我国长江中下游稻区稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性研究

用琼脂法测定了长江中下游稻区43个稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性水平。2003年采自浙江绍兴的稗草对二氯喹啉酸最为敏感,其EC50为0.326 8 mg/L,以其为敏感稗草。2003年采自浙江陶堰和浙江塘下的稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性处于极高抗水平,抗性比分别达到718.48和695.84。采自湖南安乡(2004年)和浙江杭州(2003年)的稗草也产生了高水平抗药性,抗性倍数分别为62.21倍和41.22倍。采自浙江皋埠(2003年)的稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性还处于低水平抗性阶段,其抗性比为6.41。而其余37个稗草对二氯喹啉酸的EC50为0.495 3~1.315 mg/L,抗性比为1.52~4.02,表明这些地方稗草尚处于对二氯喹啉酸敏感或敏感性正在下降阶段。     

4种稗属杂草对二氯喹啉酸等常用除稗剂的抗药性

稗属(Echinochloa spp.)杂草严重影响我国水稻安全生产。二氯喹啉酸作为主要的除稗剂,连续施用多年,抗性问题突出。为进一步探明稗草对二氯喹啉酸等除稗剂的抗性现状,以便有针对性地进行抗性治理,对采集于江苏省稻区的稗草种群进行抗性分析。结果表明,采自常州市金坛区金城镇、南京市六合区和镇江市句容市的稗草种群对二氯喹啉酸抗性频率分别为25. 93%、30. 53%和22. 6%,采集于其他几个地区的稗草种群抗性频率在4. 69%～9. 71%之间。对分离筛选到4种抗性稗草进行抗性水平测定,整株生物测定结果表明,普通稗EB-S和EB-R的GR50(生长抑制中量)值分别为194. 85和4 483. 33 g a. i./hm2,普通稗抗性材料(EB-R)的抗性指数达到了23,EB-R对二氯喹啉酸产生了较高水平的抗药性。孔雀稗(ES-R)、西来稗(EZ-R)和无芒稗(EM-R)对二氯喹啉酸的抗性指数分别为8. 87、9. 32、7. 41,处于中等水平抗药性。另外,普通稗(EB-R)和西来稗(EZ-R)对双草醚和氰氟草酯产生了一定的抗(耐)药性,无芒稗(EM-R)对唑酰草胺产生了一定的抗(耐)药性。本研究结果可为通过轮换用药治理抗性杂草提供理论依据。     

稗草对二氯喹啉酸抗性研究进展

生长素类除草剂二氯喹啉酸在我国使用了20多年,目前,稻田稗草对二氯喹啉酸产生了抗性,抗二氯喹啉酸稗草逐渐成为我国南北稻区的防除难题。稗草抗二氯喹啉酸机理比较复杂,从稗草感知二氯喹啉酸到产生氰化物的过程是通过生长素信号通路到乙烯信号通路传导的,期间发生了复杂的基因调控和相关酶的从头合成。最新研究认为,稗草主要通过提高氰化物解毒酶——氰丙氨酸合成酶(β-CAS)的活性和控制有毒氰化物的产量产生抗药性。本文综述了二氯喹啉酸的除草机理与稗草对二氯喹啉酸抗性这两个密切相关问题的研究进展。     

湖南稻区稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性研究

对湖南部分稻区稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的抗性水平进行监测。琼脂法测定结果表明,湖南安乡稗草生物型已对二氯喹啉酸产生了明显的抗性,2001年安乡稗草生物型IC₅₀结果显示,其最高相对抗性倍数高达63.80;常德市郊、汉寿县、长沙县高桥镇和春华镇的稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性正在形成,IC₅₀相对抗性倍数比值为2.15-2.78;而其他地区稗草生物型尚未对二氯喹啉酸产生抗性。茎叶喷雾法测定表明,在室内即便是使用高浓度400 mg／L二氯喹啉酸也不能很好地控制安乡稗草生物型;田间使用浓度为6倍于田间推荐用量(1 350 g／hm²)的二氯喹啉酸不能有效防治安乡稗草生物型,而用田间推荐量(225 g／hm²)的二氯喹啉酸可有效的防治敏感性稗草生物型。以上结果表明湖南安乡稗草生物型已对二氯喹啉酸产生极明显的抗药性。     

东北地区稻稗对3种除草剂的多抗性

为明确东北地区不同稻田区稻稗对五氟磺草胺、二氯喹啉酸和■唑酰草胺的抗性情况,采用整株生物测定法研究东北地区32个稻稗种群对3种除草剂的多抗性情况及抗性水平。结果表明:在32个稻稗种群中,3个种群(HLJ4、LN1、LN24)对3种除草剂产生了多抗性,其中HLJ4种群对二氯喹啉酸产生了高水平的抗药性,LN1和LN24种群对二氯喹啉酸产生了极高水平的抗药性,抗性指数分别为65.85、145.21和269.60;HLJ4和LN1种群对■唑酰草胺产生了高水平的抗药性,抗性指数分别为10.64和23.59,LN24对■唑酰草胺产生了中等水平的抗药性,抗性指数为9.86。HLJ4、LN24、LN1分别对五氟磺草胺产生了低、中、高水平的抗药性,抗性指数分别为4.80、8.66、25.67。     

