的解释和规范,容易产生编图操作困难、图斑界线勾画随意性增大以及编图结果有可能与实际背离的问题。主要分析了地貌类型(单元)完整性与地貌实体(单元)完整性的区别,划分地貌类型时应如何考虑海拔高度与地形起伏度,低、中、高山概念的局限和不适用,复合型成因类型中现代地貌过程的表示等问题。强调指出,地貌图的制图对象是地貌类型而不是地貌实体,有关"保持山地完整性"的规定是不适用的。同时,还在现有地貌分类方案基础上给出了一个改进方案。     

基于地统计学和GIS的灌区盐渍化土壤制图及评价

利用土壤质地、质地层次组合和总盐含量为指标,进行千旱区盐渍化土壤分类.结合野外调查采样,利用地理信息系统等数字土壤技术,对研究区盐渍化土壤进行制图研究,定量评价土壤质地和盐渍化状况.结果表明:研究区土壤以轻盐化(36g/kg)为主,面积为1 535.7 kM2(64.7% );3种类型盐渍化土壤(全a轻盐化土、表a轻盐化土壤和腰黏轻盐化土壤)的总面积为1517.4 kM2(63.9%),土壤黏粒含量是影响盐渍化的一个重要因素.制作完成的盐渍化数字土壤图为研究区盐溃化土壤的改良及利用提供了基础数据.     

基于图层约束的自然灾害风险制图综合初探——以西北干旱区为例

地图自动综合是一项表达客观地理规律的复杂的决策处理过程,也是灾害风险制图,特别是自动制图综合的热点和难点。从灾害系统理论角度出发,运用地理学规律,在GIS等技术支持下,结合传统制图综合的相关理念和技术,探讨基于图层约束的灾害风险制图综合的内涵、方法,并以我国西北干旱区为例,基于人口与绿洲承灾体图层约束,评价区域灾害风险等级。结果表明:自然灾害风险制图综合理论构架可以表征为语义、结构、阈值、空间和视觉学方面的图层约束。西北干旱区基于人口与绿洲承灾体图层约束的风险制图,对于风险识别、风险防范更具明辨性、准确性和区域针对性。     

灌淤土壤大比例尺土壤调查制图单元的研究

通过对宁夏银川平原灌淤土壤大比例尺土壤调查制图，实地测产和室内化验分析，提出了土壤盐化程度，灌淤土层厚度和土壤质地剖面构型是确定灌淤土壤大比例尺土壤主调查制图单元的主要依据，并论述的制图因素的空间分布及界限走向。     

喷码技术在农药防伪中的应用

随着农药生产技术的不断发展，以及生产企业对产品质量和品牌意识的不断加强，农药防伪技术在农药生产中得到了越来越广泛的应用。当今的防伪技术主要包括：材料化学防伪技术、激光全息防伪技术、印刷和造纸防伪技术、生物防伪技术、数字防伪技术等。     

基于3S 技术编制大比例尺土壤养分图方法研究——以吴忠国家农业科技园区为例

以地处宁夏吴忠市利通区的国家农业科技园区种植业核心区为例,介绍基于3S技术的大比例尺土壤养分图制图过程,主要包括基于DGPS定位的网格取样法土壤样品采集、基于土壤养分系统研究法(ASI)的样品分析、基于Quickbird遥感影像和ArcGis9平台的研究区边界和非耕地区域数字化、土壤养分数据库的建立及其与样点属性数据库的链接、基于Kriging方法的空间插值和土壤养分图绘制等过程.这一制图方法具有简捷、高效、准确、清晰等特点,可以更好地反映土壤养分的空间分布特征,为精准施肥服务.     

介绍一种简易显微投影印像绘图法

绘图技术在生物学的形态分类领域中,是必不可少的手段。著者等近年来在螨类研究工作中,采用了一种操作简便、适合广大基层科学工作者,在缺少显微摄影设备的条件下,可因陋就简又行之有效的摄像、制图方法。现简介于下。     

Characterization and mapping of oat crown rust resistance genes using three assessment methods

