白鳞病与白点病的区别及防治

白鳞病又叫打粉病，病原体是嗜酸卵甲藻；白点病又叫小瓜虫病，病原体是多子小瓜上。这两种病都流行于水温２５℃左右，危害严重，病症相似，病鱼体表都是粘液增多，皮肤和鳍上都出现白点。但通过细心观察，也不难发现两种病有明显不同：被嗜酸卵甲藻感染产生了白鳞病的鱼初期在池水中拥挤成团或水面形成了１—３个小圈，环游不息，背鳍、尾鳍及背部先后出现白点，白点逐渐蔓延全身至尾柄，仔细观察，可看到白点之间有红色斑点，尾柄处充血特别明显，而白点病却无此特征，病鱼食欲减退、游动迟缓，有时呆浮水面，后期白点连成片，体表象裹了…     

南美白对虾与罗非鱼混养试验

近两年,由于南美白对虾养殖面积不断增加,池塘老化、种质退化和养殖病害的猖獗,造成虾池养殖经济效益大幅度下降,养殖风险不断增大,大部分养虾户出现亏损,严重影响我省对虾养殖业的发展.在这种情况下,笔者进行了南美白对虾与罗非鱼混养试验,结果表明:混养能够增强养殖水体的自净能力,阻断虾病的蔓延,具有较高的经济效益.     

Virulence and genotypes of white spot syndrome virus infecting Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in north‐western Mexico

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has caused substantial global economic impact on aquaculture, and it has been determined that strains can vary in virulence. In this study, the effect of viral load was evaluated by infecting Litopenaeus vannamei with 10‐fold serial dilution of tissue infected with strain WSSV Mx‐H, and the virulence of four WSSV strains from north‐western Mexico was assessed along with their variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) genotypes in ORF75, ORF94 and ORF125. The LD₅₀ of the Mx‐H strain was a dilution dose of 10^?7.5; the mortality titre was 10^9.2 LD₅₀ per gram. In shrimp injected with 10^2.5 to 10^6.5 LD₅₀, no significant virulence differences were evident. Using mortality data, the four WSSV strains grouped into three virulence levels. The Mx‐F strain (intermediate virulence) and the Mx‐C strain (high virulence) showed more genetic differences than those observed between the Mx‐G (low‐virulence) and Mx‐H (high‐virulence) strains, in ORF94 and ORF125. The application of high‐viral‐load inocula proved useful in determining the different virulence phenotypes of the WSSV strains from the Eastern Pacific.     

南美白对虾细菌性白斑病与病毒性白斑的区别及防治对策

南美白对虾在养殖过程中如果受到细菌和病毒的侵袭,头胸甲壳上有点状或鱼鳞状白斑。一些养殖户对白斑病十分害怕,认为一旦对虾患上白斑病,就无法治愈了,其实,很多白斑病是可以治愈的。现将南美白对虾细菌性白斑和病毒性白斑的症状、预防措施和治疗方法做一介绍。     

The effects of sediment redox potential and stocking density on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei production performance and white spot syndrome virus resistance

Redox potential represents the intensity of anaerobic condition in the pond sediment, which may affect the dominant microbial transformations of substances, the toxins production, mineral solubility, as well as the water quality in the sediment–water interface inhabited by the shrimp. This study evaluates the effect of sediment redox potential in conjunction with stocking density on shrimp production performance, immune response and resistance against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. A completely randomized two factors experimental design was applied with three different sediment redox potential, i.e. ?65, ?108 and ?06 mV, and two shrimp densities, i.e. low (60 shrimp m^?2) and high (120 shrimp m^?2). Shrimp juveniles with an initial mean body weight of 5.32 ± 0.22 g were maintained in semi‐outdoor fibre tanks (270 L in capacity) for 35 days of experimental periods. At the bottom of each tank, 5‐cm deep soil substrate with different redox potential was added according to the treatments. The survival and biomass production were significantly reduced at ?206 mV sediment redox potential, regardless of stocking density. Highly negative sediment redox potential (?206 mV) and higher stocking density significantly reduced total haemocyte counts and phenoloxydase activity, and shrimp resistance to WSSV infection. We recommend to maintain the redox potential of pond sediment at a level of more than ?206 mV.     

