小麦苗枯病菌的ITS分析及PCR检测

 小麦苗枯病菌(Clavibacter fangii,Cf)是引起小麦细菌性苗枯病的病原,本研究用16S~23S rDNA间的内源转录间隔区(internally transcribed spacer,ITS)序列通用引物L1(5'-AGTCGTAACAAGGTAGCCGT-3')和L2(5'-GTGCCAAGGCATCCACC-3')扩增Cf和其它相关细菌的基因组DNA;并对其PCR产物进行回收、克隆和测序,将所获序列和其它已报道的细菌ITS序列进行多重比较后设计出Cf的特异性引物I1(5'-TGCCAAGTCACACTGAGACGA-3')和I2(5'-CAATGATCTACCACCCTCCGA-3')。此引物可以从Cf中扩增出351bp的特异性片段,而其余参试的21个细菌PCR反应结果均为阴性。该方法可以应用于小麦苗枯病菌的快速、可靠检测。此外,本研究对多种植物病原棒形杆菌的ITS序列进行比较研究,发现其具有一定的分类意义。     

瓜黑星病菌、枯萎病菌和蔓枯病菌的三重PCR检测

通过测定黄瓜黑星病菌(Cladosporium cucumerinum)rDNA的ITS序列,比对近缘种及瓜类几种重要病原菌的ITS序列,设计出特异性引物HX-1/HX-2,经过对引物HX-1/HX-2PCR条件的优化,可以扩增出1条190bp的黄瓜黑星病菌特异性DNA条带,灵敏度达到1pg/μL。进一步将引物HX-1/HX-2和瓜类枯萎病菌、瓜类蔓枯病菌特异检测引物Fn-1/Fn-2、Mn-1/Mn-2组合,建立三重PCR体系,可一次检测出瓜类黑星病菌、瓜类枯萎病菌、瓜类蔓枯病菌3种瓜类植物重要的病原菌。建立了可以应用于田间瓜类黑星病菌PCR检测技术和瓜类主要病害三重PCR检测技术,对瓜类病害的诊断和防治具有重要的指导作用。     

香蕉炭疽菌rDNA ITS区的分子鉴定与检测

 香蕉炭疽病菌(Colletordchum muscat)是一种引起香蕉采后病害的最重要病原,本研究用真菌18S~28S间的内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)通用引物18SF和28SR扩增香蕉炭疽菌和其它外群真菌的基因组DNA,扩增出约510bp的片段;通过克隆测序香蕉炭疽菌的ITS全序列并与GenBank中炭疽菌属其它种的ITS序列比对,设计出香蕉炭疽菌的特异性引物ColM1和ColM2。用此特异引物可以从香蕉炭疽菌株中扩增出382bp的特异性片段,而其余20个参试菌株和香蕉组织的PCR反应结果为阴性,灵敏度实验证明可以检测到目标DNA的浓度为0.1Pg。该方法可用于快速、准确和灵敏地检测香蕉炭疽菌,为快速监测组织中有无香蕉炭疽病菌潜伏侵染与及早采取防治措施提供积极的指导意义。     

十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌的PCR鉴定

 在对十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌(Alternaria sp.)3个种及相近种的5.8SrDNA和其侧翼ITS区进行测序的基础上,分别设计合成了鉴定白菜黑斑病菌3个种的特异性引物。PCR扩增结果表明:Abre1和Abre2引物对能特异性扩增芸苔链格孢(A.brassicae)371bp的片段,Abra1和Abra2引物对能特异性扩增甘蓝链格孢(A.brassicicola)457bp的片段,Ajap1和Ajap2引物对能特异性扩增萝卜链格孢(A.japonica)411bp的片段,而且其它近源种未扩增出目标片段,说明这3个引物对可以作为十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌3个种快速检测鉴定的分子特征标记。     