ABSTRACT Resistance is the primary means of control for crown rust of oat (Avena sativa L.), caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, and better knowledge of the genetics of resistance will enhance resistance breeding. Disease data were generated in the field and greenhouse for parents and recombinant inbred lines of the Ogle/TAM O-301 (OT) oat mapping population using (i) a new quantitative assay that employs quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) to estimate fungal growth in the host, (ii) digital image analysis, and (iii) visual ratings. The objectives of this study were to evaluate each assessment method's ability to map a major gene from cv. Ogle and potential quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributed by Ogle and TAM O-301. All three assessment methods identified the major gene in Ogle, which was mapped to linkage group OT6. The resolution produced by q-PCR, however, enabled more precise mapping of the major gene. Quantitative analysis indicated that 64% of the phenotypic variation was accounted for using q-PCR, whereas 41 and 52% were accounted for using visual and digital assessments, respectively. Data generated by q-PCR permitted identification of QTL on linkage groups OT32, accounting for 6% of the phenotypic variation, and OT2, accounting for 4% of the variation. QTL on both OT32 and OT2 were conferred by TAM O-301, one of which (OT2) was indiscernible using data from the visual and digital assessments. The new method of precisely phenotyping crown rust resistance provided a more accurate and thorough means of dissecting resistance in the OT mapping population. Similar methods could be developed and applied to other important cereal rust diseases.     

Evaluating the accuracy of mapping weeds in fallow fields using airborne digital imaging: Panicumeffusum in oilseed rape stubble

The potential accuracy of using airborne multispectral imaging to map weed patches rapidly in a fallow field has been evaluated. An image of a field of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.) stubble interspersed with Panicum effusum R. Br. was acquired using a four-camera airborne digital imaging system; recording in the infrared, red, green and blue wavebands. The image was converted into georectified weed maps using supervised and unsupervised classification procedures. Comparison of the airborne-derived maps with an accurate weed map compiled from a detailed ground survey demonstrated that weed:non-weed classification and mapping accuracies of better than 87% are possible. The limitations of assessing the accuracy of classified imagery using ground-truth data of similar spatial resolution are discussed.     

一种基于agent随机扩散的图像分割方法

图像分割是图像处理的关键环节,直接影响以后的分析、识别和解译。根据进化agent具有自适应性、非线性映射和高度并行处理能力等优点,提出了一种基于agent随机扩散的图像分割方法。在该方法中,agent点随机地撒在网格单元上,并在满足一致性标准的区域用标签标定。agent点有复制和扩散两种行为扩散模式,当一个agent成功的找到一个像素满足一致性标准,它将在周围区域复制一系列后代,因此这些后代更容易找到那些满足一致性条件的像素,而对于那些超过生命周期的agent点将停止搜索,从环境中消失。利用医学胸部的CT图像和脑部的磁共振图像进行的实验结果表明,该方法能较好地从图像中提出感兴趣的区域。     

Prediction of soil surface salinity in arid region of central Iran using auxiliary variables and genetic programming

Spatial information on soil salinity is increasingly needed for decision making and management practices in arid environments. In this article, we attempted to investigate soil salinity variation via a digital soil mapping approach and genetic programming in an arid region, Chah-Afzal, located in central Iran. A grid sampling strategy with 2-km distance was used. In total, 180 soil surface samples were collected and then analyzed. A symbolic regression was then adopted to correlate electrical conductivity (EC_e) with a suite of auxiliary data including predicted maps of apparent electrical conductivity (vertical: EC_av and horizontal: EC_ah), Landsat spectral data and terrain attributes derived from a digital elevation model. The accuracy of the genetic programming model was evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE), mean error (ME), and coefficient of determination (R²) based on an independent validation data set (20% of database or thirty soil samples). In general, results showed that EC_ah had the strongest influence on the prediction of soil salinity followed by salinity index wetness index, Landsat Band 3, multi-resolution valley bottom flatness index, elevation, and normalized difference vegetation index. Furthermore, results indicated that the genetic programming model predicted EC_e over the study area accurately (R² = 0.87, ME = ?1.04 and RMSE = 16.36 dSm^?1). Overall, it is suggested that similar applications of this technique could be used for mapping soil salinity in other arid regions of Iran.     

