达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼资源现状及合理利用探讨

采用2008年12月和2009年12月在达里湖获取的瓦氏雅罗鱼(Leucisus waleckii)样品,对其基础生物学进行测定,依据B-H模型,计算并分析在不同开捕年龄和不同捕捞强度下的单位补充渔获量(YN/R和Yw/R)及渔获质量(平均体重Wy、平均全长TLy和平均年龄Ty)。结果表明,达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼的生长参数K、TL∞、t0分别为0.1437a-1、38.77cm和-0.5572a;目前开捕年龄和捕捞强度分别为3.52a和0.5256;若保持当前开捕年龄,目前的捕捞强度即可;若保持目前捕捞强度,则开捕年龄可提高到6龄;瓦氏雅罗鱼资源利用不合理之处为大量捕捞4龄以内的鱼,为了合理开发利用和保护达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼,在当前捕捞强度下,应将开捕年龄应限制在6龄,对应的全长为24cm,体重为126g。     

东海北部和黄海南部鲐鱼生长特性及合理利用

采用2002年11月~2003年8月在东海北部和黄海南部区域(30°~34°N、126°E以西范围)所获取的鲐鱼(Scomberjaponicus)样品,通过观察鲐鱼耳石生长轮和基础生物学测定,研究了鲐鱼的年龄和生长;再依据不完全β函数渔获量方程,计算、分析在不同开捕年龄和不同捕捞强度下的单位补充量渔获量(Yw/R)的变化情况。结果表明,采用Walford方法拟合的鲐鱼生长方程,其生长参数K、L∞、t0分别为0.320、451.4和-1.203。比较不同时期鲐鱼的生长情况显示,20世纪60、80年代和21世纪初期鲐鱼的生长较接近,而20世纪70年代的鲐鱼生长情况与其他3个时期的鲐鱼生长相差较大。比较不同海域鲐鱼的生长情况显示,随着纬度的增加,鲐鱼的个体有增大的趋势,经分析很可能与海水温度有关。根据历史资料推算出鲐鱼的最大年龄(tλ)为9龄;根据最近的采样,推算出鲐鱼的开捕年龄和补充年龄都为0.4年,鲐鱼的自然死亡率为0.355,捕捞死亡率为2.27。利用上述参数,动态综合模型模拟的结果显示,该资源过度捕捞已很严重。若保持当前捕捞强度,则必须把开捕年龄限制在2.9龄;若能同时改变捕捞强度和开捕年龄,则可以把当前的开捕年龄限制在2.0龄,捕捞死亡率降到1.3,这样鲐鱼资源才能够得到保护与合理利用。     

绿鳍马面鲀年龄生长与合理利用

对东海区的绿鳍马面样本鱼进行生物学测定 ,测出各龄鱼的年轮轮径及椎体半径 ,逆算出各龄鱼的理论平均全长 ,求出生长参数 ,探讨生长规律。再依据B -H模型计算、分析在不同开捕年龄和不同捕捞强度下的单位补充量渔获尾数、单位补充量平均资源重量、渔获物平均年龄和单位补充量渔获量的情况。结果表明 ,该资源已过度捕捞 ,应采取降低捕捞强度和将开捕年龄控制为 3龄等措施进行合理利用和保护     

绿鳍马面Tun年龄生长与合理利用

对东海区的绿鳍马面Ｔｕｎ样本鱼进行生物学测定，测出各龄鱼的年轮轮径及椎体半径，运算出各龄鱼的理论平均全长，求出生长参数，探讨生长规律。再依据Ｂ－Ｈ模型计算、分析在不同开捕年龄和不同捕捞强度下的单位补充量渔获尾数，单位补充量平均资源重量、渔获物平均年龄和单位补充量渔获量的情况。结果表明，该资源已过度捕捞，应采取降低捕捞强度和将开捕年龄控制为３龄等措施进行合理利用和保护。     

达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼资源现状及合理利用探讨

采用2008年12月和2009年12月在达里湖获取的瓦氏雅罗鱼（Leucisus waleckii）样品,对其基础生物学进行测定,依据B-H模型,计算并分析在不同开捕年龄和不同捕捞强度下的单位补充渔获量（YN/R和Yw/R）及渔获质量（平均体重Wy、平均全长TLy和平均年龄Ty）。结果表明,达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼的生长参数K...     

浙江南部近海小黄鱼生长、死亡和单位补充量渔获量

浙江南部近海是东海种群小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)的重要繁殖和育肥场所。根据2016年2月、5月、8月和11月采集的2023尾浙江南部近海小黄鱼全长、体长和体重等生物学信息,利用体长频率分布估算小黄鱼种群生长、死亡参数,并利用Beverton-Holt动态综合模型评估探讨单位补充量渔获量在不同自然死亡系数和渔具选择下随捕捞死亡系数的变化趋势。研究结果表明小黄鱼von Bertalanffy生长参数为渐近体长L_∞=22.58 cm,生长速率K=0.78/a,初始年龄t_a=-0.37 a;自然死亡系数M值为1.343,总死亡系数Z值为4.432,捕捞死亡系数F为3.089,开发率E为0.697,表明资源处于过度开发状态;小黄鱼的首次捕捞体长L_(50)=13.11cm,对应首次捕捞平均年龄t_c=0.743 a,小于临界年龄(0.886a)和体重生长的拐点年龄(0.979a),渔业主要捕捞对象为幼鱼和补充群体,无法保证资源的有效补充;根据B-H动态模型,当前的YPR值为15.279 g/ind,若降低捕捞强度到1.685,对应YPR_(max)为17.061 g/ind,与当前产量相比增幅11.66%;若提高开捕体长(13.11cm→16.0cm),YPR_(cur)会出现显著提高(15.279 g/ind→18.766 g/ind),增幅达22.82%,表明提高开捕体长要优于降低捕捞强度。当前东海小黄鱼群系处于小型低龄化和过度开发状态,建议将小黄鱼的开捕体长提高为15 cm,保证小黄鱼的产卵亲体量及资源的可持续发展。     

