A case study on the population ecology of a topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) population in the UK and the implications for native fish communities

• 1. The topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva is a small Asian cyprinid species that has proved invasive throughout many European countries. Following an initial introduction into the wild in 1996, the species is now proving invasive in the UK, with at least 25 infested waters in England and Wales, of which 10 are known to have direct connection to a major river catchment.
• 2. To demonstrate the threat of P. parva to fisheries in the UK, a case study is presented on a lake located in the Lake District of England where the species was introduced in 2000. The species rapidly established a breeding population that, by 2003, was the dominant species in size classes <70 mm. In 2004, they were the only species in the lake that produced young‐of‐the‐year.
• 3. Individual P. parva adopted the reproductive tactics of early maturity, multiple spawning, male dominance and male nest guarding; sexual dimorphism was manifested in larger body size of males. These traits were in contrast to the resident, native species of the lake, including roach Rutilus rutilus and gudgeon Gobio gobio, which adopted traits of later maturity and single spawning.
• 4. This case study, therefore, revealed relatively rapid establishment of a P. parva population, their subsequent numerical dominance of the fish community, and the impediment of the recruitment of native fish. The implications for UK fisheries are concerning: should P. parva continue to disperse and individuals adopt similar traits as those in this case study, there may be few waters immune from their invasion, numerical dominance and subsequent impacts.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Can accidental introductions of non‐native species be prevented by fish stocking audits?

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The establishment and impact of Pseudorasbora parva,an exotic fish species introduced into Lake Mikri Prespa (north-western Greece)

• 1. The topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva Schlegel, 1842, a south-east asian cyprinid, was introduced accidentally in the Danube Delta in Romania in the 1960s and has now achieved a pan-Danubian distribution. P. parva has been introduced into other countries, such as Greece, usually inadvertently included with other species imported for fish farming. In 1984–85, during a study of the fish populations of Lake Mikri Prespa (north-west Greece), several topmouth gudgeon were caught. Our aim was to study the changes in the population size of P. parva over nearly 10 years, to study its life history traits and to assess its potential impacts on native fish species.
• 2. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) in spring increased significantly between 1984 and 1992. We found evidence that P. parva has established a breeding population in the lake. P. parva combines many characteristics likely to favour a successful colonization (resistance to harsh climatic conditions, early sexual maturity, extended breeding season, broad dietary spectrum). Growth in Lake Prespa, where the oldest individuals captured were 3 years old, is very similar to that observed within its native range.
• 3. There is evidence for dietary overlap between P. parva and three endemic species: Paraphoxinus epiroticus prespensis, Cobitis meridionalis and Alburnoides bipunctatus ohridanus. No decline in the populations of these three species has yet been demonstrated. Other possible impacts are discussed. The successful colonization by P. parva was certainly favoured by the absence of a true piscivorous fish in the lake and by the isolation and high level of endemism of fish communities.
• 4. The conservation of the many endemic species in the lake should be a priority and the introduction of exotic species should be banned.

     

Managing non‐native fish in the environment

Non‐native fishes are frequently used to enhance aquaculture and fisheries; if introduced into the wider environment, then the majority will have negligible effects on native biodiversity. However, a minority will become invasive, causing adverse ecological effects, and so management actions may be needed to minimize their dispersal and impacts. These actions include eradication attempts from specific waters or well‐defined spatial areas, population control by suppression (e.g. through removal programmes) and containment of existing populations to prevent their further spread. These remedial actions have generally only been undertaken across large spatial areas in developed countries; experience suggests a fundamental constraint is a lack of selective removal methods that target the non‐native fish species only. For example, eradication methods tend to be limited to low technology, ‘scorched‐earth’ techniques (e.g. biocide chemicals) whose use is generally constrained to relatively small and enclosed water bodies. Risk management of non‐native fishes should ensure that actions taken are commensurate with the level of risk posed by that species in the environment; although pre‐introduction risk assessment schemes have been developed, there remains a lack of decision support tools for post‐introduction situations. Although this inhibits the management of non‐native fishes in the environment, control programmes such as those against common carp Cyprinus carpio in Australia and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva in England and Wales suggest there is potential for invasions to be managed and controlled within large spatial areas, even if their eradication may not be feasible.     