Secondary amyloidosis in white Peking ducks

In a research institute numerous cases of amyloidosis were observed in 12 of 70 white Peking ducks kept in cages with wire bottoms. All 12 ducks also suffered from chronic inflammed alterations in the sole of foot zone (bumble-foot). A second flock of 40 white Peking ducks supplied with equivalent feed but kept outdoors showed neither signs of bumble foot nor amyloidosis. Likewise, after the healing of the bumble feet per adjustment of the wire bottoms (installing a wider footing area) no new cases of amyloidosis were noticed among the ducks kept in cages. Histologically deposits of amyloid were found in the liver, which was highly affected, the kidney, spleen, stomach, small and large intestines as well as pancreas. The fact that amyloidosis only appeared under certain circumstances indicates the presence of a secondary form of this illness.     

The effect of predation on stunted and nonstunted white perch

Gosch NJC, Pierce LL, Pope KL. The effect of predation on stunted and nonstunted white perch.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 401–407. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Predation is widely regarded as a means to prevent or minimise the establishment of a stunted (high density of slow growing individuals) population. We investigated the effect of predation on two different white perch Morone americana populations (stunted and nonstunted) by examining the stomach contents of piscivorous fishes. White perch and gizzard shad dominated piscivore diets in Branched Oak Lake, whereas white perch dominated piscivore diets in Pawnee Lake. White perch consumed in the stunted population (Branched Oak Lake) were larger and older than white perch consumed in the nonstunted population (Pawnee Lake). Many of the consumed white perch in the stunted population were sexually mature and had the opportunity to spawn at least once. In contrast, all of the consumed white perch in the nonstunted population were sexually immature. Predation may have reinforced the stunting of white perch in Branched Oak Lake through removal of the largest, oldest individuals.     

Transportation and handling stress of white suckers raised in cages

Changes in plasma cortisol concentrations were measured in juvenile white suckers, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede), as a measure of their response to transportation (8 h) and chase challenge stressors. The study attempted to evaluate the ability of this species to withstand standard aquacultural husbandry practices. Plasma cortisol concentrations were elevated during and following transportation. Recovery from transportation (as plasma cortisol levels reached baseline values) was prolonged in fish transported under winter conditions compared with fish transported during the summer months. The plasma cortisol response to a 5 min chase challenge in well-fed juvenile white suckers was typically of 2 to 3 h periodicity with the peak values between 15 and 30 min. This pattern was similar in fish fed three commercial diets (although rates of recovery differed), and was unaffected by fasting. The return of plasma cortisol concentrations to baseline values following the chase-challenge stressor was prolonged in fasted groups. The results of this study showed that juvenile white suckers require several days to recover from transportation and under the acclimation conditions applied, the recovery was faster in the fish transported during the summer.     

Silencing Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei LvRab7 reduces mortality in brooders challenged with white spot syndrome virus

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major threat for farmed shrimp worldwide. RNA interference (RNAi) is the most recent tool against viral diseases. Rab7 silencing effectively inhibited virus infections in juvenile shrimp, but the antiviral effect in brooders remains unknown. This study found a homologue Penaeus monodon Rab7 gene in Litopenaeus vannamei brooders from Mexico. Sequence identity was >99% to a Thai LvRab7 sequence and >94% to Rab7 sequences from P. monodon or Marsupenaeus japonicus. Animals treated with a partial (494 bp) or a complete (618 bp) LvRab7 dsRNA sequences and challenged 48 h post treatment (hpt) with a high WSSV dose showed 80–88% mortality respectively. Shrimp treated with 4 or 20 μg LvRab7 dsRNA and challenged with a WSSV high dose had 80% mortality each, but it was reduced to 33% and 40%, respectively, with a low dose. Efficacy of dsRNA to reduce shrimp mortality was dependent on virus dose used regardless of dsRNA concentration. A significant reduction in LvRab7 mRNA levels was observed at 120 hpt. In conclusion, silencing LvRab7 in brooders showed a mild antiviral effect against a WSSV challenge at 48 hpt.     

Characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against white spot syndrome virus

Three hybridoma clones secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced from mouse myeloma and spleen cells immunized with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) isolated and purified from Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), collected from north-eastern Taiwan. By sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), the protein profile of this isolate contained four major proteins with sizes of approximately 35 (VP35), 28 (VP28), 24 (VP24), and 19 kDa (VP19). Western blot analysis revealed that two MAbs (1D7 and 6E1) recognized epitopes on VP28 and one MAb (3E8) recognized an epitope on VP19. The MAb 6E1 isotyped to the IgG₁ class was used in both an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and in an immunochemical staining protocol for successful identification and localization of WSSV in infected shrimp tissues. Antigenic similarity of isolates from Indonesia and Malaysia to the Taiwan isolate was illustrated by IFA with MAb 6E1. A MAb (2F6) which bound specifically to two shrimp proteins, 75 and 72 kDa, and reacted to the healthy and non-target tissues of WSSV in infected shrimp, such as hepatopancreas, is also described here and shows the necessity for specific identification of antibodies.     

中华白海豚的研究概况

就目前中华白海豚（Sousa chinensis）的研究概况作了综述分析。重点讨论了其保护工作和有关形态学、重金属、分子生物学、声学和生态学等方面的研究，并提出了保护建议。     

饲料质量与中华鳖白底板病的关系

中华鳖 (ＴｒｉｏｎｙｘＳｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ)习惯称为甲鱼。甲鱼体重在 15 0ｇ以前易患鳃腺炎病 ,之后成甲鱼阶段易患白底板病。患鳖底板白色 ,内脏充血 ,特别是肠道中有凝集的暗紫色血块 ,且有腹水 ,此病有传染性 ,死亡率高 ,一般认为病毒、细菌均能引起此病 ,故治疗比较困难。但是 ,饲料质量欠佳能引起白底板病 ,此前缺少报道。 1999年作者调查了广东中山、清远、惠州、河源、广州、湖北省荆州市几十家甲鱼养殖场 ,养殖户反映投喂饲料质量欠佳 ,在半月之内即出现白底板病 ,难以治愈。为探讨饲料质量与白底板病的内在联系 ,我们对多种饲料进…     

Effects of turbidity on foraging of juvenile black and white crappies

Turbidity can fluctuate rapidly during the early life of fishes, impacting foraging behaviours. For piscivores, turbidity may hinder foraging, whereas planktivores and juvenile fishes may increase foraging activity and decrease antipredator behaviours in moderate levels of turbidity. Black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and white crappie (P. annularis) population trends are often related to changes in turbidity. Yet effects of turbidity on juvenile foraging of these species are unknown and may differ between species. To evaluate effects of three turbidity levels (0, 25 and 50 NTU) on juvenile crappie foraging, controlled experiments compared (a) consumption and size selection for a single prey and (b) selection, total consumption and energetic value of diets when offered three distinct prey options. Overall, black crappies exhibited universally greater diet biomass than white crappies. Black crappies displayed higher prey consumption and were more size selective of a single‐prey type, whereas white crappies were less size selective and maintained uniform consumption as turbidity increased. Selection patterns for three prey types were similar among species and turbidity levels, with Chaoborus preferred and Chironomus avoided. However, black crappies also avoided Daphnia, whereas white crappies consumed them neutrally. Overall, turbidity did not impair foraging of juvenile crappies. Turbidity‐driven fluctuations in prey base paired with predator interactions likely also contribute to observed growth and abundance fluctuations in natural systems.     

