1959–2011年莱州湾渔业资源群落食物网结构的变化

通过对1959–2011年莱州湾渔业资源摄食习性、营养级的分析,构建了莱州湾生态系统简化食物网。结果表明,莱州湾渔业资源群落食物网经历了"以鱼食性种类为主的食物网—以浮游动物食性种类为主的食物网—以浮游动物食性种类和底栖动物食性种类为主,但浮游动物食性种类占比大于底栖动物食性种类的食物网—以浮游动物食性种类和底栖动物食性种类为主,但底栖动物食性种类占比大于浮游动物食性种类的食物网—以底栖生物食性种类为主的食物网"5个阶段的演变过程。中低营养阶层生物替代高营养阶层生物成为莱州湾生态系统食物网的顶级捕食者,食物链越来越短,食物网通过碎屑食物链传递的能量成为食物网能流的主体。在1959–2011年,莱州湾渔业资源群落平均营养级从4.4下降到3.4,平均以每10年0.19的速度下降,高于整个渤海生态系统的下降速度;种类组成的变化、个体小型化,以及摄食食物种类的变化是引起莱州湾生态系统营养级波动的主要原因。     

大亚湾春季微型浮游动物摄食研究

2005年3月在大亚湾5个典型站位采用现场稀释法,研究了大亚湾微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率(g)和浮游植物的生长率(μ)。结果显示:3月份大亚湾浮游植物的生长率为0.16～1.14 d~(-1),微型浮游动物的摄食率为0.33～1.74 d~(-1),微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力为47%～258%,对潜在初级生产力的摄食压力为70%～330%。表明大亚湾作为典型的亚热带海湾,微型浮游动物的摄食率与浮游植物的生长率均较高,各站位之间的差异表明微型浮游动物的摄食受到海流等其它因素的影响。与其它海湾相比,春季大亚湾微型浮游动物的摄食压力处于较高水平。     

南沙群岛重点岛礁潟湖微型浮游动物的群落结构与摄食

潟湖是岛礁生物多样性演变的重要环境场,在岛礁水生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥重要作用,而微型浮游动物的生态功能研究是解析南沙群岛岛礁水域潟湖生态系统初级生产力组成、流向、能量流动效率的重要研究内容之一。实验通过对南沙群岛重点岛礁渚碧礁、美济礁与永暑礁潟湖表层水域中微型浮游动物与生态环境调查,研究了其群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,并通过稀释培养实验研究了微型浮游动物的摄食压力。结果显示,调查水域共发现微型浮游动物20种,总丰度的范围为320～1 460个/L,以无壳纤毛虫丰度最高。无壳纤毛虫在渚碧礁潟湖西部水域（ZB-1）丰度最高,砂壳纤毛虫峰值则出现在永暑礁潟湖中部水域（YS-3）,桡足类幼体丰度最大值出现在美济礁潟湖北部水域（MJ-2）。聚类分析结果显示,3个岛礁潟湖中部区域的微型浮游动物群落相似度较高,溶解氧是影响群落结构的最重要因素,特别是对MJ-3站位影响最为突出。摄食实验结果显示,3个岛礁潟湖水域浮游植物生长率为0.22～1.36 d^-1;微型浮游动物摄食率范围为0.22～0.60 d^-1,微型浮游动物每天约摄食浮游植物现存量的...     