Digital Image Analysis of Internal Light Spots of Appressoria of Colletotrichum acutatum

ABSTRACT The initial penetration process of appressoria of Colletotrichum acutatum on almond leaves was studied using digital image analysis of light micrographs and scanning electron microscopy. For image analysis, a series of sequential, partially focused digital micrographs of appressoria was analyzed to generate a single, completely focused montage image with a continuous in-focus depth of field. In studies on the development of the internal light spot (ILS), we observed that 50.4% of the appressoria formed an ILS after leaves were inoculated and incubated for 12 h at 20 degrees C, and that this increased to 95.8% after 24 h. Comparative image analyses of appressoria with and without ILSs using depth relief mapping and line profile software options showed that the ILS had a depth relief that was below that of the leaf surface. Depth relief analysis in the ILS region during incubation revealed an increase in depth in this area of up to 1.8 mum in some of the appressoria. A comparative morphological study of the ILS in montage images and the penetration pore of appressoria in scanning electron micrographs showed similar shapes and dimensions of the two structures in the appressorium. Light micrographs of histological sections confirmed fungal penetration and internal vesicle formation in almond leaves within 36 h after inoculation and incubation at 20 degrees C. This study represents the first direct evidence that the ILS in appressoria corresponds to the penetration pore and the developing penetration peg using a rapid, digital image analysis technique.     

Innovative Evaluation of Field and Spatial Remote Sensing Data for Analysis of Vegetation Bio-types in Arid Rangelands,Taznakht, Moroccan Anti-Atlas

In Morocco, as in many other regions of north Africa, desertification is affecting the most sensitive environments such as the rangelands. Demographic expansion, cereal growing, and overgrazing constitute the principal factors of degradation in such regions. The use of satellite data provides an efficient tool for observation and continuous measurement of the biosphere. Our objective is to propose a method for the characterization and mapping of rangelands in arid and desert areas, based on the biophysical reality of the environment (field data). A highly detailed study based on field surveys of the Taznakht basin (Moroccan Anti-Atlas) was carried out to determine rangeland typology. Close relationships were demonstrated between the abiotic environment and the vegetation. The relevant bio-pedo-morphological classes at each site, corresponding to the different types of rangeland, were identified. The cartographic accuracy of these classes was considerably increased by combining the stratification obtained by Visual Interpretation Assisted by Computer of the photofacies of a Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Tene (SPOT) image obtained during the dry period, with a supervised classification of each stratum based on maximum likelihood. This methodological approach was used to develop a simple, robust, and generally applicable model for the efficient correlation of field and remote sensing data.     

MapGIS在造林工程设计中的应用

本文选择陕西省西部造林工程－千阳县造林示范区为研究对象,阐述了GIS在林业专题制图中的应用前景;以国产GIS软件－MapGIS为例,探讨了GIS在林业专题制图中应用的基本原理和方法：尝试了基于MapGIS的造林规划设计途径：建立了造林示范区的图形数据库和属性数据库：完成了造林示范区上地利用现状、造林规划设计等专题图。这一成果为该示范的造林工程管理、生态环境建设将起到积极的作用。     

基于DEM的延河流域水文特征提取与分析

基于DEM数据,依据地表径流漫流模拟算法,使用ArcGIS软件中的水文分析工具,提取与分析延河流域河网特征及相关信息,并与1∶25万地形图数字化水系进行分析比较。结果表明:集水面积阈值是决定河网提取精度的关键参数,阈值越大,提取河网越稀疏,反之则提取河网越密集;随着集水面积阈值的增大,河源数和河网密度、河流的级数、总河长等随之减少,但主河长变化不大;当阈值为5.51 km2时,提取河网与实际较吻合。因此,基于90m分辨率的DEM数据提取延河流域水系和子流域是切实可行的,可以作为数字流域建设与水资源管理的基础数据。     

长期耕作条件下小尺度农田土壤有机质空间变异性

采用10 m×10 m高密度网格采样的地统计学方法,进行了小尺度(10.24 hm2)土壤耕层(0~30 cm)有机质的空间分布特征量化研究。研究发现,取样区内土壤有机质空间分布表现出弱变异性,CV≤1.84%,但整体含量偏低,SOM≤1.04%;东西、南北、东南和西南四个方向上半方差函数的差异性表明,有机质空间分布具有异向性,基于各向同性假设和各向异性的半方差函数结构分析以及Kriging估计都能很好地反映取样区土壤有机质的空间变异性,但后者在估计结果精度和真实性方面要优于前者。     

基于GIS的西安市工程地质环境评价研究

应用GIS技术研究了影响西安市工程地质评价的关键因素,探讨了:数据源获取的现代技术手段和空间与属性数据的建库技术;利用基础类码和专题类码编码的重编码手段,从各种类型的数据中提取新的有用的信息的过程;系列地图编制及需要注意的若干问题与解决方法。此项研究对西安市工程地质环境进行了综合评价,对备选的六个大区及区位点的可能满意度结果进行了排序,得出了与实际情况较一致的评价结果,为政府职能部门的进一步科学规划提供了重要的参考依据。