应用权重修正内梅罗污染指数法对陆源入海排污口邻近海域水环境质量综合评价

根据2005年6月与9月福建省9个重点陆源入海排污口邻近海域水环境监测数据,在比较单因子评价法、综合评价法、内梅罗污染指数法的基础上,考虑最大权重因子提出了权重修正内梅罗污染指数法。通过对排污口邻近海域水环境质量进行综合评价,从而更加科学合理地判断出该排污口邻近海域水环境质量,为海洋行政管理部门实施海洋环境动态管理提供科学依据。     

葫芦岛市五里河排污口及邻近海域水质状况与评价

依据2017年葫芦岛市五里河排污口及其邻近海域水质监测结果,采用单因子评价方法确定该排污口和邻近海域水质超标污染物,然后通过等标污染负荷评价、超标率评价和污染程度的评价得出该排污口的排污状况综合评价,并采用E指数法对该邻近海域进行富营养化状况评价。结果表明:该排污口主要污染物有粪大肠菌群、COD、石油类和镉,存在着高排污负荷、高污染程度的主要排污特征,对海洋环境造成的危害或潜在的危害很大;五里河入海口邻近海域水质污染状况季节性差异较大,5月份水体未呈富营养化状态,8月份主要污染物为无机氮,水体呈轻度富营养化状态。     

晋江市东石排污口入海污染物对邻近海域环境的影响

根据2009年对晋江市东石排污口及其邻近海域的监测,分析工业污水排放对邻近海域环境的影响。结果表明,排污口排放的工业污水存在较为严重的超标现象,主要污染物为生化需氧量、化学需氧量、氨氮和总磷;排污口邻近海域海水中无机氮、化学需氧量、生化需氧量严重超标;海底表层沉积物硫化物、石油类、铜和铬超过第二类海洋沉积物质量标准;海域底栖生物种类多样性较差,已出现一小块无大型底栖生物的区域,排污口排放的工业污染物已经对邻近海域环境造成了严重影响。     

应用内梅罗污染指数法综合评价长乐市金峰镇陈塘港排污口邻近海域环境质量

金峰镇陈塘港排污口是长乐海域最主要的排污口,每天有大量工业污水经该排污口流入闽江。本文根据2005~2006年对陈塘港排污口临近海域监测的结果,运用内梅罗污染指数法对陈塘港排污口邻近海域环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明:陈塘港排污口邻近海域水环境污染严重,COD、无机氮、总汞、磷酸盐、石油类等指标的含量均超过一类海水水质标准,水质呈现劣四类。     

陆源入海排污口监测和评价若干问题的探讨

本文根据作者对陆源人海排污口及其邻近海域监测和评价的实践,提出感潮河段排污口邻近海域监测时应将站位布设在河流河口段以外,水质采样时采集表层与底层混合样,评价时采用海水水质标准;并对监测和评价中若干问题,如样品采集、监测项目、分析方法、邻近海域环境质量评价等问题进行探讨.     

陆源入海排污口邻近海域水环境质量分析

日益严重的海洋环境污染成为沿海地区不得不面对的迫切问题,于2015年8月,针对三亚市镇海村、三亚港、红沙港、后海村陆源入海排污口邻近海域共选取20个站位进行水质调查,分析其主要污染物,采用水质单因子污染指数评价法对监测海域的水质状况进行分析和评价。     

