Eradication of the invasive Pseudorasbora parva results in increased growth and production of native fishes

Abstract –  The topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva , has been described as Europe's most invasive fish. To control their UK invasion, some lentic populations at risk of causing fluvial dispersal have been eradicated. The first of these operations was from a lake in north-west UK in March 2005 using rotenone application; prior to eradication, their mean density was estimated as 6.1 m⁻² whereas since eradication, no P . parva have been recorded. Prior to rotenone application, the majority of native fishes were removed, held off-site and reintroduced following degradation of rotenone to safe levels. In the three growth seasons since their reintroduction and P . parva eradication, the abundance, somatic growth rate and production of roach Rutilus rutilus and common bream Abramis brama have increased significantly; production is now driven by a lower number of comparatively larger, faster growing individuals. These data suggest that the eradication of this P . parva population has been highly beneficial for the growth, recruitment and production of these native species.     

Case studies on eradicating the Asiatic cyprinid Pseudorasbora parva from fishing lakes in England to prevent their riverine dispersal

• 1. The topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva has proved to be a highly invasive pest fish species in mainland Europe following introduction from Asia, and was first recorded in the wild in the UK in 1996. Distribution has increased markedly since 2002, with recordings now from 32 sites, the majority being lakes.
• 2. In infested UK lakes, populations establish rapidly and become dominant in the fish community (often >97% by number); densities to over 60 m^?2 have been recorded, with the majority of individuals <70 mm. The species also hosts a novel pathogen not previously recorded in the UK. It has, therefore, been identified as a significant concern to native fish communities and deserving of an appropriate response by regulatory authorities.
• 3. Where populations have been detected in lakes with connection to river catchments, actions have been taken to prevent riverine dispersal. Control measures are put in place, and eradication programmes designed and initiated. This paper details case studies on three completed eradication operations, two that utilized the piscicide rotenone, the other, de‐watering and disinfection.
• 4. Each case study has, so far, been successful in eradicating the topmouth gudgeon population and has resulted in approximately 280 km of river length being protected from their dispersal. Application of rotenone was the most cost‐effective eradication method at approximately £2 per m² of water area treated.
• 5. These case studies demonstrate that riverine dispersal of invasive fish from infested connected lakes can be prevented by eradication. Outputs can be used to develop a strategy to manage the increasing distribution of topmouth gudgeon—and other invasive, pest fish—in the UK.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Larval taxonomy and early identification of topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva: a screening tool to reduce risks of unintentional species translocation

Abstract  To minimise the risks of unintentional translocation and further spread of the non-native cyprinid, Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel) in the UK, various morphological and meristic characters of this species were measured, with a view to isolating the characters which allow reliable identification of this species during the early stages of development. The combination of myomere numbers, the nature of the internal pigmentation associated with the notochord and the lack of a single row of external melanophores along the route of the lateral line organ reliably facilitate the ability to distinguish this species from the native fauna of the British Isles. Thus, for the first time, fishery managers and environmental agencies have a much needed tool to screen for the presence young-of-the-year of this species when authorising movements of other fish species.     

Reintroduction of a native galaxiid (Galaxias fasciatus) following piscicide treatment in two streams: response and recovery of the fish population

The rehabilitation of native communities by means of eradicating unwanted fish species using piscicides is an example of employing disturbance to achieve conservation successes. Such projects provide a valuable opportunity to test the efficiency of the tool and the impacts on the receiving aquatic communities, as disturbance occurs at a known time. The piscicide ‘rotenone’ has been widely used to eradicate invasive or unwanted fish species worldwide. However, there is little information regarding the impact on native fish being reintroduced to a stream after rotenone treatment. The mass depletion of aquatic invertebrates due to rotenone dosing is of particular concern, as food‐limitation could negatively impact on fish growth, condition and recruitment, compromising the aims of rehabilitation. For the first time in New Zealand, rotenone was employed to eradicate brown trout (Salmo trutta) from two streams that also supported populations of banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus). Impacts on fish and aquatic invertebrates were studied in two treatment and two reference streams in Karori, Wellington. Analysis showed that invertebrate densities declined significantly in the treatment streams in the 2‐week to 2‐month period after dosing. Following reintroduction after rotenone treatment, banded kokopu condition declined significantly and levels of fish mobility were variable. One year after rotenone dosing, there was recruitment of banded kokopu juveniles in the treatment streams indicating successful reproduction, with no equivalent increase in the reference streams. Results are a positive indication for the use of rotenone as an effective conservation tool to remove unwanted fish species where they threaten native populations.     