Modelling the distribution of the pan‐continental invasive fish Pseudorasbora parva based on landscape features in the northern Kyushu Island,Japan

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入侵种麦穗鱼的形态特征分析

研究不同生境条件下入侵种的形态差异是了解生物入侵的重要手段。运用多变量形态度量学和框架结构形态学方法,测量了采自四川南充、石棉、茂县和西昌共4个不同栖息地的94尾麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)标本,在双筒解剖镜下检视,采用电子数显游标卡尺测量了侧线鳞、侧线上鳞、侧线下鳞以及背鳍、胸鳍、腹鳍、臀鳍的分枝鳍条共7个可数性状。应用多变量形态度量学方法,选择18个框架结构性状和16个常规性状进行主成分分析。结果表明,3个主成分的累计贡献率达到76.59%,4个不同地点的标本聚在一起没有分开,表明入侵种麦穗鱼各居群间的形态没有显著差异。结合文献资料分析了麦穗鱼入侵的原因,指出了在进行经济鱼类引种过程中,应针对麦穗鱼制定有效地管理措施,实行早期的监测和预警系统,防止麦穗鱼的卵、苗种和幼鱼等人为侵入;已发现的麦穗鱼应该及时处理,避免其在引入地进一步扩散;对于已经在引入地建立了自然种群的麦穗鱼,应该根据生物学原理(如生理、生态因子的耐受性、食性、繁殖特性、寄生虫感染等)进行综合治理,使其对土著鱼类的危害处在可控范围之内。     

Fish movements: the introduction pathway for topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva and other non‐native fishes in the UK

• 1. The contamination of fish consignments (for stocking or aquaculture) is a major pathway by which non‐native organisms, including fish, are introduced to new areas. One of the best examples of this is the topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, which was accidentally imported into Romania and then throughout Europe in consignments of Asian carp species.
• 2. The introduction and spread of topmouth gudgeon in the UK has been linked to imports and movements of the ornamental variety (golden orfe) of ide Leuciscus idus. To examine this hypothesis, relationships between authorized movements of both native and non‐native fish species (in particular ide) and the occurrence in England of topmouth gudgeon were tested at the 10×10 km scale.
• 3. Topmouth gudgeon occurrence in the wild was significantly correlated with the trajectories of movements of ornamental fish species (ide/orfe, sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus) as well as a few non‐ornamental fish species (European catfish Silurus glanis, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella).
• 4. These results highlight the mechanism by which non‐native fish species disperse from the point of first introduction, and especially that movements of fish within the country represent an important mechanism for accidental introductions of non‐native species. © Crown copyright 2010. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Determining the strength of exploitative competition from an introduced fish: roles of density,biomass and body size

Britton JR, Cucherousset J, Grey J, Gozlan RE. Determining the strength of exploitative competition from an introduced fish: roles of density, biomass and body size. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 74–79. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – As species introductions can result in increased resource competition for coexisting species in the receiving ecosystems, the effects of increased exploitative competition for limited food resources from an introduced fish (Pseudorasbora parva) on a coexisting fish (Cyprinus carpio) were tested experimentally using a substitutive–additive design. Additive treatments revealed that the growth of C. carpio was significantly suppressed following the introduction of P. parva with the magnitude of growth suppression directly proportional to P. parva density and biomass. A substitutive treatment that tested for the effect of intraspecific competition revealed that when C. carpio were introduced at a similar biomass to P. parva, there was no significant difference in the extent of the suppressed growth. At the same density, however, the effect of C. carpio (higher biomass) on growth was significantly above that of P. parva (lower biomass). This was independent of the initial body sizes of the introduced fishes. Thus, the interspecific competition imposed by P. parva was only as strong as the intraspecific competition of C. carpio when present at a similar biomass.     

Voracious invader or benign feline? A review of the environmental biology of European catfish Silurus glanis in its native and introduced ranges*

A popular species for food and sport, the European catfish (Silurus glanis) is well‐studied in its native range, but little studied in its introduced range. Silurus glanis is the largest‐bodied freshwater fish of Europe and is historically known to take a wide range of food items including human remains. As a result of its piscivorous diet, S. glanis is assumed to be an invasive fish species presenting a risk to native species and ecosystems. To assess the potential risks of S. glanis introductions, published and ‘grey’ literature on the species’ environmental biology (but not aquaculture) was extensively reviewed. Silurus glanis appears well adapted to, and sufficiently robust for, translocation and introduction outside its native range. A nest‐guarding species, S. glanis is long‐lived, rather sedentary and produces relatively fewer eggs per body mass than many fish species. It appears to establish relatively easily, although more so in warmer (i.e. Mediterranean) than in northern countries (e.g. Belgium, UK). Telemetry data suggest that dispersal is linked to flooding/spates and human translation of the species. Potential impacts in its introduced European range include disease transmission, hybridization (in Greece with native endemic Aristotle’s catfish [Silurus aristotelis]), predation on native species and possibly the modification of food web structure in some regions. However, S. glanis has also been reported (France, Spain, Turkmenistan) to prey intensively on other non‐native species and in its native Germany to be a poor biomanipulation tool for top‐down predation of zooplanktivorous fishes. As such, S. glanis is unlikely to exert trophic pressure on native fishes except in circumstances where other human impacts are already in force. In summary, virtually all aspects of the environmental biology of introduced S. glanis require further study to determine the potential risks of its introduction to novel environments.     