台州陆源入海排污口监测及应对建议

本文根据对陆源人海排污口及其邻近海域监测的实践，对台州两个人海排污口水质及其邻近海域监测点的水质进行监测，对海域环境质量等进行探讨。     

2016年天津主要陆源入海排污口排污状况综合评价

为更好地保护海洋环境与海洋渔业资源,了解陆源入海排污口对海域的有机物污染物、重金属等有毒有害物质的输入状况以及对近岸海洋生态损害的状况与程度,掌握天津市近岸海域陆源入海排污口排放入海的污水量、污染物种类和数量以及各种污染物的浓度状况,2016年对天津12个主要陆源入海排污口的排污情况进行监测,通过单因子评价法确定排污口主要污染物;并通过超标率、污染程度、污水生物毒性对排污状况进行综合评价。结果表明,2016年天津市主要陆源入海排污口超标污染物为化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))、五日生化需氧量(BOD_5)和粪大肠菌群。各排污口年超标率为7.29%～17.86%,年平均污染程度指数为5～7分,排污口等级为黄色到橙色,生物毒性均为低毒性风险。其中大沽排污河入海口、泰达市政排污口Ⅰ、泰达市政排污口Ⅱ、海河入海口四个排污口污染程度最高。     

福建松下腿口工业区污水排放对近岸海域环境的影响

利用2008年对长乐市松下腿口排污口及其邻近海域的监测结果进行工业污水排放对近岸海域环境的影响分析。结果表明，排污口工业污水存在较为严重的超标排放，主要污染物为COD、悬浮物和pH值。近岸海域由于水动力作用强，受污染程度较轻，除无机氮外各项指标均优于二类海水水质标准。海底表层沉积物各监测指标均达到一类海洋沉积物质量标准。     

“十二五”期间福建省主要陆源入海排污口排污状况及来源分析

根据"十二五"期间福建省海洋部门陆续开展的陆源入海排污口监测结果,统计分析了厦门以外区域主要陆源入海排污口的排污状况和主要污染物类型。在分析中作者提出热电厂和垦区排污口排放的污水主要由海水组成,排放的污染物中大部分并非陆源,在统计陆源排污量时需要进行优化调整。最后分析了各类污染物排放趋势变化。结果显示,调整前,5年内污染物总量为2.16×10~6t,工业排污口污染物入海量较大,占80.4%;悬浮物入海量最大,占85.5%。调整后,污染物总量为5.31×10~5t,排污河类型排污口污染物入海量最大,占46.8%;悬浮物和化学需氧量入海量较大,分别占48.46%和48.30%。部分排污口如晋江石狮11孔桥排污口、晋江陈埭乌边港排污口、宁德市蕉城区市政排污口、罗源松山排污口因排污量较大,造成其邻近海域环境存在多项超标污染物,需要严加监管。"十二五"期间,连续监测的37个陆源入海排污口污水入海量年度变化较小,化学需氧量入海量逐年降低,氨氮、总磷、油类、重金属也呈下降趋势,悬浮物入海量逐年升高。     

Experiences in the paraimmunization of cats in veterinary practice

The inducer PIND-AVI was used prophylactically and therapeutically to test the effects of paramunization in a SPF cat colony and in various small animal practices. Prophylactic paramunization significantly improved the breeding results in the SPF cat colony. Mortality declined from 44.6% to 3.4%. The corresponding placebo groups were also tested thereby demonstrating the significance of the results. In comparison, the treatment of acutely diseased cats (all of the same litter or the same colony) showed that paramunization can also be used as an additional measure to the conventional therapy of infectious diseases with different etiology. Furthermore, it is possible that this measure alone can limit the incidence of disease providing the dosage is high enough and treatment is long enough (at least 3-5 days). The course of disease is thereafter mild and complications can be hindered. Chronic and recurrent infections (e.g., dermatitis and gingivitis) can be controlled with repeated paramunization. Prophylactic paramunization decreases the danger of an acute infection and provides for the newborn's fast adaptation to a contaminated environment. It also reduces the consequences of an exogenous and endogenous immune suppression.     