Pan‐continental invasion of Pseudorasbora parva: towards a better understanding of freshwater fish invasions

In recent years, policy‐makers have sought the development of appropriate tools to prevent and manage introductions of invasive species. However, these tools are not well suited for introductions of non‐target species that are unknowingly released alongside intentionally‐introduced species. The most compelling example of such invasion is arguably the topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, a small cyprinid species originating from East Asia. A combination of sociological, economical and biological factors has fuelled their rapid invasion since the 1960s; 32 countries (from Central Asia to North Africa) have been invaded in less than 50 years. Based on a combination of monitoring surveys (2535 populations sampled) and literature reviews, this paper aims to quantify and characterise important invasion parameters, such as pathways of introduction, time between introduction and detection, lag phase and plasticity of life history traits. Every decade, five new countries have reported P. parva introduction, mainly resulting from the movement of Chinese carps for fish farming. The mean detection period after first introduction was 4 years, a duration insufficient to prevent their pan‐continental invasion. High phenotypic plasticity in fitness related traits such as growth, early maturity, fecundity, reproductive behaviour and the ability to cope with novel pathogens has predisposed P. parva to being a strong invader. The Pseudorasbora parva invasion has provided quantitative data for the development of 1) early warning systems across different spatial scales; 2) rapid eradication programmes prior to natural spread in open systems and 3) sound risk assessments with emphasis on plasticity of life history traits.     

入侵种麦穗鱼的形态特征分析

研究不同生境条件下入侵种的形态差异是了解生物入侵的重要手段。运用多变量形态度量学和框架结构形态学方法,测量了采自四川南充、石棉、茂县和西昌共4个不同栖息地的94尾麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)标本,在双筒解剖镜下检视,采用电子数显游标卡尺测量了侧线鳞、侧线上鳞、侧线下鳞以及背鳍、胸鳍、腹鳍、臀鳍的分枝鳍条共7个可数性状。应用多变量形态度量学方法,选择18个框架结构性状和16个常规性状进行主成分分析。结果表明,3个主成分的累计贡献率达到76.59%,4个不同地点的标本聚在一起没有分开,表明入侵种麦穗鱼各居群间的形态没有显著差异。结合文献资料分析了麦穗鱼入侵的原因,指出了在进行经济鱼类引种过程中,应针对麦穗鱼制定有效地管理措施,实行早期的监测和预警系统,防止麦穗鱼的卵、苗种和幼鱼等人为侵入;已发现的麦穗鱼应该及时处理,避免其在引入地进一步扩散;对于已经在引入地建立了自然种群的麦穗鱼,应该根据生物学原理(如生理、生态因子的耐受性、食性、繁殖特性、寄生虫感染等)进行综合治理,使其对土著鱼类的危害处在可控范围之内。     

Anadromy and the dispersal of an invasive fish species (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Eastern Quebec,as revealed by otolith microchemistry

Thibault I, Hedger RD, Dodson JJ, Shiao J‐C, Iizuka Y, Tzeng W‐N. Anadromy and the dispersal of an invasive fish species (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Eastern Quebec, as revealed by otolith microchemistry. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 348–360. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is invading rivers bordering the St. Lawrence Estuary (Quebec, Canada). Some rivers in Eastern Quebec support self‐sustaining populations while adult vagrants are frequently captured in rivers where no reproduction has been confirmed. We hypothesised that the development of anadromy has promoted the species dispersal. Otolith Sr:Ca analyses revealed that although all fish captured in the upstream stocking region were freshwater residents, both anadromous and freshwater resident phenotypes were found downstream in Eastern Quebec. The proportion of fish exhibiting the anadromous life cycle increased with the distance from the stocking zone. Eastern Quebec steelhead migrated to sea at the same age but at a larger size than steelhead within their native range. Age at first reproduction was similar to that observed in native populations. The development of the anadromous life cycle enables this species to colonise new rivers following long‐distance migrations along the St. Lawrence Estuary corridor.     

