黑土稻田CH4控排的水肥优化盆栽试验

以黑土稻田为研究对象,研究CH4控排的最优水肥配施方案,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法并运用4因子二次饱和D-最优设计方案分析了控制灌溉条件下氮肥、磷肥、钾肥和灌水量对温室气体CH4生长季排放量的影响.结果表明,氮肥的增加可明显降低CH4生长季排放量,钾肥和磷肥作用不明显,灌水量在高水平时会促进CH4生长季的排放.结合产量,筛选出稻田甲烷减排20％～40％的综合水肥优化施配方案为:施氮量114.72kg/hm2,施钾量50.25kg/hm2,施磷量37.51 kg/hm2,分蘖末期土壤相对含水率为80％.     

施用磷肥对春小麦产量与吸氮特性及土体中硝态氮累积的影响

通过宁夏引黄灌区田间小区试验,研究施磷量分别为0、60、120、180 kg/hm2对春小麦产量、磷肥利用率、吸氮特性和土壤中硝态氮累积的不同影响,旨在明确该区合理施磷量.结果表明:合理施用磷肥(60～120 kg/hm2)能提高春小麦籽粒产量和生物量.当施磷量为120 kg/hm2,小麦籽粒产量最高,为6 215 kg/hm2.春小麦氮素累积动态呈先增加后降低的趋势,增施磷肥能增加小麦吸氮量,但到成熟期春小麦地上部氮素累积出现损失,损失量达7.7%～13.4%.当施磷量分别为60、120、180 kg/hm2时,0～150 cm土层中的NO3--N累积量分别比对照减少了50.6、58.5、62.9 kg/hm2.综合考虑磷肥利用率、小麦产量和降低土体中NO3--N残留等方面的因素,磷肥当季施用量应该控制在60～120 kg/hm2.     

不同施肥水平与组合对玉米生产性能的影响研究

应用三因素最优设计构造试验方案,研究氮肥、磷肥、钾肥不同水平与组合对玉米产量的动态关系。结果表明,磷肥对产量的影响最大,氮肥较小,钾肥居中。氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,其中氮肥、磷肥间的交互作用较大,钾肥与磷肥间的交互作用较小。在试验范围内,就玉米籽粒产量而言,施肥量投入应为N:149.87～207.07kg/hm2,P2O5:38.23～143.52kg/hm2,K2O:24.63～129.91kg/hm2在此施肥范围内,可预报玉米籽粒产量为4707.5～5616.2kg/hm2。     

滴灌春小麦高效施肥技术试验研究

在干旱区灰漠土中等肥力条件下,分析了滴施不同肥料在土壤和小麦植株体内的运行方式及不同施肥量和施肥方式对小麦的增产效应.结果表明:①小麦滴灌的最佳施肥量为,氮肥234kg/hm2,磷肥108kg/hm2,钾肥61.7 k岁hMh2;最佳施肥方式为,氮肥以75%滴施25%基施,磷肥75%基施25%滴施,钾肥50%基施配合50%滴施.②滴灌小麦全肥区增产效应为26.5%～41.5%,其中,氮肥35.9%,磷肥13.8%,钾肥平均增产效应8.1%0③小麦植株体内各部位氮、磷、钾的含量均随氮、磷、钾肥用量的增加有增高趋势,氮、磷、钾肥用量每增加1kg/hm2,小麦植株体内氮、磷、钾的含量分别提高9.95%,3.09%和11.26%.④壤质土壤滴施的氮肥可以随水移动,被分配到耕层湿润峰的各个部位,磷肥主要集中在0～10cm表层,钾肥移动性好于磷肥,但弱于氮肥.     