利用双重PCR技术快速检测水稻细菌性谷枯病菌

根据水稻细菌性谷枯病ITS和gyrB基因,设计两对特异性PCR检测引物,建立了水稻细菌性谷枯病菌的双重PCR检测方法。用该方法对水稻细菌性谷枯病菌和其它植物源性细菌进行双重PCR扩增及灵敏度测试,并对采自不同地区的水稻样本进行水稻细菌性谷枯病菌的检测。结果显示,双重PCR方法能特异性地检测出8株水稻细菌性谷枯病菌,可从含水稻细菌性谷枯病菌浓度为102cfu/mL的菌液中检测出该病菌;采用该方法对我国不同地区的水稻材料进行检测,并未发现水稻细菌性谷枯病菌。     

烟草根黑腐病菌的PCR分子检测

 根据烟草根黑腐病菌(Thielaviopsis basicola)与其它烟草病原真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(internal transcribed spa-cer,ITS)序列间的差异,设计了一对特异性引物TB-5/TB-3,用于T. basicola的分子检测。利用该对引物对包括T. basicola在内的13个烟草病原菌菌株的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,结果表明:只有T. basicola能扩增到一条400bp左右的特异性条带,其它菌株及阴性对照均无扩增产物。对烟草组织和土壤的检测结果也表明,该对引物能特异性的检测到T. basicola基因组DNA的存在。该引物对T. basicola基因组DNA检测的灵敏度为100fg/μL。     

甘蔗宿根矮化病菌巢式PCR检测

为了探索甘蔗宿根矮化病快速检测技术,以细菌16S-23S rDNA内转录间隔区(ITS)通用引物ITS1/ITS2为第1轮引物,以甘蔗宿根矮化病菌特异引物Lxx1/Lxx2为第2轮引物,建立甘蔗宿根矮化病菌巢式PCR检测技术。巢式PCR能扩增出438 bp的目的条带,其核苷酸序列与巴西、澳大利亚及美国甘蔗宿根矮化病菌分离物核苷酸序列同源率为100%或99.8%;其检测灵敏度为10fg甘蔗宿根矮化病菌基因组DNA,较常规PCR提高100倍;样品检测结果也表明巢式PCR检测灵敏度明显优于常规PCR,可用于+1片嫩叶和心叶等微量病菌样品的检测。     

基于ITS与factor1-alpha序列桉树焦枯病菌的双重PCR快速检测

桉树焦枯病是威胁桉树生长的首要病害,建立准确、有效的桉树焦枯病的PCR快速检测技术是桉树焦枯病前期诊断的必要手段。试验以桉树焦枯病原菌(Calonectria morganii)DNA为模板,分别以ITS和factor 1-alpha序列为靶区域,针对Calonectria属和C.morganii设计了CYS1/CYS2和EF-S-1/EF-A-1两对特异性引物,建立了基于属和种的双重PCR快速检测技术。利用引物CYS1/CYS2可以从全部Calonectria属的供试菌株中扩增出一条351bp大小的条带,单独用特异性引物EF-S-1/EF-A-1进行PCR扩增,仅病原菌扩增出197bp的条带,同时使用2对引物时,病原菌可扩增出两条明亮条带。当体系退火温度为53℃时,DNA灵敏度检测限度达到450fg/μL。野外田间时效检测结果显示,该体系能准确检测出不同发病程度桉树组织上的病原菌,完全符合田间检测的要求。这是关于桉树焦枯病快速检测的首次报道。     

利用双重PCR-DHPLC技术检测水稻细菌性谷枯病菌的研究

本研究建立了一种应用双重PCR结合变性高效液相色谱技术(polymerase chain reaction-denatured high performanceliquid chromatography,PCR-DHPLC)检测水稻细菌性谷枯病菌的方法。根据水稻细菌性谷枯病菌ITS序列(internal tran-scribed spacer)和gyrB基因序列,设计两对特异性PCR检测引物,对水稻细菌性谷枯病菌株和非水稻细菌性谷枯病菌株分别进行PCR-DHPLC及双重PCR-DHPLC检测,同时进行检测灵敏度及阳性菌株的同源性分析。结果显示,PCR-DHPLC检测的特异性强,灵敏度为菌浓度4×102cfu/mL,7株水稻细菌性谷枯病菌PCR产物同源性一致。该方法能简便、灵敏、高特异性地对水稻细菌性谷枯病菌进行高通量的自动化检测。     