洱海鱼类群落的空间分布格局

根据2009年8—11月对洱海鱼类调查获得的有关资料,研究了洱海鱼类群落的空间分布格局,旨在为洱海鱼类资源的保护和利用提供有价值的资料。研究结果表明:洱海鱼类群落可分为3种群落类型,分别为洱海西岸与南北端湖滨带群落类型(群落Ⅰ)、东岸与湖心区群落类型(群落Ⅱ)和上游小型湖泊群落类型(群落Ⅲ)。群落Ⅰ的主要特征种为(Hemiculterleucisculus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、黄(Hypseleotris swin-honis)、子陵栉虎鱼(Ctenogobius giurinus),对群落内平均相似性贡献率为80.71%。群落Ⅱ的主要特征种为鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio),对群落内平均相似性贡献率为98.20%。群落Ⅲ的主要特征种为鲫、麦穗鱼、长身(Acheilognathuselongatus)、棒花鱼(Abbottina rivularis)、中华鳑鲏(Oryzias latipes sinensis)、子陵栉虎鱼等,对群落内平均相似性贡献率为94.94%。群落Ⅰ和群落Ⅲ在种类和数量组成上以小型鱼类为主,群落Ⅱ则以大中型鱼类为主,鱼类群落在空间分布上的环境差异明显。     

Use of Rotenone as Piscicide: Toxicity Levels in a Few Common Freshwater Predatory and Weed Fishes

Toxicity of rotenone was studied in a few common freshwater predatory and weed fishes through wet laboratory experiments for its use as a piscicide during pond preparation. Cube root powder (CRP) (ENT-133 Rotenone) containing 9% rotenone was used as the toxicant source. Lethal concentration of CRP for these common predatory and weed fishes varied between 0.75–2.70 mg L^?1 (0.068–0.243 mg L^?1 of rotenone). Acute toxicity study revealed Puntius sophore to have more susceptibility to rotenone toxicity with 24 h LC₅₀ value of CRP at 0.50 mg L^?1 (0.045 mg L^?1 rotenone) compared to 1.17 mg L^?1 (0.105 mg L^?1 rotenone) in Anabas testudineus and 1.90 mg L^?1 in Channa punctatus (0.171 mg L^?1 rotenone); while Heteropneustes fossilis showed higher tolerance with 24 h LC₅₀ value at 2.42 mg L^?1 (0.218 mg L^?1 rotenone). Such result suggested rotenone toxicity to depend on the respiratory behavior of fish. The marginal reduction in 48 h LC₅₀ of CRP compared to its 24 h value and no fish mortality beyond 48-h in all tested species suggested faster degradation of the toxicant in water. Since application of the piscicide aims at eradication of all commonly available species of predatory and weed fishes in the culture pond, the study suggested a dose of 2.5 mg L^?1 of CRP (0.225 mg L^?1 rotenone) for pond application.     

Assessing upstream invasion risk in alien freshwater fishes based on intrinsic variations in swimming speed performance

Managing the spread and impact of invasive species requires an understanding of what limits their dispersal into new areas. Here, we investigated an intrinsic component of invasive species dispersal, via assessments of the swimming speed performance of four species of alien freshwater fish at risk of invading the upper reaches of a montane river system in south‐east Australia. Using water flow measurements taken from a range of potential barriers to their upstream dispersal (fishways, culverts, natural riffle habitats), we assessed the likelihood of alien species passage based on intrinsic differences in swimming speed performance. With the four alien fish species displaying a wide range of sprint swimming speed (U_sprint) capabilities, our logistic regression analysis identified pipe culverts as being a challenge to dispersal by all but the largest individuals of one species (Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss). Notably, fishway installations facilitating passage of the sympatric threatened species, Macquarie perch (Macquaria australasica), could allow upstream dispersal of a key threatening species (European perch, Perca fluviatilis). Our study highlights the utility of locomotor capabilities for assessing the likelihood of upstream dispersal by species following human‐assisted introductions to the lower parts of a catchment.     