不同氮肥用量对春油菜产量及养分吸收分配的影响

在青海省春油菜主产区开展田间小区试验,采用随机区组设计,每公顷分别施用纯氮0、75、150、225 kg,研究氮肥水平对甘蓝型春油菜新品种青杂12号的产量、养分吸收量、不同部位分配比例和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,在施用磷肥、钾肥和硼肥的基础上,增施氮肥75～225 kg·hm~(-2)可显著增加春油菜地上各部位产量,其中籽粒平均增产量为1 274 kg·hm~(-2),平均增产率为77%,地上部分生物量平均增加3 116 kg·hm~(-2),平均增产率为79%。增施氮肥可显著提高地上部氮素累积量(P0.05),平均增加69%;在施氮水平为150～225 kg·hm~(-2)时,施氮可以显著促进春油菜磷、钾素的累积,累积量平均增加69%和239%。青杂12号成熟期氮素、磷素和钾素吸收分配均表现为:籽粒茎秆角壳,分配比例平均为74.7%、19.5%和5.8%。随着施氮量的增加青杂12号的氮肥偏生产力显著降低,从28.2 kg·kg~(-1)下降到15.3 kg·kg~(-1),增施氮肥后氮肥农学效率、表观利用率、生理利用率、地力贡献率平均值分别为8.2 kg·kg~(-1) N、32.8%、25.6 kg·kg~(-1) N和59.1%。根据产投比结果分析,本试验条件下青海省春油菜推荐氮肥用量为150 kg·hm~(-2)。     

基于黄土旱塬区长期定位试验的施肥效益分析

以在黄土旱塬区进行了18年的长期定位试验为基础,研究了长期定位施肥对肥料利用率、土壤肥力及施肥经济效益的影响,结果表明:长期单施磷肥,对小麦无增产效果,磷肥的利用率为0.4%,磷肥的利润率平均为-1.1;单施氮肥,小麦产量明显增加,氮肥利用率为39.3%,利润率平均为3.0,最高可达4.7;氮磷配施,肥料的肥效、利用率明显高于氮、磷肥单施,利润率平均为1.7。氮磷配施还有利于土壤养分平衡,土壤肥力提高。综合考虑,氮磷配施,特别是90 kg/hm2N和90 kg/hm2P2O5配施是更理想的施肥方式。     

施氮量对膜下滴灌棉花氮素吸收、积累及其产量的影响

2004年在膜下滴灌条件下,研究了施氮量0,180,270,360kg/hm2对膜下滴灌棉花氮素的吸收、累积和产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:施用氮肥可以显著提高棉花的生物和经济产量及地上部分总吸氮量,但过量施用氮肥对经济产量和生物产量增产不显著,各施氮处理氮肥利用率在27.6~33.8%之间,随施氮量的增加而降低。植株中氮素含量随生育延长而降低,氮素累积总体呈增加趋势,施氮量对棉花氮素吸收有显著影响,同一生育时期,氮素含量和累积量都随着施氮量增加而提高。本试验条件下,棉花的合理施氮量应控制在270 kg/hm2左右。     

：氮肥和有机肥配施对盐碱地酿酒高粱生长、氮素利用效率及土壤N2O排放的影响

采用田间小区试验,依照等氮替换原则,设不施氮肥处理,优化氮肥施用量180 kg·hm^-2单施化肥、40%有机肥替代化肥、60%有机肥替代化肥,常规氮肥施用量240 kg·hm^-2单施化肥、40%有机肥替代化肥、60%有机肥替代化肥共7个处理,探究河套灌区盐渍土氮肥与有机肥配施对酿酒高粱生长特性、氮素利用效率及土壤N₂O排放的影响。结果表明：(1)相同施氮量下,60%有机肥替代化肥处理成熟期土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机质含量较单施化肥处理分别增加10.52%～12.77%、36.36%～50.64%、41.58%～51.33%。(2)相同施氮量下,40%有机肥替代化肥处理高粱产量均高于其他施肥处理,增产6.63%～15.72%。(3)施氮量180 kg·hm^-2 40%有机替代处理较其他施肥处理氮肥利用率提高1.98%～22.84%,氮肥偏生产力提高3.49～17.19 kg·kg^-1;施氮量240 kg·hm^-2 40%有机替代处理较其他施肥处理氮肥农学利用率提...     