车前草穗枯病菌分子鉴定

采用真核生物通用引物ITS1/ITS4,对来自江西省吉安县2个车前草穗枯病菌菌株进行rDNA-ITS区段的PCR扩增,对扩增产物进行测序,结果获得2个长度均为579 nt且序列完全一致的rDNA-ITS序列,该序列与GenBank中当归间座壳菌(Diaporthe angelicae)及其无性态拟茎点霉菌(Phomopsis subordinaria)对应序列的同源性高达99.0%,根据以rDNA-ITS序列同源性大小划分种类的标准,将车前草穗枯病菌鉴定为当归间座壳菌。     

Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions 1 and 2 and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis of Didymella bryoniae and Related Phoma Species Isolated from Cucurbits

ABSTRACT Didymella bryoniae (anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum) is the causal agent of gummy stem blight, although other Phoma species are often isolated from cucurbit plants exhibiting symptoms of the disease. The molecular and phylogenetic relationships between D. bryoniae and these Phoma species are unknown. Isolates of D. bryoniae and Phoma obtained from cucurbits grown at various geographical locations in the United States were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis (ITS-1 and ITS-2) to determine the molecular and phylogenetic relationships within and between these fungi. Using RAPD fingerprinting, 59 isolates were placed into four phylogenetic groups, designated RAPD group (RG) I, RG II, RG III, and RG IV. D. bryoniae isolates clustered in either RG I (33 isolates), RG II (12 isolates), or RG IV (one isolate), whereas all 13 Phoma isolates clustered to RG III. There was greater than 99% sequence identity in the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions between isolates in RG I and RG II, whereas isolates in RG III, P. medicaginis ATCC 64481, and P. exigua ATCC 14728 clustered separately. On muskmelon seedlings, a subset of RG I isolates were highly virulent (mean disease severity was 71%), RG II and RG IV isolates were slightly virulent (mean disease severity was 4%), and RG III isolates were nonpathogenic (disease severity was 0% for all isolates). The ITS sequences indicate that RG I and RG II are both D. bryoniae, but RAPD fingerprints and pathogenicity indicate that they represent two different molecular and virulence subgroups.     

浙江甘薯蔓枯病病原菌鉴定

Recent years, gummy stem blight caused by Diaporthe spp. is an important disease on Ipomoea batatas. In this study, infected plant tissues, collected from Ningxi, Taizhou, were used for isolating pathogens from the gummy stem. Three pure strains with similar cultural characteristics were isolated, tested for their pathogenicity against stems of I. batatas, and re-isolated from the tissue inoculated, and Koch's postulate was fulfilled. The rRNA intergenic spacer (ITS) region of these isolates was amplified and the sequences were used for the phylogenetic analysis. The aliment result showed that the sequences (MT107556, MT107557 and MT107558) of three strains were 100% similarity with that of D. batatas CBS 122.21. These isolates were identified as D. batatas based on the morphological and molecular characteristics. Therefore, gummy stem blight on Ipomoea batatas was caused by D. batatas in Zhejiang province. Meanwhile, this study firstly showed that the stroma of D. batatas was coralloid.     

Correlation of trichome density and length and polyphenol fluorescence with susceptibility of five cucurbits to Didymella bryoniae

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The fungal pathogen Didymella bryoniae causes gummy stem blight and black rot on a broad spectrum of cucurbits. However the substantial differences in...     