伊犁河鱼类

1995──1997年对伊犁河（中国境内）进行鱼类和水域生态调查研究,采集鱼类标本7000余尾。经鉴定整理计32种,隶属于6目9科27属。其中土著鱼类仅10种,具有经济价值的5种,随着鱼类的人工移植与驯化,伊犁河的鱼类发生了很大的变化。除已被记载的裸腹鲟、西鲤、东方欧鳊和梭鲈外,这次调查被列入新记录的有：短头、草鱼、鲢、鲫、银鲫、赤梢鱼、贝加尔雅罗、欧鲇,以及小型鱼类：条、中华、麦穗鱼、棒花鱼、北方泥鳅、青、黄鱼、褐栉虎鱼和波氏虎鱼等17种。并研究了伊犁河鱼类的演变和发展趋势。     

Juvenile growth of two tilapia species in lakes Naivasha and Baringo, Kenya

Abstract –  Tilapia species in East African lakes often form the basis of commercial fisheries, with information on their population biology assisting their management. This study utilised otolith microstructure, with validation by modal progression analysis, to provide growth data for two tilapia species in two Kenyan lakes for the first time. Otolith microstructure revealed the growth rate of Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis , a sub-species endemic to Lake Baringo, was fast compared with populations of Oreochromis niloticus ; mean daily growth rates were >0.50 mm·d⁻¹ in fish between 12 and 53 mm total length. Growth of Oreochromis leucostictus in Lake Naivasha was also relatively fast when compared with the growth rates of other tilapia species, with mean daily growth rates of approximately 0.35–0.48 mm·d⁻¹ in fish between 10 and 56 mm total length. Growth rates of both species were well described by the Gompertz model and were corroborated by modal progression analysis that revealed similar daily growth rates in modes of young-of-the-year fish.     

Occupancy dynamics of rare cyprinids after invasive fish eradication

1. The eradication of invasive species is a management strategy implemented to eliminate adverse impacts of invaders on native species communities. After eradications, follow‐up studies are done to confirm eradication of the invasive species and the short‐term recovery of the native species, but long‐term monitoring to confirm full population recovery and stability is often not completed.
2. In this study, long‐term monitoring of native fishes was carried out over 5 years after the eradication of an invasive fish from the Rondegat River, South Africa. Forty‐six sites distributed along four river sections were sampled for presence/absence using underwater cameras and snorkel surveys. Density data were collected by snorkel surveys.
3. Using multi‐season occupancy models, the annual probability of colonization and local extinction of the native fishes and annual rate of change in occupancy along the river were estimated. Changes in native fish densities across time and across the control and treatment sections were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis analysis, followed by Dunn's post‐hoc test.
4. Probability of colonization and local extinction differed for each native fish species and may have been affected by extrinsic factors, such as rainfall, and intrinsic density‐dependent factors, hypothesized from the density data. The occupancy rates of change revealed that the two Near Threatened fish species have reached an occupancy dynamic equilibrium but the Endangered fish has not, suggesting that other conservation efforts may be needed.
5. Long‐term monitoring of native fishes after an eradication programme has confirmed the successful removal of the invader and the recovery and stability of the community. However, successful eradication was not sufficient for full recovery of all species; additional conservation management strategies are needed to secure the population stability and persistence of endangered fishes. We recommend that eradication programmes, regardless of locality, should employ long‐term monitoring to ensure full recovery of a native fish community.

     

Colonizing Islands of water on dry land—on the passive dispersal of fish eggs by birds

The vast majority of global freshwater ecosystems are small lakes with less than 100 m² surface area. These lakes are often unconnected to other water bodies but frequently host fish populations. Existing explanations for how fish colonize such remote habitats often involve birds as vectors transporting fish eggs as propagules. In this study, we aim to quantify the prevalence of these explanations among relevant societal groups as well as their scientific knowledge basis. We analyzed entries in online blogs and forums and surveyed the opinions of local stakeholders and decision makers using a questionnaire. To collect published scientific knowledge, we conducted a structured literature review. Our results reveal a discrepancy between commonly found beliefs and the empirical knowledge supporting those beliefs: Dispersal of fish eggs by water birds was overall the most frequent explanation online and in the questionnaire. In the scientific literature, however, we found hardly any empirical research on passive fish egg dispersal. We propose research directions for how to close this gap of knowledge and suggest that future empirical studies on passive fish egg dispersal may be inspired by existing work on passive dispersal in aquatic invertebrates. Mitigating the belief‐evidence discrepancy on fish dispersal will be essential to better understand the patterns of fish biodiversity across landscapes, to counteract its losses, and inform management strategies for invasive fish species.     