江西省稻田稗草对丁草胺和二氯喹啉酸的抗药性测定

利用盆钵法测定了江西省8个地区稻田稗草对丁草胺和二氯喹啉酸的抗药性。结果表明,江西省稻田稗草对丁草胺已经产生了不同程度的抗药性,其中恒湖农场的抗药性最高,2012-2013年的抗性指数在11~13之间,处于中等水平抗药性阶段;南昌市南昌县广福镇和朱港农场的抗性指数在6~9之间,处于低水平抗药性阶段;南昌市进贤县温圳镇、赣州市宁都县青塘镇和宜春市奉新县赤岸镇的抗性指数在3~4之间,处于敏感性下降阶段;而赣州市农业科学研究所和吉安市农业科学研究所的抗性指数均低于3,仍处于敏感阶段。总体而言,江西省8个地区稻田稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗性指数均低于2,仍处于敏感阶段。     

湖南稻区稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗性研究

利用整株测定法,测定湖南省主要稻区29个稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的抗性。结果表明,湖南省隆回县的生物型稗草对二氯喹啉酸最敏感,其EC50为76.388 3 g a.i./hm2,为敏感生物型。湖南省益阳芷湖口镇和湖南省长沙望城县(直播田)的生物型稗草对二氯喹啉酸的EC50分别为1 567.164 g a.i./hm2和2 477.542 g a.i./hm2,抗药性指数分别达20.52和32.43,表明这两种生物型稗草的抗药性处于高水平抗性。其中10个生物型稗草的EC50为155.931 8～375.114 g a.i./hm2,抗药性指数为2.02～4.91,表明这些生物型稗草已产生抗性。而其余16个生物型稗草的EC50为84.020 3～151.596 g a.i./hm2,抗药性指数为1.10～1.98,表明这些地方稗草的敏感性正在下降。     

宁夏稻田稗草对氰氟草酯抗药性及多抗性与交互抗性研究

为明确宁夏地区稻田稗草对乙酰辅酶A羧化酶抑制剂类除草剂氰氟草酯的抗药性水平以及对其他除草剂可能存在的交互抗性与多抗性情况，采用整株生物测定法研究了采自宁夏稻田的36个稗草种群对氰氟草酯的抗药性, 并使用单剂量法测定了各种群对五氟磺草胺、嘧啶肟草醚、噁唑酰草胺、二氯喹啉酸和敌稗的交互抗性及多抗性。结果表明, 以氰氟草酯GR50数值最小的生物型为敏感生物型计算抗性指数(RI), 仅有1个稗草种群在推荐剂量下被完全杀死, RI≤ 3.0; 11个稗草种群的RI范围为3.3～9.4, 表现出低水平抗性, 发生频率为30.56%; 19个种群的RI范围为10.3~58.3, 表现出中等水平抗性; 发生频率为52.78%; 5个稗草种群的RI＞100, 表现出高水平抗性, 占比13.89%, 其中采自银川市贺兰县立岗镇通义村的稗草种群抗性水平最高。交互抗性和多抗性研究结果表明, 在田间最高推荐剂量下氰氟草酯对稗草鲜重抑制率低于90%的种群中, 58%的稗草种群对噁唑酰草胺产生了交互抗性, 对五氟磺草胺、嘧啶肟草醚、二氯喹啉酸和敌稗产生多抗性的种群所占百分率分别为94%、100%、100%和18%。研究发现宁夏地区水稻田多数稗草种群对氰氟草酯产生了不同程度的抗药性, 并对其他常用稻田除草剂产生了交互抗性与多抗性, 其中银北地区稗草种群抗药性水平最高, 部分地区稗草抗性已达到高抗水平, 宁夏水稻田亟须抗性稗草综合治理技术的研究。     

利用贴牌水培法快速鉴定稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性水平

本文通过室内贴牌水培法及整株法,快速鉴定并验证了2013年采自湖南省不同地区稻田的50个稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性,试验结果表明:贴牌水培法所用的二氯喹啉酸甄别剂量为80mg/L;稗草死亡率越低,其抗性倍数(resistance factor,RF)越高,其中死亡率为0时,整株法测定的RF值高达896.07~1 209.38;贴牌水培法测定的稗草样本对二氯喹啉酸的ED50远低于整株法,但两种方法得到的不同稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的抗性水平趋势高度吻合。笔者认为以贴牌水培法测定的死亡率小于40%的稗草样本对二氯喹啉酸的抗性风险较高,值得深入研究。     