基于Ｂｅｖｅｒｔｏｎ－Ｈｏｌ鲇鱼山水库翘嘴鲌种群管理研究

作者于2007年4月至2008年4月间，在鲇鱼山水库采集翘嘴鲌（Culter alburnus Basilewsky）样本885尾。对鲇鱼山水库翘嘴鲌的种群管理进行了研究，建立了翘嘴鲌的种群管理模型。建立了Beverton-Holt种群管理模型。在目前开捕年龄tc=2龄，自然死亡系数M=0.4654，捕捞死亡系数F=0.5485，生长系数k=0.2331的情况下，鲇鱼山水库翘嘴鲌渔获物的平均体长为29.91cm，平均体重为278.76g，平均年龄为2.05龄；单位补充量渔获量（Yw/R）为467.2851g/尾。建议将鲇鱼山水库翘嘴鲌的捕捞年龄提高到3龄，有效的保护性成熟个体，提高种群补充数量，并目前捕捞强度下渔获量达到最大值，以达到最大经济效益。     

威海西霞口海洋牧场鱼礁区中许氏平鲉的生长、死亡及合理利用

人工鱼礁是我国海洋牧场的重要组成部分。许氏平鲉是我国沿海广布的经济鱼种。为比较研究许氏平鲉的资源状况,本实验根据2016—2018年西霞口海洋牧场鱼礁区的资源调查,运用ELEFANⅠ基于许氏平鲉体长频率数据、变换体长渔获曲线法、单位补充量等渔获量曲线法和生物参考点对许氏平鲉的生长、死亡和合理利用进行初步研究,运用蒙特卡罗模拟法将不确定性引入资源评估。实验表明,浅水域许氏平鲉的平均体长、平均体质量、渐近体长和渐近体质量均大于中水域,深水域最小,表明西霞口礁区浅水域许氏平鲉的生长状况最好。中水域的捕捞死亡系数和自然死亡系数均大于深水域,浅水域最小,表明西霞口礁区中水域的许氏平鲉资源死亡率最高。本实验首次将生物学参考点及不确定性分析用于不同水深礁区的资源评价,结果发现,3种不确定水平下FBRP的判断结果与无不确定性结果一致,且F_(0.1)更适合礁区许氏平鲉的资源评估。结合Gulland理论、生物学参考点和单位补充量渔获量分析可知,礁区资源处于轻度开发状态,可以通过适当提高捕捞强度来增加渔获量。浅水域可提高到Y_W/R=25.60对应的开捕年龄为1.83 a;中水域可提高到Y_W/R=23.89对应的开捕年龄为0.93 a;深水域可提高到Y_W/R=16.74对应的开捕年龄为1.12 a。     

基于Beverton-Holt模型的鲇鱼山水库翘嘴鲌种群管理研究

2007年4月至2008年4月在鲇鱼山水库采集翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)样本885尾,对其种群进行了研究,建立了Beverton-Holt种群管理模型.在目前开捕年龄tc=2龄、自然死亡系数M=0.4654、捕捞死亡系数F=0.5485、生长系数k=0.2331的情况下,鲇鱼山水库翘嘴鲌渔获物的平均体长为29.91 cm,平均体重为278.76 g,平均年龄为2.05龄;单位补充渔获量(YW/R)为467.28 g/尾.建议将鲇鱼山水库翘嘴鲌的捕捞年龄提高到3龄,有效地保护性成熟个体,提高种群补充数量,以目前捕捞强度下渔获量达到最大值,获得最大的经济效益.     

东海北部哈氏仿对虾的种群动态及其最高持续渔获量

哈氏仿对虾是东海北部主要的拖虾渔业对象。在雌性的体长组成中，70－90mm的个体占优势，占总数的63％。应用ELEFANⅠ和ELEFANⅡ技术对哈氏仿对虾每月的体长资料进行分析，结果表明：生长参数K＝1.7，极限体长L∞＝128mm，自然死亡系数M＝2.7427，总死亡系数Z＝8.323，利用率E＝67.06%，极限年龄为1.3234岁，选择体长为59.67mm，补充类型为二季补充型。通过单位补充量产量Y／R和单位补充量产值Yv/R分析表明，该群体的利用已到了相当充分的水平，若保持现有的捕捞水平，把开捕体长增大至70mm时，单位补充量产量可增加1.77%，产值可增加10.78%。但若捕捞死亡水平继续增加，产量几乎不再增加，而产值却明显下降。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).