施氮量对盐角草生长及钠离子累积的影响

为了研究施氮对盐角草生长及其钠离子累积的影响,本研究通过5个氮肥水平大田小区试验分析了不同施氮量对盐角草生长和钠离子累积的影响.结果表明:施氮能够显著增加盐角草茎秆、籽粒和同化枝的产量;在0 ～ 600 kg/hm2范围内,盐角草的生物量及籽粒产量随着施氮量增加而呈现直线增长的趋势.施氮对盐角草茎秆、籽粒和同化枝中的Na+含量无显著影响,但盐角草同化枝中的Na+含量显著高于茎秆和籽粒.施氮能够促进盐角草各部分对Na+的累积,600 kg/hm2的施氮量条件下,盐角草的Na+累积量平均达到了9668 kg/hm2,较不施氮的2045 kg/hm2增加了370％.因此,本研究表明,施氮能够促进盐角草对盐渍土的改良效果.     

柴达木地区杂交油菜青杂2号高产栽培模式研究

为了提高柴达木地区青杂2号油菜的籽粒产量,采用三因素二次通用旋转组合设计试验方法,分析种植密度、施氮量、施磷量与其籽粒产量的回归关系.结果表明:随着密度、氮肥、磷肥施用量的增加,产量逐渐增加,到一定水平时,产量最高.各水平继续增加,产量逐渐下降.低、中水平密度与高氮肥用量配合,高水平密度与低氮肥用量配合,油菜产量高.在低氟(磷)水平下、产量随着磷(氮)肥施用量的增加逐渐增加,在中高氪(磷)水平下,产量随着磷(氮)肥施用量的增加先增后减.青杂2号油菜产量最高时的密度、氮肥与磷肥施用量的最优组合是密度38.9×104株/hm2、氮肥施用量90 kg/hm2、磷肥施用量71.75 kg/hm2.     

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.     

Intestinal uptake,metabolism, and transport of naphthol: In vitro capacity,requirements, and inhibition

The metabolism and transport of [¹⁴C]-naphthol were investigated in sacs of rat small intestine to better understand metabolism of the pesticide carbaryl (which contains naphthol) in the intestine. The capacity to synthesize polar ¹⁴C-labeled metabolites was approximately saturated at 50 μM naphthol. The metabolic capacity of the cranial small intestine was about two times the capacity of the caudal. Anaerobic incubation severely suppressed naphthol metabolism. Sodiumfree medium suppressed metabolism only slightly but altered transport of water and of the polar ¹⁴C-labeled metabolites to serosal and mucosal fluids; the effect on metabolite transport cannot be explained by the effects of sodium on water movements, however. Calcium-free medium did not affect metabolism or metabolite transport; 2,4-dinitrophenol, and possibly phlorizin, but not ouabain, suppressed naphthol metabolism in specific regions of the intestine. Each of the three inhibitors altered metabolite transport. It is concluded that the capacity to conjugate naphthol in the small intestine is greater in the cranial than caudal regions; the quantity of naphthol taken up from the medium is proportional to the rate of formation of the polar metabolite, naphthyl glucuronide; addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol, phlorizin, or ouabain, or deletion of sodium, perturbed the transport of the polar metabolite, but the perturbance could not be explained by the effect on rate or direction of fluid transfer and indicated an effect on cellular permeability or on transport mechanisms; the effect of the three inhibitors and possibly of elevated naphthol concentrations (to 520 μM) in the medium on metabolite transport may be by a sodium interaction; the latter suggests that naphthol may be toxic to the intestine at concentrations approaching 100 to 1000 μM.     

Population dynamics of Rhizoctonia,Oculimacula, and Microdochium species in soil,roots, and stems of English wheat crops