Time‐series analysis of native and non‐native crayfish dynamics in the Thames River Basin (south‐eastern England)

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基于线粒体Cyt b分析入侵云南四大水系的麦穗鱼群体遗传结构

为揭示麦穗鱼入侵云南后群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化差异现状,实验采集了云南澜沧江、怒江、红河、伊洛瓦底江水系13个样点,及黄河、长江、珠江原产地水系6个样点的麦穗鱼群体共计220尾样本,利用线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)全序列作为分子标记,初步分析了麦穗鱼群体的遗传多样性、遗传结构和遗传分化情况。结果显示,共检测到72个变异位点,定义25个Cyt b单倍型。云南四大水系麦穗鱼单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.828±0.014和0.005 44±0.001 18。云南四大水系和黄河、长江、珠江水系相比,具有较高的遗传多样性。单倍型系统发育树与单倍型网络图显示,黄河群体单倍型独立,云南各水系单倍型与珠江、长江单倍型混杂,推测云南麦穗鱼主要来源于珠江和长江,这与云南省引种经济鱼类历史一致。分子变异分析(AMOVA)显示,云南四大水系麦穗鱼群体间具有程度较高的遗传分化,其中大多数遗传变异存在于群体内(72.60%),群体间的遗传变异为28.62%,水系间为1.22%。结果发现麦穗鱼遗传分化与当前水系的分布格局不吻合。Fu’s Fs中性检验结果和核苷酸不配对分析结果均表明,云南四大水系麦穗鱼群体未发生扩张。麦穗鱼进入云南各水系后,单倍型多样性较高,可能来源于多个地区。在后续对麦穗鱼的管理过程中,需要注意避免单倍型特殊的群体与其他地区群体的交流,减少水系间相互引种。此外,通过开发麦穗鱼资源利用方式来提高麦穗鱼利用率,以控制其群体数量,从而减小其对当地土著物种和渔业养殖的危害。     

Irresponsible vendors: Non‐native,invasive and threatened animals offered for garden pond stocking

1. The pet trade has been responsible for many introductions of non‐native species. Freshwater ornamental plants and animals originating from the pet trade are stocked to garden ponds. The present survey focused on awareness and responsible behaviour related to biological invasion risks of companies that designed, built, and stocked garden ponds.
2. A representative number (n = 124) of companies (commercial garden pond architects and builders) in the Czech Republic were surveyed regarding the offer of non‐native, invasive and threatened native species. The survey was conducted over the entire warm period (from 1 May 2015 to 31 September 2015) while using personal visits, correspondence and interviews to list the species on offer.
3. ‘Traditional’ ornamental species were offered by 39.1% of surveyed vendors, non‐traditional ‘marginal’ species by 5.6%, common native species by 6.5% and threatened native species by 2.4%.
4. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that ‘garden pond’ vendors offer non‐native species with a risk of biological invasion; moreover, threatened native animals were also on sale. It is probable that a similar situation exists in other countries. It is important for the conservation of native aquatic biota to raise awareness of the need to reduce risk through responsible behaviour of those involved in the pet trade. It is also essential to prohibit stocking of potential invaders and to enforce the illegal capture and sale of native species.

     

Management of a highly unlikely native fish: The case of arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus from the Southern Alps

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A success story: water primroses,aquatic plant pests

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The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity

• 1. The common name ‘tilapia’ refers to a group of tropical freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae (Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon spp.) that are indigenous to Africa and the southwestern Middle East. Since the 1930s, tilapias have been intentionally dispersed worldwide for the biological control of aquatic weeds and insects, as baitfish for certain capture fisheries, for aquaria, and as a food fish. They have most recently been promoted as an important source of protein that could provide food security for developing countries without the environmental problems associated with terrestrial agriculture. In addition, market demand for tilapia in developed countries such as the United States is growing rapidly.
• 2. Tilapias are well‐suited to aquaculture because they are highly prolific and tolerant to a range of environmental conditions. They have come to be known as the ‘aquatic chicken’ because of their potential as an affordable, high‐yield source of protein that can be easily raised in a range of environments — from subsistence or ‘backyard’ units to intensive fish hatcheries. In some countries, particularly in Asia, nearly all of the introduced tilapias produced are consumed domestically; tilapias have contributed to basic food security for such societies.
• 3. This review indicates that tilapia species are highly invasive and exist under feral conditions in every nation in which they have been cultured or introduced. Thus, the authors have concluded that, despite potential or observed benefits to human society, tilapia aquaculture and open‐water introductions cannot continue unchecked without further exacerbating damage to native fish species and biodiversity. Recommendations include restricting tilapia culture to carefully managed, contained ponds, although exclusion is preferred when it is feasible. Research into culture of indigenous species is also recommended.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fish invading deserts: non‐native species in arid Moroccan rivers