不同甜瓜品种蔓枯病抗性与抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 基因 表达的关系

 蔓枯病是威胁甜瓜最重要的病害之一,该病是由西瓜壳二孢菌(Ascochyta citrullina Smith, 无性世代是泄根亚隔孢壳Didymella bryoniae)引起的,在甜瓜的幼苗期至采收期均可发生。在中国厚皮甜瓜栽培品种中尚未发现蔓枯病抗性较好且综合性状优良的品种,多数甜瓜抗蔓枯病材料均为薄皮小果,关于甜瓜与蔓枯病菌的互作机理目前报道较少,厚皮甜瓜和薄皮甜瓜与蔓枯病菌的互作机理差异以及不同品种的薄皮甜瓜间与蔓枯病菌的互作机理差异未见任何报道。在低温高湿环境下甜瓜发生蔓枯病的几率比在适宜生长环境下大大增高,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascrobate peroxidase gene,APX,EC1. 11. 1.11) 是植物耐受逆境胁迫的主要因子,调节活性氧水平,与过氧化氢、一氧化氮一起参与防卫反应和细胞死亡,有可能调节MAPK的级联反应,应对多种环境胁迫因子。本研究拟探讨不同甜瓜品种与蔓枯病菌互作时APX转录水平的变化,初步解释APX在甜瓜与蔓枯病菌互作中的作用。     

马铃薯腐烂茎线虫特异性分子检测技术研究

 本研究利用通用引物(rDNA1/rDNA2)研究了21个国内甘薯茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)群体和1个韩国马铃薯茎线虫(D.destructor)群体的rDNA-ITS序列,从21个国内群体中扩增出2个大小不同的ITS片段,分别约为940bp和1100bp;经克隆、序列测定和分析比对发现其ITS区存在特异性差异,分别命名为A型和B型,其中18个群体DdTH、DdCL、DdJN、DdMY1、DdYX1、DdZZ、DdLN,DdDX1、DdFN,DdYX2、DDSX1、DdDX2、DdXY,DdLL、DdSX2、DdLY,DdMY2和DdPY的ITS扩增产物约为940bp,称之为A型马铃薯腐烂茎线虫(940bp),3个群体DdSH,DdTS,DdYS为B型马铃薯腐烂茎线虫(1100bp)。设计构建并筛选出A型和B型马铃薯腐烂茎线虫2对特异性引物DdS1/DdS2和DdL1/DdL2,分别扩增出A型马铃薯腐烂茎线虫、B型马铃薯腐烂茎线虫群体的特异片段252bp和485bp;引入D3A/D3B作为内标,设计出一步双重PCR检测技术;同时优化了检测体系和PCR反应程序。该技术具有较高的特异性和灵敏性,能快速、准确地检测出不同型的马铃薯腐烂茎线虫群体。     

马铃薯早疫病病原菌鉴定及其对不同药剂的敏感性

 为了明确马铃薯早疫病病原菌及其对不同药剂的敏感性,2009~2011年从河北省5个县采集180个早疫病样,以常规方法进行分离与纯化。根据病原菌的形态特征和致病性,结合其rDNA-ITS区域的序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定病原菌对不同药剂的敏感性。结果分离到两种菌（A、B）,分离比例为4:6。致病性测定证实分离菌A和B均为马铃薯早疫病病原菌。经形态学鉴定,初步认定A为茄链格孢（Alternaria solani）,B为链格孢（Alternaria alternata）。采用通用引物ITS1/ITS4对病原菌A和B的rDNA-ITS序列区扩增并测序,通过与GenBank数据库比对,A与A.solani同源性为98%,B与A.alternata 的同源性达100%。两种病原菌对咯菌腈、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、苯醚甲环唑等药剂的敏感性差异极显著,而对异菌脲的敏感性差异不显著。因此,将河北省马铃薯早疫病菌鉴定为茄链格孢（A.solani)和链格孢（A.alternata）,二者对同一药剂的敏感性不同。     