南沙群岛海域鸢乌贼摄食习性与营养生态位

摘要：鸢乌贼在中国南海海域资源丰富,是灯光罩网渔船的主要捕捞对象之一。本研究对南沙群岛海域中型群和微型群鸢乌贼样品进行采集,利用传统胃含物分析法和碳、氮稳定同位素技术研究其摄食习性、营养级、营养生态位及与饵料生物的关系。研究表明,鸢乌贼以摄食鱼类、头足类和甲壳类为主,且在不同生长阶段,饵料组成有所差异;胴长小于100 mm的微型群和胴长小于90 mm的中型群个体摄食以浮游动物和小型鱼类为主,100~119 mm的微型群个体和90~129 mm的中型群个体摄食以甲壳类、头足类和鱼类生物为主,大于120 mm的微型群和大于130 mm的中型群个体摄食饵料主要为鱼类和头足类。鸢乌贼中型群δ15N值范围为7.17‰~10.13‰,δ13C范围为-19.61‰~-18.10‰,微型群δ15N值范围为6.48‰~10.12‰,δ13C范围为-19.63‰~-17.81‰。分析显示,中型群和微型群的营养生态位重叠明显,表明群体间存在对食物资源的竞争;微型群的营养生态位宽幅大于中型群,其中微型群雄性群体与其他三个群体的核心生态位重叠部分偏低。鸢乌贼中型群的营养级范围为2.54~3.41,平均营养级为2.97,微型群的营养级范围为2.34~3.41,平均营养级为2.87;微型群雄性营养级相对较低且与其他类群存在较大差异,这可能与其体型大小密切相关。     

南极磷虾胃含物分析进展及其在食性研究中的应用

南极磷虾(Euphausia superba Dana)丰富的生物量和所处食物网中的重要地位使之成为南极生态系统中的关键物种, 其生态作用和摄食活动越来越受到重视。南极磷虾是典型的植食性浮游动物, 同时也具有一定的杂食性, 其摄食对象会因所在海域优势浮游植物种类不同而有所差异, 有着作为浮游植物自然采样器的潜力。有关南极磷虾胃含物研究已有较长的历史, 但研究内容存在着显著的时空异质性, 研究区域极为零散, 且环南极分布不均。随着食性研究领域新兴方法的应用, 胃含物分析因方法费时、劳动密集, 且需高水平的专业知识和经验, 近年来缺乏及时且必要的研究。但作为一种检验南极磷虾短期内摄食的直接手段, 将胃含物分析这种传统的食性研究方法与脂质生物标记物、稳定同位素、聚合酶链反应(PCR)等新兴方法相结合, 可以突破单种方法的局限性, 并为后续开展相关研究提供更为准确且全面的摄食生态学信息。本研究从南极磷虾胃含物研究现状、研究方法与应用、胃含物主要组成及季节、海区、个体差异等方面进行总结和归纳, 并进一步探讨了南极磷虾作为南大洋浮游植物采集器的潜力, 为之后研究南极海洋生态系统营养动力学提供科学依据。     

黄海鱼类功能群及其对浮游动物捕食的季节变化

用2006年9月-2007年8月对黄海中南部进行的5次断面调查,通过胃含物分析、聚类分析、功能群划分以及估算摄食量等方法,研究了黄海鱼类群落功能群组成及其对浮游动物摄食的季节变化。结果表明,黄海鱼类群落包括7个功能群,除初春以外,黄海鱼类群落主要以浮游生物食性功能群为主。春夏季的功能群组成简单,秋冬季的功能群组成变得复杂。黄海鱼类群落摄食的浮游动物种类主要有11种,春季摄食的浮游动物量最大,夏秋季逐渐减少,直至冬季摄食的浮游动物量最少,初春摄食的浮游动物量有所回升。不同季节摄食的浮游动物种类,以及摄食量都有较大差异,仅太平洋磷虾在各个月份的食物中均有出现,其余浮游动物饵料种类均是季节性的。     

太湖主要鱼类食物组成

根据2004年9-12月和2005年4月的调查,研究了太湖8种鱼的食物组成.结果表明:优势种鲚主要摄食枝角类、占食物个数比例89.77%±13.69%;太湖新银鱼主要摄食桡足类、占个数比例70.11%±10.57%;鲢、鳙主要摄食微囊藻、占食物体积比例90%以上;鲤食物中水生植物约占体积比例70%;鲫主要摄食微囊藻、占体积比例93.99%±3.34%;翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌主要摄食鲚和小型鱼类.分析认为,随着太湖富营养化程度不断加重,以蓝藻为主的浮游植物食性鱼产力在快速增加,但实际渔获量以浮游动物食性鱼类为主.如2003年浮游植物食性鱼产力为10234t、占总鱼产力37.0%.而2004年实际渔获量中浮游动物食性鱼类占80%-90%,浮游植物食性鱼类渔获量仅3637.7t、占10.9%.因此,太湖现有鱼类群落组成和实际饵料构成是不吻合的.不仅如此,浮游动物食性鱼类数量的快速增加对浮游动物形成了巨大牧食压力,这更利于藻类繁殖.太湖鲫几乎完全以微囊藻为食物,可能对蓝藻暴发有抑制作用,应重新评价其对环境的影响.     