我国南方稻区稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性测定

用琼脂法对2000年和2001年采收的29个稗草生态型对二氯喹啉酸的抗性水平进行了测定。结果表明:广东花都稗草对二氯喹啉酸最为敏感,其抑制中浓度IC50是0.148 0 mg/L;湖南安乡稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗性极为明显,2000年和2001年样本IC50值分别是7.458和13.80 mg/L,其相对抗性比分别为50.4和93.2;2000年采收的湖南常德稗草也对二氯喹啉酸表现出高抗,其相对抗性比值是4.47,黄梅、汉寿、常德(b)、高桥4地稗草也表现出抗性,其相对抗性比值分别为2.37、3.12、2.44和2.20;其他22个稗草生态型对二氯喹啉酸仍未表现出抗性。     

稗对水稻生长和产量性状的影响及其经济阈值

稗Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv.在稻田的发生危害对水稻生产造成了严重威胁.为明确稗对水稻生长的影响及其经济危害允许水平,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究了不同稗草密度下水稻各产量性状的变化规律.研究结果表明,水稻在稗的竞争干扰下,植株的分蘖数、有效穗数、千粒重及产量均随稗草密度的增加而逐渐降低.指数模型y=beax可以较好地拟合稗对水稻分蘖数(y=493.74e-0.0164x,P＜0.0001)、有效穗数(y=437.2e-0.0165x,P＜0.0001)及千粒重(y=21.876e-0.0006x,P＜0.005)的影响,而对数模型y=aLnx b拟合稗与水稻产量(y=-1250.4Lnx 6375.4,P＜0.0001)及产量损失(y=18.844Lnx 3.9182,P＜0.0001)间的关系最佳.稻田使用乙苄、丁草胺、禾大壮、二氯喹啉酸等药剂进行化学除草时,稗的经济危害允许水平在0.71%～1.10%之间,经济阈值在0.85株/m2左右.     

Herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in global rice production

Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.), an annual species of the family Poaceae, is a major weed problem in rice-producing countries throughout the globe. Synthetic herbicides can effectively control this grass in rice paddies, but the development of resistant biotypes after the continuous use of the same active ingredients has led to low herbicide efficacy and yield losses. In this review, a summary of resistant-barnyardgrass cases in global rice production is reported based on data from the International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database. The first case of resistant barnyardgrass in rice paddies was to the photosystem-II inhibitor propanil in the late 1980s. Eighty-five (85) out of 116 cases in the period from 1986 to 2022 refer to resistant barnyardgrass (E. crus-galli var. crus-galli, E. crus-galli var. formosensis and E. crus-galli var. zelayensis) in 16 countries. Barnyardgrass has been found resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors (34 cases), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (23 cases), photosystem-II inhibitors (11 cases), auxin mimics/cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (9 cases), very long chain fatty acid inhibitors (6 cases), and microtubule assembly inhibitors (1 case). The majority of all resistance cases reported to the active ingredients penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, and imazamox (ALS inhibitors), cyhalofop-butyl and fenoxaprop-ethyl (ACCase inhibitors), propanil (photosystem-II inhibitors), and quinclorac (auxin mimics/cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors). Although target-site resistance with specific mutations has been identified, non-target site resistance mainly through herbicide detoxification is also of great concern increasing the chance of multiple herbicide resistance evolution. Rotation of herbicides should be adopted concerning the modes of action used as well as the application methods to mitigate resistance evolution of this weed in rice paddies.     

我国稻区稗草对丁草胺抗药性现状

１９９１－１９９３年，对我国三大栽培类型稻区内９个监测网点的稗草抗药水平发展动态进行了系统的追踪监测。结果显示：我国稗草对丁草胺已产生了明显的抗药性。以ＬＣ５０和ＬＣ９０作为标准，最高抗性系数分别由１９９１年的２．９０和２．７９，上升至１９９３年的５．４２和１１．０４。在丁草胺连续使用８年以上地区，抗性水平呈急剧上升之势。稗草对丁草胺的抗性水平与连续使用时间呈正相关，而与ａ－淀粉酶活性抑制率呈反相     

Herbicidal activity on acetolactate synthase‐resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) in Arkansas,USA