Managing non‐native fish in the environment

Non‐native fishes are frequently used to enhance aquaculture and fisheries; if introduced into the wider environment, then the majority will have negligible effects on native biodiversity. However, a minority will become invasive, causing adverse ecological effects, and so management actions may be needed to minimize their dispersal and impacts. These actions include eradication attempts from specific waters or well‐defined spatial areas, population control by suppression (e.g. through removal programmes) and containment of existing populations to prevent their further spread. These remedial actions have generally only been undertaken across large spatial areas in developed countries; experience suggests a fundamental constraint is a lack of selective removal methods that target the non‐native fish species only. For example, eradication methods tend to be limited to low technology, ‘scorched‐earth’ techniques (e.g. biocide chemicals) whose use is generally constrained to relatively small and enclosed water bodies. Risk management of non‐native fishes should ensure that actions taken are commensurate with the level of risk posed by that species in the environment; although pre‐introduction risk assessment schemes have been developed, there remains a lack of decision support tools for post‐introduction situations. Although this inhibits the management of non‐native fishes in the environment, control programmes such as those against common carp Cyprinus carpio in Australia and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva in England and Wales suggest there is potential for invasions to be managed and controlled within large spatial areas, even if their eradication may not be feasible.     

胶州湾及其邻近海域鱼类群落结构及与环境因子的关系

 为了进一步研究胶州湾及其邻近水域鱼类群落结构及与环境因子的关系, 本文根据2011年冬季(2月)、春季(5月)、夏季(8月)和秋季(11月)在胶州湾及其邻近海域进行的渔业资源和环境调查数据, 应用相对重要性指数、生态多样性指数和多元分析方法等研究了胶州湾鱼类群落结构及其季节变化, 并分析了胶州湾鱼类群落结构与主要环境因子的关系。结果表明: 本次调查共捕获鱼类57种, 隶属于2纲10目31科46属, 种类组成以暖温性和暖水性鱼类为主。主要优势种有方氏云鳚(Pholis fangi)和六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)等。胶州湾鱼类群落物种丰富度指数D的季节变化范围为1.02~1.65, 多样性指数H’变化范围为1.36~1.73, 均匀度指数J′变化范围为0.61~0.76。方差分析表明, 丰富度指数的季节变化显著, 而均匀度指数J′和多样性指数H′无显著性季节变化。单因子相似性(ANOSIM)分析表明, 胶州湾鱼类群落结构和种类组成存在明显的季节更替现象。相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)表明, 方氏云鳚、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼、细纹狮子鱼、斑、赤鼻棱鳀和皮氏叫姑鱼等是造成群落结构季节变化的主要分歧种。典范对应分析表明, 影响胶州湾及其邻近海域鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子为水温、盐度和pH, 其次是底质类型, 条件效应分别为0.310、0.084、0.176和0.256。本研究旨在通过分析胶州湾鱼类群落结构和多样性特征及其与环境因子的关系, 为胶州湾渔业资源的保护和可持续利用提供科学依据。

     

Eastern Bering Sea pollock recruitment,abundance, distribution and approach to fishery management