赤鼻棱鳀的摄食与生态转换效率

１９９８年９月利用对虾养殖土池中的赤鼻ＬｅｎｇＬｉ进行了摄食与生态转换率的观察研究。结果显示，赤鼻ＬｅｎｇＬｉ是典型的浮游动物食性鱼类，偏食大型桡足类和介形类，无明显摄食节律性；消化道日均食物含量１．２１９６ｇ（１００ｇ）＾－１．ｄ＾－１，排空率０．３１４１ｇ（１００ｇ）＾－１．ｈ＾－２，日摄食量１０．８１３５ｇ．（１００ｇ）＾－１．ｄ＾－１；食物转换效率３５．０８％，能量转换效率３９．３０％。渤海赤鼻ＬｅｎｇＬｉ的年饵料需求量约为８７０００ｔ。研究结果表明，较高的生态转换效率保证了赤鼻ＬｅｎｇＬｉ较高的生长率，因此较低的浮游动物生物量可支持这一鱼种较高的生产力，这被认为是渤浮游动物生物量大幅下降的同时赤鼻ＬｅｎｇＬｉ资源量却迅速增加的原因之一。     

海洋鱼类摄食生态与食物网研究进展

首先总结归纳了海洋鱼类摄食生态与食物网研究中的实验方法,主要包括胃含物分析法、碳氮稳定同位素法、特定化合物同位素法等实验方法的发展历史和应用现状；随后介绍了海洋鱼类摄食生态与食物网最新研究进展和取得的成绩,主要包括海洋鱼类摄食生态中食物组成、摄食方式、摄食量和食物用于机体各种生命活动分配方式,以及海洋食物网研究中以传统胃含物分析法为基础、以简化食物网为核心,碳氮稳定同位素技术和生态系统模型的应用发展；最后,着重分析了我国海洋鱼类摄食生态和食物网研究中有待解决的问题,并对该领域今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

滁州鲫鱼食性的初步研究

对滁州鲫鱼的食性进行了调查研究。结果表明:滁州鲫是一种杂食性鱼,它的主要食物组成是轮虫、枝角类、桡足类、单胞藻类和有机碎屑等,随着体长的增长,食物中大型浮游动物、水生植物所占比例明显增加。对食物的摄食量上有季节性变化,在夏、秋两季摄食量最大,春季次之,冬季最少。     

Microzooplankton as a food source for the Pacific oyster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crassostrea gigas</Emphasis>: seasonal variation in gut contents and food availability

In this study I investigated the seasonal occurrence of microzooplankton in the gut of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Gut contents consisted of various microzooplankton, including tintinnid ciliates, dinoflagellates (Dinophysis spp.), copepods, copepod nauplii, bivalve larvae, and rotifers. Monthly variations in the abundance of protists (tintinnids and Dinophysis spp.) in the gut contents were significantly correlated with the variation in their abundances in the surrounding seawater, whereas this relationship was not significant with metazoans (copepods, copepod nauplii, and bivalve larvae). In laboratory experiments, oysters actively fed on ciliates. When oysters fed on ciliates labeled with a stable nitrogen isotope (¹⁵N), the ¹⁵N:total N ratio of the oyster tissues was significantly higher than that for oysters under a no-food condition, suggesting that oysters assimilate nitrogen of the ciliates into their body tissues. Based on these results, I conclude that microzooplankton forms an important food source for oysters, especially when other food sources such as phytoplankton are not abundant.     