浅谈小瓜虫病的药物治疗及其负面效应

小瓜虫病（Ｉｃｈｔｈｙｏｐｈｔｈｉｒｉａｓｉｓ又叫白点病Ｗｈｉｔｅｓｐｏｔｅｄｉｓｅａｓｅ），是淡水养殖生产中极为常见的鱼病之一。小瓜虫属原生动物门纤毛虫纲膜口目凹口科，寄生在淡水鱼体上的是多子小瓜虫，成虫卵圆形或球形，大小为３５０～８００ｕｍ×３００～５００ｕｍ，肉眼可见；虫体很柔软，可任意变形，全身密布短而均匀的纤毛；大核呈马蹄形或香肠形，小核圆形，紧贴在大核上。小瓜虫寄生处常形成１ｍｍ以下的小白点，当病情严重时，病鱼体躯干、头、鳍、鳃、口腔等处布满小白点，有时眼角膜上也有小白点，并同时伴有…     

Abundance and distribution of the white shark in the Mediterranean Sea

Conservation of apex predators is a key challenge both in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The white shark is a rare but persistent inhabitant of the Mediterranean Sea and it is currently assessed as “critically endangered” in the region. However, the population trends and dynamics of this species in the area are still unknown. Little is known about white shark distribution, habitat use and population abundance trends, aspects that are critical for conservation and management. In this study, we built the most comprehensive database of white shark occurrence records in the region. We collected 773 different records from different sources and used them to characterize the spatial and temporal patterns of abundance of Mediterranean white sharks between 1860 and 2016. We analysed these data by using generalized additive models and used spatially disaggregated information on human population abundance as a proxy of observation effort. Our results suggest a complex trajectory of population change characterized by a historical increase and a more recent reduction (61%, range 58%–72%) since the second half of the 20th century. In particular, analyses reveal a 52% (range 37%–88%) to 96% (range 92%–100%) overall decline in different Mediterranean sectors and a contraction in spatial distribution. Here, we provide the first reconstruction of abundance trends and offer new hypotheses regarding the drivers of change of white sharks in the Mediterranean. Our approach can be broadly applied to data‐poor contexts to reconstruct change and inform the conservation of endangered top predators in the Mediterranean Sea and other intensely used marine regions.     

Evaluation of lethal and non-lethal sampling methods for the detection of white sturgeon iridovirus infection in white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson)

Pectoral fin tissue of white sturgeon was investigated as a potential non-lethal sample source for the detection of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) infection. Histopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results using fin tissue were compared with the standard lethal histopathology sampling method that utilizes head tissue. Tissues for each of the three sampling methods were collected weekly for 8 weeks from individual sturgeon undergoing an experimental cohabitation challenge with fish infected with the Abernathy isolate of WSIV. Non-lethal fin histopathological evaluation did not reveal infection during the first 3 weeks of sampling, while non-lethal PCR and the lethal method were variable. However, all three sampling methods were equally capable of identifying infection from 4 to 8 weeks post-exposure. Of the survivors tested, all were negative by PCR and the lethal method, and only one fish was identified as being positive by non-lethal fin histopathology. In another experiment, all three sampling methods were applied to asymptomatic WSIV carriers in a case study conducted at the Kootenai Tribal Sturgeon Conservation Hatchery. Results showed that both lethal and non-lethal fin histopathology were equally effective in detecting infection, but PCR was unable to identify this strain of WSIV. Depending on the virus isolate, these results suggest that non-lethal sampling of fin tissue (histopathology or PCR) is comparable with the lethal sampling method at identifying WSIV infection once infection is established, and under certain circumstances may provide an alternative to lethal sampling.     

南美白对虾养殖技术之一 南美白对虾健康养殖技术

南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)是当前世界上养殖产量最高的三大优良虾种之一(其它2种为斑节对虾、中国对虾),养殖效益显著.健康养殖即生态养殖,它要求在养殖过程中必须保持良好的水环境,避免与减少病原体的侵入和环境污染,提倡科学合理的养殖管理措施,走病害综合防治之路,也是防治病害发生、维持养殖生态平衡和水产养殖发展的基础.