引起甜樱桃叶斑病的葡萄座腔菌的鉴定

Cherry leaf spot disease is one of the most common diseases of sweet cherry. In 2018 and 2019, a leaf spot symptom was observed on sweet cherry in Beijing city, Shandong province and Liaoning province, and the pathogen fungi were isolated from diseased samples. Seven fungal isolates (JZB310197-JZB310203) were identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea according to morphological characteristics and multi-gene (ITS, EF 1-α and TUB2) phylogenetic analysis. To fulfill the Koch′s postulation, pathogenicity assay was carried out on detached leaves and tissue cultured seedlings. The inoculation results showed that all isolates were pathogenic to cherry leaves, proving that B. dothidea was a pathogen of cherry leaf spot disease. This is the first report of B. dothidea causing leaf spot of sweet cherry in China.     

北京市月季丽赤壳褐斑病病原菌鉴定

In September 2018, a new leaf spot on Rosa chinensis with incidence of up to 60% was observed in a park in Miyun district of Beijing. Disease samples were collected and three strains (JZB3210001, JZB3210002 and JZB3210003) were obtained by isolation and single spore purification. According to the morphological characteristics, they were identified as Calonectria sp.. For molecular phylogenetic analysis, β-tub, Cal, H3, EF1-α genes were amplified with genomic DNA of these three isolates. Phylogenetic trees constructed by the Maximum likelihood method showed that three strains clustered with Calonectria blephiliae CBS136425 as a distinct clade with 91% bootstrap support. Based on both morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, the three strains were identified as C. blephiliae. The pathogenicity assay confirmed that C. blephiliae was the pathogen causing this disease. This is the first report of leaf spot caused by C. blephiliae on Rosa chinensis in China.     

苹果炭疽叶枯病菌致病相关基因CgNVF1的功能初步分析

苹果炭疽叶枯病是主要由胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)引起的一种苹果重要叶部病害,严重威胁着苹果树的生长。本研究从构建的苹果炭疽叶枯病菌T-DNA突变体库中筛选获得一株致病力缺失的突变菌株A3083,采用hiTAIL-PCR方法克隆了该突变体T-DNA插入位点的右翼序列;通过与胶孢炭疽菌基因组序列比对分析,发现T-DNA插入位点位于1个预测的CGGC5_9603基因内,并将该基因命名为CgNVF1。CgNVF1基因全长2252 bp,含有2个内含子,编码709个氨基酸。CgNVF1定位于细胞质,在苹果炭疽叶枯病菌菌丝、分生孢子和附着胞中均有表达。通过构建CgNVF1敲除菌株和CgNVF1互补菌株,并结合表型分析,证实CgNVF1基因在苹果炭疽叶枯病菌附着胞形成及致病中具有重要的作用。     

苦瓜平脐蠕孢叶斑病病原鉴定

<正>苦瓜是葫芦科苦瓜属植物,在亚洲热带地区、东非、加勒比海等地区均有种植,是药食兼用的重要蔬菜,也是广西南菜北运的主要蔬菜品种~([1,2])。据农业部门不完全统计,广西苦瓜的生产面积超过1.6万公顷,且逐年有增加的趋势。近年来,随着气候的变化,作物栽培面积的扩大,病害的发生也在不断增加。     

苦瓜平脐蠕孢叶斑病病原鉴定

This study was conducted to identify the pathogens causing a new leaf spot disease on bitter gourd. The diseased leaves were collected from bitter gourd plantations around Nanning, Guangxi province. The pathogen causing this disease was identified by pathogenicity, morphology, and combined gene sequences analysis on ITS, TEF and GPD. The morphological characteristics of the pathogen were similar to that of Bipolaris bicolor. The representative isolate was clustered into one clade in phylogenetic tree with B. bicolor, which indicated that the leaf spot of bitter gourd was caused by B. bicolor. This is the first report of a leaf spot disease caused by B. bicolor on bitter gourd.     

山茶炭疽菌CcSnf1基因参与调控山茶炭疽菌的生长发育和致病力

 油茶炭疽病是油茶上的重要病害,山茶炭疽菌(Colletotrichum camelliae)是该病害的优势病原菌。本研究以山茶炭疽菌中丝氨酸/苏氨酸类蛋白激酶SNF1蛋白复合体的核心组分CcSnf1为研究对象,研究其在山茶炭疽菌的营养生长、产孢量、孢子萌发、附着胞形成、对环境胁迫因子的响应、对不同碳源的利用、致病力等方面的生物学功能,为油茶炭疽病的防控提供理论依据。研究结果表明,山茶炭疽菌CcSnf1基因编码的蛋白为719个氨基酸,含有一个蛋白激酶催化结构域、一个泛素相关结构域和一个腺苷酸感应器结构域。CcSnf1是果生炭疽菌CfSnf1和胶孢炭疽菌CgSnf1的高度同源物。该基因的敲除体菌丝生长减慢,分生孢子产量显著降低,对不同碳源、细胞壁完整性因子和渗透压胁迫因子有不同程度的敏感性。侵染早期阶段的孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率显著受影响,随后CcSnf1的敲除体对油茶果实和叶片的致病力明显减弱。本研究表明CcSnf1在山茶炭疽菌的菌丝生长、产孢、胁迫因子响应、对特定碳源的利用和致病力具有重要的作用。     