The economic feasibility of seaweed production in the North Sea

Seaweeds are increasingly seen as an alternative to land-grown products in food and feed applications. Interest in production of seaweeds in temperate waters is rising, in particular in combination with offshore wind energy generation. This article reports an investigation of the economic feasibility of seaweed production in the North Sea using economic modelling. Often, an overly positive picture of the costs and benefits of seaweed production is sketched. Based on current available information, offshore seaweed production in the North Sea is not economically feasible. Sensitivity analysis shows that revenues would have to increase by roughly 300%, all other things equal, to make a profit. A number of opportunities to improve the economic feasibility of a North Sea seaweed value chain are identified. Technical innovation and the design of systems that enable multiple harvests per year can reduce production costs. Successful marketing of seaweed as human food, and the development of biorefinery concepts can increase the value of the produced seaweed.     

紊动对水体过饱和溶氧释放的影响初探

为探究紊动对水体中溶氧释放的促进效果,设计以潜水泵排水的方式,开展了不同水泵数量、功率、摆放方式、排水方向等工况下过饱和溶氧释放过程研究试验。结果表明,紊动对水体中溶氧释放有较好的促进效果。放入5个泵(功率20 W、纵向排水)时,水体溶氧释放系数为0.514 h~(-1),是未放入水泵时溶氧释放系数0.026 h~(-1)的19.77倍。当水泵垂直于水面排水时,溶氧释放效果较好。水泵个数越多、功率越大,溶氧释放系数越大,溶氧释放效果越好。     

江苏南部河蟹幼苗培育系统中致病性弧菌的分离诊断

从急性死亡的河蟹大眼幼体体内分离得到3q8T－2、3q7T－4等菌株，经细菌学鉴定为副溶血性弧菌，回归试验表明这几种弧菌均能感染健康动物致死亡。通过药敢试验，发现试转药1号、悉复欢等对其有较强抑制作用。     

Fish diversity assessment in the headwaters of the Volga River using environmental DNA metabarcoding

1. The headwaters of the Volga River exhibit large reaches with near‐pristine conditions, and therefore long‐term biodiversity monitoring of this catchment can provide rare and valuable information on a European lowland river. More specifically, freshwater fish species assemblages are a good indicator of ecosystem status, as they are particularly sensitive to environmental changes and hydromorphological alterations. Historical records show that the fish fauna of the Upper Volga has changed over time, both in species composition and in abundance. The construction of the Volga–Kama cascade (a series of large dams) has specifically affected the migration of diadromous species.
2. Environmental DNA metabarcoding offers a non‐invasive approach to determine the number of species in an aquatic ecosystem, as well as their identity and distribution. This approach is especially useful for fish fauna surveys along large rivers and long‐term biomonitoring, with the advantage of having no impact on the species and their habitats.
3. To infer the current fish species diversity and the spatial distribution of each species in the free‐flowing section of the Upper Volga River, as well as in selected tributaries, an environmental DNA metabarcoding approach was applied, using three mitochondrial DNA markers. This method allowed the positive identification of 23 fish species and their respective distributions in the headwaters of the Volga.
4. This assessment provides a valuable example of the application of environmental DNA metabarcoding in a large river system, and constitutes a starting point for future investigations and long‐term biomonitoring in the Upper Volga system. In addition, the results can also serve as a reference for fish diversity assessments of other large European lowland rivers, and can guide future conservation and management measures in the headwaters of the Volga.

     

Ecological effects of regime shifts in the Bering Sea and eastern North Pacific Ocean

Large‐scale shifts occurred in climatic and oceanic conditions in 1925, 1947, 1977, 1989 and possibly 1998. These shifts affected the mix and abundance of suites of coexisting species during each period of relative environmental stability—from primary producers to apex predators. However, the 1989 regime shift was not a simple reversal of the 1977 shift. The regime shifts occurred abruptly and were neither random variations nor simple reversals to the previous conditions. Timing of these anomalous environmental events in the North Pacific Ocean appears to be linked to physical and biological responses in other oceanic regions of the world. Changes in the atmospheric pressure can alter wind patterns that affect oceanic circulation and physical properties such as salinity and depth of the thermocline. This, in turn, affects primary and secondary production. Data from the North Pacific indicate that regime shifts can have opposite effects on species living in different domains, or can affect similar species living within a single domain in opposite ways. Climatic forcing appears to indirectly affect fish and marine mammal populations through changes in the distribution and abundance of their predators and prey. Effects of regime shifts on marine ecosystems are also manifested faster at lower trophic levels. Natural variability in the productivity of fish stocks in association with regime shifts indicates that new approaches to managing fisheries should incorporate climatic as well as fisheries effects.     