This study aimed to elucidate the population dynamics of Rhizoctonia, Oculimacula, and Microdochium species, causing the stem base disease complex of sharp eyespot, eyespot, and brown foot rot in cereals. Pathogen DNA in soil, roots, and stem fractions, and disease expression were quantified in 102 English wheat fields in two seasons. Weather data for each site was collected to determine patterns that correlate with assessed diseases. Oculimacula spp. (66%) and R. solani AG 2-1 (63%) were most frequently detected in soil, followed by R. cerealis (54%) and Microdochium spp. (33%). Oculimacula spp. (89%) and R. cerealis (56%) predominated on roots and soil but were not associated with root rot symptoms, suggesting that these species used soil and roots for survival and as inoculum source. M. nivale was more frequently detected than M. majus on stems up to GS 21–30 and co-occurred on plant samples with O. acuformis. O. yallundae had higher DNA concentration than O. acuformis at the lower 5 cm basal region at GS 37–45. R. cerealis predominated in the upper 15 cm above the base beyond stem extension. Brown foot rot by Microdochium spp. was favoured by cool and wet autumns/winters and dominated in English wheat. Eyespot and sharp eyespot disease index by Oculimacula spp. and R. cerealis, respectively, correlated with wet/humid springs and summers. Results suggested that stem base pathogens generally coexisted; however, their abundance in time and space was influenced by favourable weather patterns and host development, with niche differentiation after stem extension.     

啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上的膳食摄入风险评估

为明确啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上使用可能产生的膳食摄入风险，通过进行规范田间残留试验，检测了南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜中啶酰菌胺的最终残留量，结合国内和国际两种膳食消费量数据，评估了啶酰菌胺的长期膳食摄入风险，并就两种方法的评估结果进行了比较分析。样品采用QuEChERS方法前处理，液相色谱-串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS) 定量分析。结果表明:南瓜在0.01、0.1和3 mg/kg，芦笋在0.01、0.1和20 mg/kg，山楂在0.01、0.1和60 mg/kg，芒果在0.01、0.1和4 mg/kg，木瓜在0.01、0.1和10 mg/kg添加水平下，啶酰菌胺在空白样品中的平均回收率为79%~101%，相对标准偏差为2%~14%。采用 “中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告” 的膳食消费数据，计算得啶酰菌胺针对普通人群的国家估算每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为0.707 5 mg/(kg bw)，风险商 (RQ) 为28.1%；采用世界卫生组织 (WHO) 提供的每种农产品的单独膳食量进行计算，啶酰菌胺的每日摄入量为0.128 2 mg/(kg bw)，风险商 (RQ) 为5.1%。两种方法的评估结果均表明啶酰菌胺对一般人群的健康不会产生不可接受的风险，然而，采用不同膳食消费数据进行计算会导致风险评估结果存在较大差异，其原因主要是由于中国所采用的膳食消费数据是作物分类基础上的数据，而不是具体某种农产品的单独消费量，因而易导致中国的膳食摄入风险评估结果过于保守。因此建议相关部门进一步完善居民的营养与健康状况调查监测工作，提供具体到每一种农产品的膳食消费数据，以便于科学评价农药对人体健康的风险。     

DDT and BHC residues in some body tissues of goats, buffalo, and chickens, Lucknow, India

Muscle, liver, brain, and abdominal body fat samples of goats, buffalo, and chickens, all common meat sources in India, were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for residues of DDT and benzene hexachloride (BHC). A few samples of goat and buffalo bone marrow were also included. Relatively high residue levels were found in body fat and bone marrow compared with other tissues. DDT and BHC residue levels were highest in chicken body fat, averaging 4.157 ppm sigma DDT and 3.879 ppm BHC. DDT content was much higher in goat and buffalo bone marrow than in the corresponding body fat. DDT levels in brain samples were highest (0.138 ppm) in buffalo. p,p'-TDE levels were higher than p,p'-DDE levels in buffalo; overall DDT levels were lowest in goats. BHC residues were generally low in buffalo; alpha-BHC accounted for most BHC residues in brain tissues. Greater accumulations of DDT and BHC were found in leg muscles than in breast muscles of chickens.     

Insecticidal activity of N,N-diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,n-di-isopropyl-, and n,n-di-isobutylalkanamides against mosquito larvae

N,N-Diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,N-di-isopropyl, and N,N-di-isobutylalkanamides in which the acyl moiety ranged from C₈ to C₂₁ were synthesised, and their larvicidal activity was determined against the first-instar larvae of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The four homologous series of amides generally showed an increase in their larvicidal activity as the carbon number in the acyl moiety of the amides increased, until the activity reached a maximum. Subsequently, an increment of carbon number resulted in declining activity in the higher homologues, until the activity disappeared. N,N-Diethyltetradecanamide, N,N-dipropylundecanamide, N,N-di-isopropylundecanamide, and N,N-di-isobutlynonanamide or -dodecanamide were the most active compounds in their respective homologous series of amides; however, they were less active than their analogous N,N-dimethylalkanamides previously studied.     