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The role of anglers' perceptions and habits in biological invasions: perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula

1. Anglers are a recognized vector for invasive fauna, with both intentional and accidental introductions reported worldwide.
2. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Iberian freshwater angler's habits and perceptions related to biological invasions, using an international and bilingual survey in Spain and Portugal.
3. The results showed that anglers from both countries cover great distances to fish, and that they commonly visit several places and fish during consecutive days, representing a major risk for invasions. Yet, anglers' activity patterns throughout the year are not constant: the summer months involve more intense activity and, hence, entail higher risk.
4. In both countries, the preferred fish species were invasive, and their introductions were reported more often than native species, with motivations being country‐dependent.
5. The use of live bait was not frequent, but sometimes invasive species were used and the release of unused bait in the water was reported very frequently.
6. Most anglers recognize that introductions have environmental impacts and that anglers have an active role in intentional introductions. However, only a minority is aware of the angler's role in accidental transportation of invasive species.
7. These findings on anglers' behaviour patterns and perceptions may be used to model invasion risks and also improve monitoring and awareness programmes led by government agencies.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influences of population density,temperature and latitude on the growth of invasive topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva

Plasticity in life‐history traits provides advantages for introduced fish in overcoming demographic bottlenecks that would otherwise inhibit establishment. Here, the influence of population density, temperature and latitude was tested on the growth increments and growth rates of invasive populations of topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, a small Asian cyprinid fish that is invasive across Europe. Aquaria experiments tested the roles of fish number and temperature on growth increments under a fixed food supply, pond experiments tested the role of density on growth increments, and a field study completed in England and Wales tested the influence of density and latitude on growth rates. In aquaria experiments, whilst growth increments were higher at 21 and 23 °C than at 19 and 25 °C, fish number had a greater influence on growth than temperature. Higher growth increments were produced at lower densities. In experimental ponds, growth increments were significantly higher in ponds with low densities of P. parva compared with those at elevated densities. In the field study comprising 10 wild populations across a latitudinal gradient of 4.0°N, a difference in mean air temperatures of approximately 3 °C, and estimated densities between 0.5 and 65.0 m^?2, population density was the only significant predictor of growth rates. Whilst populations at very low densities comprised of significantly faster growing individuals, there were no significant differences when densities were between 15 and 65 m^?2. Thus, invasive P. parva populations have considerable growth plasticity, especially at low densities, with this likely to be important in their ability to colonise new environments.     

Suppression of invasive topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva by native pike Esox lucius in ponds

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Heads you win,tails you lose: Life‐history traits predict invasion and extinction risk of the world's freshwater fishes

1. Freshwater fishes have the distinction of being both a highly imperilled taxonomic group as well as one that has produced many invasive species with widespread ecological impacts. Faced with the difficult task of identifying those species with the greatest need for management action, ecologists have turned to using predictive suites of ecological and life‐history traits to provide reasonable estimates of fish invasion and extinction risk. Whether traits associated with invasiveness are the inverse of those associated with imperillment, known as the ‘two‐sides‐of‐the‐same‐coin’ hypothesis, remains unclear.
2. A global trait analysis (including maximum total body size, longevity, size at maturation, age at maturation, fecundity and egg size) for 6293 freshwater fishes was conducted to examine the trait correlates of species proneness to invasion or extinction. A meta‐analytical procedure was deployed using univariate and multivariate trait analyses that accounted for the effects of shared phylogeny.
3. Mean trait differences (measured as Hedges' d effect size) were found between invasive and threatened species when compared with native species, thus supporting the two‐sides‐of‐the‐same‐coin hypothesis for freshwater fish. Invasive species were characterized by larger body size, greater longevity, delayed maturation and higher fecundity than threatened species. Furthermore, invasive species were found to display greater trait variability compared with threatened species, suggesting that different traits may be selected at different stages of the invasion process (from pathway entrainment to establishment) whereas more specific trait combinations may predispose species to higher extinction risk.
4. The present study demonstrated a strong trait basis to global‐scale invasion risk and extinction vulnerability for freshwater fishes. Given that both time and resources are too limited for detailed species‐by‐species assessments, the results suggest that trait correlates provide a reasonable estimate of invasion and extinction risk that can inform more targeted and proactive conservation strategies.