Categorising the risks in fisheries management

Abstract The many risks associated with fisheries management can be attributed to the substantial uncertainties that exist within fishery systems and their numerous possible consequences for fishers and fish stocks. Compounding these risks are the possible disparities between different fisheries professionals on the nature and source of these risks. This paper attempts to categorise the risks as reported by fishery scientists and managers in Australia and along the US Atlantic Coast. Through the use of semi‐structured interview data, this paper attempts to provide a categorisation of the risks identified by fisheries professionals; and to compare the identified risks by professional group and by country. The analysis yields three broad categories and 12 subcategories of risk found in both nations. Results indicate that: (1) fisheries management risks can be broadly categorised through interview data; (2) the frequency of identification of a particular risk category reflects the management system in which they operate; and (3) risk categorisation could be useful from a risk management perspective as risks in different categories may be evaluated and managed using different risk management approaches.     

网箱吊笼养殖刺参技术研究

利用网箱吊笼养殖刺参是我市近期实施的海参养殖新模式。实践证明，该模式养殖的刺参具有发病率低，成活率高，生长速度快，经济效益明显等优点。网箱吊笼养殖刺参具有广阔的发展前景。     

Impacts of the nonlinear relationship between abundance and its index in a tuned virtual population analysis

The abundance index used in a tuned virtual population analysis (VPA) is usually assumed to be proportional to actual abundance. However, the actual abundance and abundance index do not always have a linear relationship. Such nonlinearity can cause biases in abundance estimates as well as retrospective biases arising from systematic differences in abundance estimates when more data are successively added. Severe retrospective biases can damage the reliability of stock assessments. In this study, we use an approach to estimate an additional parameter that controls the nonlinearity in a tuned VPA. A performance test using simulated data revealed that the tuned VPA was able to accurately estimate the nonlinearity parameter and thus yielded less biased abundance estimates and smaller retrospective biases. We also found that estimating the nonlinearity parameters was effective even under other model misspecification scenarios, such as disregarding historical increases in catchability and time-varying natural mortality. Moreover, we applied this approach to some Japanese fish stocks and evaluated its validity. We found that estimating the nonlinearity parameters in the tuned VPA enhances the reliability of fisheries stock assessments.     

基于马尔可夫过程的湖泊生态需水保障不确定性研究

湖泊生态需水对维持湖泊基本生态功能具有重要的作用，保障生态需水已成为湖泊生态保护的重要组成部分。目前湖泊生态需水的保障方法都是在同一时间尺度下维持一个确定的生态需水量；然而，湖泊水位是一个随机过程，湖泊生态状况与湖泊水位波动息息相关，仅保持湖泊在一个水位值不足以满足湖泊在不同时期的生态需水量；另一方面，生态系统的结果和功能在不断变化，导致湖泊的生态需水量也发生变化，只保障一个确定的生态需水量的方法不足以应对湖泊生态需水量未来可能存在的各种情况，也无法应对未来生态需水保障的不确定性。因此，亟需对湖泊生态需水进行不确定性研究，以保障不同时期的生态需水量。本研究以白洋淀为案例，将白洋淀水位划分成五个区间，代表五个水位时期，再将每个时期下的生态环境状况进行分析，得出每个时期有利于湖泊生物多样性的生态需水量。然后根据马尔可夫过程，利用改进加权马尔可夫链模型，计算出未来湖泊水位处于各个时期的概率，从而确定湖泊未来生态需水量的保障程度，对未来生态需水保障情况进行预测。