施肥对小麦、玉米和大豆连作土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了明确长期施肥和不施肥条件下作物连作对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以典型黑土为研究对象,选取长期定位实验站长期施肥和不施肥条件下的小麦、玉米和大豆连作处理,通过稀释平板法和Biolog Eco微平板法,测定土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量、碳源代谢活性等指标,为建立合理的农田管理措施提供数据支撑和理论依据。结果表明:长期施肥条件下大豆、小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均高于不施肥处理,且均以大豆连作处理细菌和真菌数量最高。不施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数较大豆连作处理分别下降了24.8%和31.0%,真菌总数分别下降了64.0%和51.2%;施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数则较大豆连作处理分别下降了29.0%和45.5%,真菌总数分别下降了26.7%和31.5%。Biolog结果表明,不施肥条件下小麦连作处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)高于玉米和大豆连作处理,施肥条件下则是大豆连作处理的AWCD值高于小麦和玉米连作处理。不施肥条件下大豆、玉米和小麦连作处理利用最多的碳源是碳水化合物类,施肥后不同连作处理利用最多的是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。大豆和小麦连作不施肥条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是α-D-乳糖,施肥条件下利用率最高的碳源均是D,L-α-甘油,而不论施肥与否,玉米连作条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是D-半乳糖醛酸;葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和γ-羟基丁酸是农田黑土微生物群落特异利用的关键碳源。主成分分析得出,施肥对土壤微生物碳源代谢能力的影响大于作物的影响。     

Comparison of trifluralin,oryzalin, pronamide,propham, and colchicine treatments on microtubules

The mode of action of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N⁴,N⁴-dipropylsulfanilamide), pronamide(N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl) 3,5-dichlorobenzamide), and propham (isopropyl carbanilate) on purified microtubules from pig brains and on the ultrastructure of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. “Mediterranean,” C. I. 5303) and corn (Zea mays L. “yellow dent, U. S. 13”) roots was compared with that known for colchicine. Colchicine disrupts the in vivo cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. Like colchicine, the herbicides trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide caused the loss of both cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. The rate of microtubule disappearance depended on the type of herbicide and length of exposure of roots to the herbicide. Unlike colchicine, cortical microtubules were present in propham-treated roots but they were disoriented within the cell.In vitro polymerization studies with pig brain microtubules (Sus scrofa) showed that the herbicides failed to inhibit the assembly of purified microtubular protein into microtubules and that radioactively labeled herbicides did not bind to the microtubular protein. Colchicine inhibited the polymerization of microtubular protein and readily bound to the microtubular subunits. These results indicate that the mode of action of the herbicides is not similar to that of colchicine and that the loss of microtubules from root tip cells treated with trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide may be caused by these herbicides interfering with synthesis of microtubular protein or metabolism of endoplasmic reticulum membranes involved in microtubule assembly. The mode of action of propham appears to be on the microtubular organizing centers rather than on microtubules per se.     

Action of some herbicides on growth,respiration, plasmalemma integrity,and proton extrusion of Acer pseudoplatanus cells: II. Amides,diphenyl ethers,nitriles, phenols,triazines, and uracils

The activity of 15 herbicides from different families was assayed on nonphotosynthetic Acer pseudoplatanus cells, in batch suspension culture. They inhibited growth, stimulated the oxygen consumption by cells, and changed the pH evolution of the culture medium. Amides did not seem to disturb the membrane properties. Some diphenyl ethers and phenols directly modified the proton compartmentation of cells whereas some other diphenyl ethers, nitriles, triazines, and uracils altered permeabilities to potassium and leucine. Changes in membrane permeabilities to protons and medium constituents were discussed.