The intensive use of the acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides, imazethapyr, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium, in imidazolinone‐resistant (Clearfield) rice increases the risk of the evolution of ALS‐resistant barnyardgrass. In 2009, imazethapyr failed to control barnyardgrass that was collected from a field in Arkansas, USA, following the failure of the herbicide in 2008. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to confirm and document the level of resistance of the biotype against three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides that currently are labeled in rice. The level of control of the resistant biotype at the labeled rate of bispyribac‐sodium of 35 g ai ha^?1 was 10%, penoxsulam at 22 g ai ha^?1 was 0% and imazethapyr at 70 g ai ha^?1 was 25%. The level of mortality of the susceptible biotype was 100% with all the herbicides at the labeled rate. The dose needed to kill 50% of the resistant plants was 49 g ha^?1 of bispyribac‐sodium, 254 g ha^?1 of penoxsulam and 170 g ha^?1 of imazethapyr. For the susceptible biotype, bispyribac‐sodium at 6 g ha^?1, penoxsulam at 10 g ha^?1 and imazethapyr at 12 g ha^?1 killed 50% of the treated plants. Based on these findings, it was confirmed that a barnyardgrass population has evolved cross‐resistance to three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in rice culture in Arkansas. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to determine if the ALS‐resistant biotype could be controlled using other mechanisms of action. The results indicated that propanil, a photosystem II inhibitor, and quinclorac, a synthetic auxin, failed to control the resistant biotype at the labeled rates, whereas all the other evaluated herbicides provided effective control of both biotypes.     

Penoxsulam‐resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) in rice fields in China

Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) proliferation seriously threatens rice production worldwide. Whole‐plant bioassays were conducted in order to test the sensitivity to penoxsulam of 52 barnyardgrass populations and the resistance of six penoxsulam‐resistant populations to 12 other herbicides that are commonly used in rice fields. Among the 48 populations that had escaped penoxsulam control in the rice fields, 8.3% showed a very high level of resistance, 58.3% showed a high level of resistance and 10.4% showed a moderate level of resistance. Multiple resistance was confirmed in all six penoxsulam‐resistant populations that were tested further. They exhibited at least a moderate level of resistance; that is, to 6–10 of the total of 13 herbicides that was tested. Most of the six penoxsulam‐resistant populations showed at least a moderate level of resistance to bispyribac‐sodium, quinclorac, metamifop, cyhalofop‐butyl and oxadiazon, three populations held at least a moderate level of resistance to oxyfluorfen and pretilachlor, two populations also held at least a moderate level of resistance to pyrazosulfuron‐ethyl, pyribenzoxim and fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl, but the resistance indices of the six populations to pendimethalin were all low. This study has confirmed resistance to pretilachlor and oxadiazon in weeds for the first time.     

Quinclorac resistance: a concerted hormonal and enzymatic effort in Echinochloa phyllopogon

BACKGROUND: Quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-quinoline-carboxylic acid) is a selective herbicide widely used to control annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf) Koss. is the most noxious grass weed in California rice fields and has evolved resistance to multiple herbicides with different modes of action. A quinclorac-resistant (R) E. phyllopogon biotype found in a Sacramento Valley rice field where quinclorac has never been applied was investigated. RESULTS: Resistant to susceptible (S) GR₅₀ (herbicide rate for 50% growth reduction) ratios ranged from 6 to 17. The cytochrome P450 inhibitor malathion (200 mg L⁻¹) caused R plants to become as quinclorac susceptible as S plants. Quinclorac rapidly (6 HAT) stimulated ethylene formation in S plants, but only marginally in R plants. Malathion pretreatment did not reduce ethylene formation by quinclorac-treated S and R plants. Activity of β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) in tissue extracts was 2-3-fold greater in R than in S plants, and incubation of shoot extracts with 1 mM malathion reduced β-CAS activity by 40% in both biotypes. CONCLUSION: Resistance to quinclorac in R E. phyllopogon involved at least two mechanisms: (a) insensitivity along the response pathway whereby quinclorac induces ethylene production; (b) enhanced β-CAS activity, which should enable greater HCN detoxification following quinclorac stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis. This unveils new resistance mechanisms for this multiple-resistant biotype widely spread throughout California rice fields. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemical interactions with the herbicide propanil on propanil-resistant barnyardgrass

We are examining the interaction of compounds with the herbicide propanil to find synergistic or additive actions that can increase efficacy against propanil-resistant barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli] (R-BYG) without substantial injury to rice. Field tests (herbicidal injury) and laboratory tests (chlorophyll quantification in excised leaves; measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence to determine PSII inhibition) have been conducted on R-BYG and rice tissue exposed to various rates of propanil and additive. Important synergistic interactions on R-BYG in laboratory and field tests were found with propanil plus either the herbicides anilophos or piperophos, or the insecticide carbaryl. In laboratory tests, the insecticide methiocarb and PPG-124 (p-chlorophenyl N-methylcarbamate) were highly effective synergists with propanil on R-BYG. Other important interactions occurred with certain concentrations/application rates when propanil was combined with the herbicides quinclorac, thiobencarb, molinate, or pendimethalin (field tests). Combinations of these or other chemicals with propanil may provide additive or synergistic action useful to control R-BYG without increasing rice injury. Such mixtures might also prevent or delay the development of propanil resistance in this weed species.