Plankton abundance and size structure in the northern North Pacific Ocean in early summer

Phyto- and zooplankton abundance and size structure were investigated in the northern North Pacific Ocean (37.0–49.5^oN along 180^o longitude) during June of 1987. The area between 41.5^oN and 47.5^oN was expected to be abundant in phytoplankton since both water column stability and nutrient availability were favourable for phytoplankton growth. Actual phytoplankton abundance was, however, low between 41.5^oN and 45.5^oN. In particular, abundance of net phytoplankton (>10μm) was low although picophytoplankton (<2 μm) was abundant between 41.5^oN and 43.5^oN. The zooplankton community between 41.5^oN and 45.5^oN was characterized by a large amount of net zooplankton and a small amount of microzooplankton. This situation may be best explained by top-down control; that is, net zooplankton grazing suppressed net phytoplankton and microzooplankton abundance. The diminished microzooplankton promoted the increase of picophytoplankton. Because planktivorous Pacific saury were abundant between 40.0^oN and 41.0^oN, it is further speculated that the low biomass of net zooplankton south of 41.0^oN resulted from feeding by Pacific saury. The reduced grazing pressure of net zooplankton may have enhanced the growth of net phytoplankton and microzooplankton in this region.     

Comparing the management effectiveness of a marine park and a multiple‐use collaborative fisheries management area in East Africa

• 1. The coral reefs across the international border between Kenya and Tanzania, where historical differences in government policy and socio‐economic conditions created two different management systems, were examined: a large permanent closed area and a collaborative fisheries management project that used gear management and small voluntarily and temporary closed areas, respectively. The diversity and ecology of the reefs in these two management systems were compared spanning a seven‐year period to evaluate the effectiveness of the management and to assess the ecological response to a large‐scale water‐temperature anomaly in 1998.
• 2. Comparisons of rates of predation on sea urchins and of herbivory, using a seagrass assay, were made along with measures of benthic cover and fish abundance and diversity.
• 3. The collaborative fisheries management system was successful in increasing fish stocks, reducing erect algae, and maintaining ecological diversity and stability across the thermal anomaly. This management system, however, was not successful in protecting the expected full biodiversity of fish, predation rates on sea urchins, or the sensitive, branching coral species. Management of the fishery also increased fish stocks in the adjacent, large, permanently closed area, compared to Kenyan parks without this management.
• 4. The large, permanently closed area in the other system maintained high diversity, high predation rates on sea urchins and high herbivory rates, which maintained erect algae abundance and diversity at low levels. The temperature anomaly was destructive to a number of the dominant delicate branching coral species, but overall coral cover and diversity were maintained, although dominance switched from branching Porites spp. to Seriatopora spp. over this period. The large closed area system protected the undisturbed ecology of these reefs and associated ecological processes, and the full diversity of fish and coral, including sensitive species such as branching corals and slow‐growing fish.
• 5. Collaborative fisheries and large permanent closed area management have different attributes that, when combined, should achieve the multiple purposes of sustainable fisheries, ecosystem functions and protection of fishing‐sensitive species.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of coral reefs using herbivory/nutrient assays and indicator groups of benthic primary producers: a critical synthesis,proposed protocols,and critique of management strategies

• 1. Rapid assessment protocols for determining and monitoring the status of any given coral reef are provided and include measuring: (a) standing stocks of functional indicator groups, (b) herbivore populations, (c) water‐column nutrient levels, (d) tissue C:N:P ratios, (e) algal physiological‐response assays, and (f) herbivory assays. These measurements can reveal quantitative tipping‐point levels beyond which resilience to undesirable phase shifts begins to become critically reduced. Universal tipping‐point approximations are reviewed for inorganic nutrients, and posited for the first time for herbivory.
• 2. The relative roles of top‐down and bottom‐up controls in determining benthic community structure and the health of coral reefs are especially important management concerns. This paper specifically addresses the top‐down effects of herbivory and bottom‐up effects of nutrient enrichment on critical indicator groups, i.e. reef‐building corals, crustose coralline algae, dense turf algae and frondose macroalgae.
• 3. A predominance of (a) massive corals and calcareous coralline algae relative to frondose macroalgae and algal turfs indicates a healthy spatially heterogeneous condition reflecting low nutrients and high herbivory. An abundance of (b) frondose macroalgae illustrates the least desirable condition of elevated nutrient levels and reduced herbivory, possibly reflecting pollution in concert with destructive herbivore fishing practices. High coverage of (c) coralline algae suggests healthy high herbivory levels, but problems with elevated nutrients that are inhibitory to some corals. Domination by (d) dense turf algae indicates desirably low nutrient levels, but an inadequate herbivory component.
• 4. The fast growth and turnover rates of fleshy algae compared to other reef organisms highlight their value as early warning indicators of reef degradation.
• 5. From a management perspective, levels of herbivory and nutrients rank among the most useful quantitative indicators of coral reef resilience; whereas, the degree of degradation and mortality are inferred from the above functional indicator groups of benthic primary producers.

Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海洋浮游植物与渔业碳汇计量

探讨了海洋浮游植物与渔业碳汇的关系,重点介绍了其与渔业碳汇计量相关的参数:浮游植物初级生产力、碳生物量、比生长率和比摄食率,对于每种参数简要介绍其原理及常用方法。本质上,渔业碳汇是浮游植物碳汇过程的一个重要分支,其碳汇测算等同于生态系统中关于浮游植物颗粒态有机碳通量的测算。     

Comparison of environmental conditions in two representative oyster farming areas: Hiroshima Bay,western Japan and Oginoham a Bay (a branch of Ishinomaki Bay), northern Japan

ABSTRACT:   Sea water environmental conditions over annual cycles were investigated and compared between two oyster farming areas, western Hiroshima Bay and Oginohama Bay (a branch of Ishinomaki Bay) in Miyagi Prefecture, to appropriately manage oyster culture or more efficiently utilize farming areas. The environmental parameters of temperature, salinity, nutrient concentrations (NO₂–N, NO₃–N, NH₄–N, PO₄–P, and SiO₂–Si) and size-fractionated chlorophyll- a (<0.2, 2–20, >20µm), and abundances of microzooplankton were measured in each bay at the surface, and 2 and 5 m depth layers. Differences in the annual mean values and results with monthly paired Student's t -tests showed that salinity was lower, and temperature, nutrient (especially PO₄–P) and chlorophyll- a concentrations, and abundance of microzooplankton, were higher in Hiroshima Bay than in Oginohama Bay. Differences in environmental conditions between inshore and offshore areas of each bay suggest that inflows of river water in western Hiroshima Bay and sea water from offshore had the most significant effects on the environmental conditions. It is concluded that such oceanographic and biological differences strongly affect the oyster farming system, especially regarding the optimum usage of offshore areas in Summer under clean, cold and stable seawater conditions, rather than food quantity in Hiroshima Bay, and under more abundant food conditions in Oginohama Bay.     

Variations in larval walleye pollock feeding and condition: a synthesis

There was a strong association among concentrations of microzooplankton prey sampled from the walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma , larval habitat, gut contents of larvae, and their nutritional condition. Subsequently, hypothesized survival potentials linked to food availability were validated by independently determined mortality rates. We present evidence that a significant number of walleye pollock larvae were starving in 1991 but that fewer were starving in 1992. At some stations where prey levels were anomalously low in 1991, up to 40% of the larvae were in poor condition. There appears to be a 2-week period after first feeding when walleye pollock are vulnerable to starvation.     

A Lagrangian ensemble model of Calanus finmarchicus coupled with a 1D ecosystem model

A population dynamics model of Calanus finmarchicus based on Lagrangian particles has been coupled with a 1-D ecosystem model. Each of the particles represents a variable number of copepods which experience the same fate. Therefore all copepods of a single particle represent a cohort and are characterized by a common set of individual properties such as age, development-stage, depth, structural weight (length), lipid pool or food satiation. The physical environment is parameterized by a 1-D-water column with a vertical resolution of 1 m and a maximum depth of 800 m. Copepod food supply is provided by an interactive Eulerian NPZD model where Z represents microzooplankton. The model correctly reproduces both the dynamics of the ecosystem and the life history of the copepods in the Norwegian Sea. Simulated results of trajectories of particles in the water column, and of individual growth and stage development were analysed. Results on seasonal abundance, development time, number of generations, depth profiles, and patterns of diurnal and ontogenic migration are compared with field data from OWS India.     

Testing for top‐down control: can post‐disturbance fisheries closures reverse algal dominance?

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