辣椒溶杆菌NF87-2防治瓜类蔬菜蔓枯病的研究

由黑腐球壳菌Didymella bryoniae引起的瓜类蔬菜蔓枯病是一种重要真菌土传病害,造成瓜类蔬菜生产上重大的经济损失。本研究以蔓枯病菌DB-20为靶标菌,采用平板对峙培养法,测定了拮抗细菌及其代谢产物对蔓枯病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的的室内抑制作用,拮抗细菌和蔓枯病菌同时接种后,测定西瓜种子的发芽率和出苗率,采用盆栽试验研究拮抗细菌对黄瓜蔓枯病的防治效果。结果表明,辣椒溶杆菌Lysobacter capsici NF87-2对蔓枯病菌菌丝生长的室内抑制率为81.6%,菌株NF87-2及其次生代谢物对蔓枯病菌孢子萌发的抑制率分别为59.4%和67.2%。蔓枯病菌DB-20处理的京欣一号西瓜种子发芽率和出苗率分别为48%和38%,菌株NF87-2＋DB-20同时接种处理组的西瓜种子发芽率和出苗率分别为83%和82%。菌株NF87-2发酵液及其代谢产物对黄瓜蔓枯病的盆栽防治效果分别为81.6%和66.5%。辣椒溶杆菌NF87-2是一株具有较好生防应用潜力的拮抗菌株,有望开发成防治瓜类蔬菜蔓枯病的生物杀菌剂。     

双重PCR检测马铃薯晚疫病菌和青枯病菌方法的建立及应用

 利用真菌通用引物ITS1和ITS4扩增马铃薯晚疫病菌转录间隔区并进行序列测定,通过序列比较,设计了1对马铃薯晚疫病菌的特异引物INF1/INF2,并对15种不同真菌、细菌和7种疫霉属和腐霉属卵菌基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,结果只有不同来源的马铃薯晚疫病菌株可获得324 bp的特异带。将引物INF1/INF2与卵菌通用引物进行巢式PCR扩增后,其检测灵敏度在DNA水平上可达30 fg。运用设计的引物与马铃薯青枯病菌特异引物结合建立了双重PCR体系,能从马铃薯晚疫病菌和马铃薯青枯病菌总基因组DNA以及人工接种和自然发病的马铃薯植株中分别或同时扩增到324 bp和281 bp的特异片段。实现了同时对马铃薯晚疫病菌和马铃薯青枯病菌的快速可靠检测。     

Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Phytophthora sojae in Soil and Infected Soybeans by Species-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays

ABSTRACT Root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae is one of the most destructive diseases of soybean (Glycine max) worldwide. P. sojae can survive as oospores in soil for many years. In order to develop a rapid and accurate method for the specific detection of P. sojae in soil, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of eight P. sojae isolates were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the universal primers DC6 and ITS4. The sequences of PCR products were aligned with published sequences of 50 other Phytophthora species, and a region specific to P. sojae was used to design the specific PCR primers, PS1 and PS2. More than 245 isolates representing 25 species of Phytophthora and at least 35 other species of pathogens were used to test the specificity of the primers. PCR amplification with PS primers resulted in the amplification of a product of approximately 330 bp, exclusively from isolates of P. sojae. Tests with P. sojae genomic DNA determined that the sensitivity of the PS primer set is approximately 1 fg. This PCR assay, combined with a simple soil screening method developed in this work, allowed the detection of P. sojae from soil within 6 h, with a detection sensitivity of two oospores in 20 g of soil. PCR with the PS primers could also be used to detect P. sojae from diseased soybean tissue and residues. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assays were also developed to detect the pathogen directly in soil samples. The PS primer-based PCR assay provides a rapid and sensitive tool for the detection of P. sojae in soil and infected soybean tissue.     

PCR-based detection of Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry

An oligonucleotide primer ( Ca Int 2) was synthesized from the variable internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from Colletotrichum acutatum . PCR with primers Ca Int2 and ITS4 (from a conserved sequence of the rDNA) amplified a 490 bp fragment from several isolates of C. acutatum but not from other members of the genus Colletotrichum . Amplification of this fragment was achieved from 100 fg of fungal DNA. These primers amplified a fragment of the same size from DNA extracted from strawberry tissues infected by C. acutatum . Southern hybridization analysis confirmed the 490 bp fragment from C. acutatum DNA and infected strawberry to be identical. The species-specific primer ( Ca Int2) developed in this work could be used for the accurate identification of C. acutatum and its detection on other host plants.