Eastern Bering Sea pollock have two distinctly different stable spawning grounds—along the shelf and in the eastern and central Aleutian Islands between 400 and 500 m water columns. Pollock spawning behavior supports the hypothesis that the shelf and deepwater “basin” spawning pollock are completely independent reproductive stocks. Deepwater pollock inhabit the shelf and, once mature at age 5–6 years, migrate from the shelf onto the continental slope into the Zhemchug, Pribilof, and Bering canyons by the end of winter. Bering Sea pollock recruitment and year class abundance have high annual variability, but there are no clear relationships between pollock year class strength and water temperature, ice distribution or survival on early ontogenesis stages (eggs and larvae). Young-of-the-year fish survival varies dramatically during winter supporting the hypothesis that the Bering Sea pollock recruitment and strength of year class have high annual variability depending on young-of-the-year fish survival during winter. The annual change of physical oceanography condition, productivity and species composition of zooplankton community are associated with great differences in pollock seasonal migrations and distribution, reproduction, survival of recruits at early stages of development and finally with abundance of year classes and total biomass. Implementation of ecosystem-based fishery management most important for application of pollock research both of Russian national program and on base of International Agreements.     

Fish invasion in the river systems of Guangdong Province,South China: Possible indicators of their success

Although a large number of fish species have been introduced into Guangdong Province in Southern China, a few species, such as tilapia (Tilapia spp.), North African catfish Clarias gariepinus Burchell, mrigal carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Bloch) and the sucker mouth catfish (Hypostomus sp.), have established natural populations and can be considered “successful invaders” in large rivers. The specific mechanisms underlying these contrasting results among different introduced fish species remain understudied. The relationship between multiple abiotic–biotic factors and the success of four invasive species was investigated using survey data for the Guangdong Province river ecosystem. In contrast to previous studies that have considered species‐specific traits, the focus was on economic, ecological and anthropogenic factors to predict invasion success. Four main predictive indicators were found: (1) successful invaders were of low or no commercial value; (2) successful invaders tolerated a wide range of environmental conditions, including poor water quality; (3) biodiversity loss accelerated the growth of non‐native populations; (4) human disturbance facilitated population growth and spread of invasive fish species. To lessen the impacts of invasive fish species, the selection of breeding species and breeding areas, maintenance of water quality and reduction in water pollution, protection of the diversity of fish species and reduction of human interference should be addressed.     

Dispersal strategies of juvenile pike (Esox lucius L.): Influences and consequences for body size,somatic growth and trophic position

Individual variability in dispersal strategies, where some individuals disperse and others remain resident, is a common phenomenon across many species. Despite its important ecological consequences, the mechanisms and individual consequences of dispersal remain poorly understood. Here, riverine Northern pike (Esox lucius) juveniles (age 0+ (young-of-the-year) and 1+ years) were used to investigate the influence of body size and trophic position (at capture) on the dispersal from off-channel natal habitats and the subsequent consequences for body sizes, specific growth rate and trophic position (at recapture). Individuals that dispersed into the river (“dispersers”) were not significantly different in body size than those remaining on nursery grounds (“stayers”). For trophic position, 0+ dispersers were of significantly lower trophic position than stayers, but with this not apparent in the 1+ fish. Following dispersal into the river, the dispersers grew significantly faster than stayers and, on recapture, were significantly larger, but with no significant differences in their final trophic positions. Early dispersal into the river was, therefore, not associated with early dietary shifts to piscivory and the attainment of larger body sizes of individuals whilst in their natal habitats, contrary to prediction. These results suggest that despite an increasing risk of mortality for individuals dispersing early from natal areas, there are long-term benefits via elevated growth rates and, potentially, higher fitness. Such early dispersal behaviour could be driven by early competitive displacement.     

黄河小浪底至入海口渔业资源现状与保护对策研究

为了解黄河小浪底以下河段渔业资源现状,2010年5-9月对此河段的鱼类及其饵料资源进行了调查.结果表明,浮游植物密度为3.49×104个/L,现存量为0.0234 mg/L,浮游动物密度为526个/L,现存量为0.1245 mg/L,现存量较小.底栖动物23种(属),水生植物6种,现存量极少,物种多样性较低,鱼类种群数量减少.渔获物中,1+龄鱼占81.76％,平均体重150.3 g,呈现明显的低龄化和小型化趋势.鱼类区系组成简单,以鲤科鱼类为主,与30年前相比,鱼类种群结构变化明显.渔业资源衰退的主要原因为水利工程建设运营和人为干扰,并据此提出了鱼类资源保护和可持续利用的对策.