核盘菌菌核围微生物群落分析及其对盾壳霉重寄生的影响

 重寄生真菌盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)是核盘菌的一种生防菌,它通过寄生核盘菌菌核,减少初侵染来源,从而达到防病效果。但在田间自然土壤中,核盘菌菌核围微生物对盾壳霉寄生菌核的影响还不清楚。本研究对核盘菌菌核围微生物进行了分离鉴定,并评估了菌核围细菌对盾壳霉重寄生的影响。结果表明,不同取样时间和不同深度的核盘菌菌核围土壤中,均存在可培养微生物富集的“菌核围效应”,即菌核围土壤中可培养细菌数量和真菌数量均高于非菌核围土壤。从菌核围土壤中共分离获得了253株细菌和180株真菌,并对其中的代表菌株进行了分子鉴定,发现假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)是菌核围细菌的优势种群,青霉属(Penicillium)是菌核围真菌的优势种群。通过平板对峙,从菌核围细菌中筛选到25个菌株对核盘菌有拮抗活性,22个菌株对盾壳霉具有拮抗活性。砂皿寄生菌核试验证实,7株菌核围细菌对盾壳霉寄生菌核有显著的抑制作用。核盘菌菌核围细菌对盾壳霉重寄生的抑制作用,可能是导致盾壳霉田间生防效果不稳定的原因之一。     

松材线虫fem-1基因的克隆与表达特性研究

 松材线虫病是世界性的检疫病害,严重威胁松林等森林资源和生态安全。有研究表明,Feminization(fem)基因家族在秀丽隐杆线虫中参与性别决定和分化。本研究克隆了松材线虫fem-1基因,并对其表达特征和调控功能进行研究。结果表明,该基因cDNA全长为856 bp,包含681 bp的开放阅读框,编码226个氨基酸,进化分析显示与秀丽隐杆线虫位于同一进化分支。荧光定量PCR以及原位杂交结果显示, fem-1基因在松材线虫各个发育阶段均有表达,其中在2龄虫期表达水平最高;在卵期至3龄虫期阶段于虫体中后部表达,而发育后期,多位于皮下细胞中表达,肠道、性腺等部位极少出现杂交反应。利用RNA干扰技术沉默fem-1基因后,线虫种群雌雄比例出现下降,说明fem-1基因可能参与松材线虫性别分化和决定过程。研究结果有助于了解松材线虫性别决定相关基因表达特性与功能,为深入研究松材线虫发育生物学提供一定的理论依据。     

一株拮抗水稻白叶枯病菌的淡紫灰链霉菌的筛选鉴定及其生防效果研究

 为发现绿色安全的水稻白叶枯病天然生物防治微生物,本研究从植物根际土壤中分离获得165株放线菌。利用共培养法和牛津杯法,筛选获得了5株拮抗水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)的放线菌,其中拮抗能力最强的是Sl-10菌株,发酵液抑菌圈直径为62.1 mm ± 1.5 mm。根据形态特征、生理生化实验、16S rDNA序列和系统发育分析,鉴定Sl-10菌株为淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendulae)。Sl-10菌株发酵液对大豆斑点病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea)、烟草野火病菌(P. syringae pv. tabaci)、油菜黑腐病菌(X. campestris pv. campestris)、大豆斑疹病菌(X. axonopodis pv. glycines)、水稻条斑病菌(X. oryzae pv. oryzicola)、烟草青枯病菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)和番茄叶斑病菌(P. syringae pv. tomato)7种植物病原细菌均有拮抗作用。Sl-10菌株发酵液具有较好的耐光、耐酸碱和热稳定性。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,Sl-10菌株可抑制Xoo的蛋白质合成。4个品种水稻(甬优15、湘两优900、嘉丰2号和甬优1540)喷施Sl-10菌株发酵液,水稻白叶枯病的病斑抑制率达到82.27%~91.78%。研究结果显示,淡紫灰链霉菌Sl-10菌株具有较好的水稻白叶枯病生物防治潜能。     

引起油茶炭疽病胶孢炭疽菌种群遗传结构研究

 胶孢炭疽菌是引起油茶炭疽病的主要病原之一。目前对于该病原菌种群的遗传结构尚未见报道。研究病菌种群的遗传结构对制定科学的防治方法具有重要意义。本研究比较中国6个省12个不同地区的126个胶孢炭疽菌的ITS序列的差异,以期研究各不同群体的单倍体型多样性,不同地区群体之间的遗传关系,以及遗传距离与地理距离的线性关系。遗传分析发现,得到的126个胶孢炭疽菌样品ITS序列可定义为27种单倍体型。27种单倍体型中,一个主要的单倍体型(Haplotype12)含有78个样品,且基本上每个样品采集地都有分布。遗传分化指数(Fst)表明病菌不同地理种群间的遗传分化较大。AMOVA分析显示,种群间的遗传变异占总变异的6%,种群内部变异占总变异的94%。Mantel测试显示地理距离与遗传距离没有显著的线性关系。对所有地理种群病原菌ITS序列的核苷酸不配对进行分析,发现油茶炭疽病菌未经历过大规模的种群扩张过程。系统发育分析表明,来自不同地区的油茶炭疽病菌散乱的分布在系统树中。研究结果表明油茶炭疽病菌种群具有丰富的遗传多样性。